​Kalanchoe

Kalanchoe

Product Name: Каланхоэ, Kalanchoe, Kalanchoe, Kalanchoe, Kalanchoé, كالانشو, คาลันโช, Kalanxo, Каланхоэ, Kalanxoyə, Каланхоэ, Kalankojė, Kalanhoje, Каланхое, קָלַנְחוֹאֵה

Synonyms: Каланхоэ перистое, Каланхоэ живородящее, Домашний женьшень, Цветок Гёте / Kalanchoe pinnata, Air plant, Cathedral bells, Life plant / Brutblatt, Goethepflanze / Planta del aire, Siempreviva / Plante de Goethe / كالانشو / พืชหมอยา

Used Parts: leaves, juice, stems, aerial part, flowers, root.

Main Indications for the Use of Kalanchoe: Chronic rhinitis, varicose veins of the lower extremities, gastric ulcer, erosive gastritis, osteoarthritis, periodontitis, trophic ulcers, burn disease, purulent wounds, eczema, herpetic skin infection, blepharoconjunctivitis, cervicitis, cervical erosion, acute otitis media, eustachitis, tubo-otitis.

Use of Kalanchoe in Mixtures and Complexes: Chronic bronchitis, atopic dermatitis, diabetic angiopathy, immunodeficiency state, mucosal hyperplasia, colds, recurrent herpesvirus infection, irritable bowel syndrome, viral hepatitis B, intestinal dysbiosis, inflammatory ear congestion, chronic serous otitis, acute recurrent eustachitis.

Pharmacological Properties of Kalanchoe: Anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antiseptic, reparative, anti-edema, hepatoprotective, astringent, antioxidant, keratoplastic, antihemorrhagic, antitumor, cytotoxic, analgesic, hemostatic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, adaptogenic.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Kalanchoe

Powder — Kalanchoe

Indications (Powder): Chronic rhinitis, eczema, trophic ulcer, varicose veins of the lower extremities, purulent wound, cervical erosion, acute otitis media, eustachitis, gastric ulcer, periodontitis.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 0.5 grams of powder 2 times a day 30 minutes before meals, with warm water. Course 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 1 gram of powder 2 times a day for gastric ulcer, trophic ulcer, weeping eczema, and acute purulent otitis without perforation of the eardrum.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): 1.5 grams 2 times a day. The maximum dose is allowed in the treatment of erosions, deep purulent skin lesions, and prolonged eustachitis.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.3 grams of powder once a day in the morning, for 14 days quarterly. Recommended for chronic rhinitis, varicose veins without trophic ulcers, remission of gastric ulcer, and also for patients with reduced local immunity of mucous membranes.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): From 7 years of age with a body weight of 25 kilograms or more — 0.2 grams of powder once a day for 10 days. Not recommended for children under 7 years of age in powder form due to irritating effect on the gastrointestinal mucosa.

Contraindications (Powder): Individual intolerance. Acute pancreatitis. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered. For children under 7 years of age, the powder form is not recommended.

Side Effects (Powder): With overdose, nausea, irritation of the gastric mucosa, and diarrhea are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): For body weight below 60 kilograms — use 70% of the standard dose. For body weight above 90 kilograms — increase the dose by 20%.

Preparation method (Powder): Collect fresh kalanchoe leaves, wash in running water. Dry at a temperature of 35–40 °C in the shade until completely dry. Grind into powder using a ceramic mortar or laboratory mill. To obtain 100 grams of powder, about 900 grams of fresh raw material is required. Store in a tightly closed dark glass jar.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store at a temperature not exceeding 25 °C in a dry, dark, ventilated place, away from sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 12 months. After opening the package, use within 45 days.

Dry Extract — Kalanchoe

Indications (Dry Extract): Gastric ulcer, osteoarthritis, purulent wound, eczema, trophic ulcer, blepharoconjunctivitis, chronic rhinitis.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 250 milligrams once a day orally after meals, with warm water. Course duration 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 500 milligrams once a day for acute inflammatory skin lesions, trophic ulcers, and gastric ulcer with pronounced pain syndromes.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): 750 milligrams per day for 5 days is allowed for acute erosive forms of gastritis and complicated trophic ulcers.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 125 milligrams once every 2 days for 30 days. Used for the prevention of seasonal exacerbation of chronic rhinitis, periodontitis, and gastric ulcer in remission.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): From 12 years of age with a body weight of 35 kilograms or more — 100 milligrams once every 2 days. Under 12 years of age, the form is not used due to the high concentration of active substances.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Individual intolerance, acute pancreatitis, pronounced hypersensitivity to bioflavonoids. During pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years of age, contraindications have not been registered, but caution is required.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): In rare cases — dry mouth, mild dizziness, nausea.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): Up to 60 kilograms — reduce the dose by 25%. For weight above 80 kilograms — an increase in dose by 15% is allowed under specialist supervision.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): Use only fresh kalanchoe leaves. The crushed leaves are poured with a 50% aqueous-ethanol solution in a ratio of 1:3, infused at a temperature of 45 °C for 12 hours. Then the extract is evaporated in a water bath to a thick mass, then dried in a vacuum dryer to obtain a dry extract. For 100 grams of finished extract, 1.2 kilograms of fresh raw material is required.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in a tightly closed dark glass container at a temperature of +5 to +25 °C, in a place protected from light and moisture. Shelf life — up to 24 months. After opening — use within 30 days.

Alcohol-Based Tincture — Kalanchoe

Indications (Tincture): Chronic rhinitis, purulent wound, trophic ulcer, varicose veins of the lower extremities, eczema, cervical erosion, blepharoconjunctivitis, osteoarthritis, acute otitis media.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 15 drops in 50 ml of water 2 times a day orally or externally in the form of compresses. Course up to 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 25 drops orally 2 times a day for trophic ulcers, varicose veins, chronic rhinitis, and gastric ulcer. Externally — up to 4 times a day.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): 30 drops 3 times a day for acute inflammation with exudation, chronic eustachitis, and purulent eczema. Externally — up to 6 applications per day.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10 drops once a day for 10 days per month. Recommended for chronic rhinitis, varicose veins without ulcers, and osteoarthritis in the initial stage.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): From 10 years of age with a body weight of 30 kilograms or more — 5 drops, diluted in 100 ml of water, once a day. Not recommended for children under 10 years of age due to alcohol content.

Contraindications (Tincture): Individual intolerance, alcoholism, epilepsy, acute hepatitis. Contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered, but use requires caution.

Side Effects (Tincture): May cause headache, dryness of mucous membranes, and burning when applied externally to sensitive skin areas.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tincture): Up to 60 kilograms — reduce the dose by 20%. Above 90 kilograms — increase the dose by 15%, with good tolerability.

Preparation method (Tincture): Grind 100 grams of fresh leaves. Pour 400 ml of 40% ethyl alcohol. Infuse in a dark glass container at room temperature for 10 days. Strain. Store in a dark glass bottle.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store at a temperature of +5 to +25 °C, in a dry, dark place. Avoid heating and exposure to electromagnetic fields. Shelf life — 24 months. After opening, use within 45 days.

Oil Infusion — Kalanchoe

Indications (Oil Infusion): Trophic ulcer, purulent wound, eczema, cervical erosion, varicose veins, burn disease, blepharoconjunctivitis, inflammatory ear congestion.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally — 1 ml on the affected area, 2 times a day. In the ear and nasal passages — 2 drops 2 times a day. Course 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Up to 2 ml 3 times a day for compresses for trophic ulcers and eczema. Up to 4 drops in the ear for eustachitis and acute catarrhal otitis without perforation.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Up to 3 ml per application, no more than 4 times a day. In the ear — up to 5 drops. Used for purulent ulcers, second-degree burns, and inflammations with pronounced edema.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): 1 ml externally once a day before bedtime for 7 days per month. Recommended for varicose veins, the initial stage of eczema, remission of trophic ulcers, and inflammatory skin sensitivity.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): From 5 years — externally 0.3 ml (approximately 5 drops) on the affected area once a day. In the ear — 1 drop with a weight of 20 kilograms or more. Under 5 years — use with caution.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Individual intolerance, allergy to coconut oil. Contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered. Use in children under 5 years of age requires caution.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Rarely — itching, hyperemia, flaking with local intolerance. Ear irritation with excessive dose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): Patients with weight less than 60 kilograms — reduce the amount by 25%. Above 90 kilograms — increase the volume of application by 30%.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): Grind 100 grams of fresh kalanchoe leaves to a pulp. Pour 200 ml of cold-pressed coconut oil. Infuse for 7 days at 35 °C, then filter through gauze. To increase stability, 0.5 grams of natural vitamin E can be added.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store at a temperature of +5 to +20 °C in a dark glass container. Avoid light and heating. Shelf life — up to 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Vaginal Suppository — Kalanchoe

Indications (Vaginal Suppository): Cervical erosion, cervicitis, bacterial vaginosis, vaginal candidiasis, inflammation of the vaginal mucosa, healing after gynecological interventions.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository deep into the vagina at night, in a course of 7 to 10 days. Insert lying down, after hygiene procedures.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day — morning and evening — for pronounced inflammation, ulcerative cervicitis, and bleeding erosion. Course up to 14 days.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): Up to 3 suppositories per day in severe cases of erosion and infectious-inflammatory complications. Use no more than 7 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository every other day before bedtime, in a course of 10 applications. Recommended for frequent recurrences of cervicitis, bacterial vaginosis, after antibiotics, and for menopausal changes of the mucosa.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): Not used in children. From 18 years of age, use is possible under gynecological supervision.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppository): Individual intolerance to components, acute bleeding, intolerance to cocoa butter. There is no scientific data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation — requires medical supervision.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppository): Rarely, a burning sensation, itching, and increased discharge in the first 1–2 days are possible. With overdose — local hyperreaction.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Vaginal Suppository): Not required. The standard dose is calculated for average body weight. For weight above 90 kg — course duration up to 14 days is allowed.

Preparation method (Vaginal Suppository): For 100 g of base: 80 g of cocoa butter, 10 g of dry kalanchoe extract, 10 g of kalanchoe oil (infusion in coconut oil). Melt all components in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 38 °C, mix thoroughly. Pour into suppository molds of 2 g volume. Cool until solidified.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppository): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of +2 to +8 °C, in the original packaging, away from sources of light and EMI. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening the blister, use within 10 days.

Rectal Suppository — Kalanchoe

Indications (Rectal Suppository): External hemorrhoids, anal fissure, proctitis, anal itching, inflammation of the rectal mucosa, recovery after proctological interventions.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository rectally once a day at night, after defecation and hygiene. Course — 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day for bleeding hemorrhoids, ulcerative proctitis, and pronounced inflammatory process. Course — 7–10 days.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppository): Up to 3 suppositories per day. Allowed only by specialist prescription and in inpatient conditions.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a week at night. Recommended for patients with sedentary work, chronic constipation, recurrent hemorrhoids, and varicose veins.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppository): From 12 years — 0.5 suppository (cut) once every 2 days. Only under medical supervision. Under 12 years — not used.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppository): Individual intolerance, acute anal bleeding. Scientific data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppository): Rarely — burning sensation, increased bleeding, irritation of the anal area with overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Rectal Suppository): For body weight less than 50 kg — use ½ suppository. Over 90 kg — extension of the course up to 14 days is allowed.

Preparation method (Rectal Suppository): Cocoa butter — 85 g, dry kalanchoe extract — 10 g, kalanchoe oil on coconut base — 5 g. Melt the components at a temperature of up to 40 °C, mix thoroughly. Pour into rectal molds of 2 g. Cool until solidified.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Rectal Suppository): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of +2 to +8 °C, protecting from light and moisture. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening the blister, use within 10 days.

Nasal Drops — Kalanchoe

Indications (Nasal Drops): Chronic rhinitis, hypertrophic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis, purulent rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, inflammation of the nasal mucosa in adenoids.

Standard Dosage (Nasal Drops): 2 drops in each nostril 3 times a day. Course — up to 7 days. Before instillation, rinse the nasal cavity with saline solution.

Enhanced Dosage (Nasal Drops): 3 drops 4 times a day for purulent rhinitis, hypertrophy of the nasal mucosa, pronounced edema, and difficulty breathing. Course — no more than 5 days.

Maximum Dosage (Nasal Drops): 4 drops in each nostril up to 5 times a day is allowed only for severe obstruction and under medical supervision. Course — no more than 3 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1 drop once a day in the evening, in a course of 5 days per month. Recommended for chronic rhinitis, in the off-season, patients with adenoids, and a tendency to sinusitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Nasal Drops): From 3 years — 1 drop in each nostril 2 times a day. Under 3 years of age, not used due to the risk of mucosal irritation and induced sneezing.

Contraindications (Nasal Drops): Hypersensitivity, nosebleed, nasal polyposis. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are absent, but use only if necessary.

Side Effects (Nasal Drops): Burning in the nose, short-term increased discharge, reflex sneezing, mucosal irritation with overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Nasal Drops): Not required. In children, the dosage is selected according to age.

Preparation method (Nasal Drops): Take 50 ml of fresh kalanchoe juice, 30 ml of purified water, 20 ml of glycerin. Mix the components and strain through sterile gauze. Pour the finished solution into dropper bottles. Do not use preservatives.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Nasal Drops): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of +4...+8 °C, in a place protected from light. Shelf life — 10 days. After opening, use within 5 days.

Ear Drops — Kalanchoe

Indications (Ear Drops): Acute otitis media without perforation, eustachitis, tubo-otitis, inflammation of the external auditory canal, eczema of the auricle, serous otitis.

Standard Dosage (Ear Drops): 2 drops in each ear 2 times a day, in a course of up to 7 days. Before use, warm the bottle to body temperature.

Enhanced Dosage (Ear Drops): 3 drops 3 times a day for pronounced inflammation of the auditory tube, serous-purulent discharge, and congestion. Course — 5 days.

Maximum Dosage (Ear Drops): Up to 5 drops 4 times a day for severe eustachian dysfunction. Use no more than 3 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Ear Drops): 1 drop in each ear once a day for 5 days in conditions of seasonal ARVI or after water procedures. Recommended for patients with chronic otitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Ear Drops): From 5 years — 1 drop 2 times a day. Under 5 years of age, use only by doctor's prescription and with an intact eardrum.

Contraindications (Ear Drops): Perforation of the eardrum, purulent discharge from the ear, individual intolerance. Contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered.

Side Effects (Ear Drops): Irritation of the ear canal, burning, increased pain with membrane damage.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ear Drops): For body weight below 40 kg — no more than 1 drop. Above 90 kg — an increase to 4 drops is allowed.

Preparation method (Ear Drops): Kalanchoe juice — 40 ml, purified coconut oil — 40 ml, natural vitamin E — 2 ml, purified water — 18 ml. Mix the components under sterile conditions, emulsify. Pour into dark bottles with a dropper. Shake before use.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ear Drops): Store at a temperature of +4 to +8 °C in a place protected from light and EMI. Shelf life — 14 days. After opening, use within 5 days.

Ointment — Kalanchoe

Indications (Ointment): Trophic ulcer, eczema, burn disease, purulent wound, varicose veins, herpetic skin infection, skin fissures, blepharoconjunctivitis (externally).

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply a thin layer to the affected area 2 times a day. Do not cover with a bandage for the first 30 minutes. Course — 7–10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): Apply 3 times a day, including under an occlusive dressing for ulcers, weeping eczema, and second-degree burns. Course — up to 14 days.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Up to 5 applications per day. Used short-term (up to 3 days) for intense purulent processes or inflammation with a necrotic background.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): Once a day at night in a thin layer. Course — 7 days each month. Recommended for a tendency to skin fissures, varicose veins without ulcers, chronic skin dryness, and prevention of herpes in the cold season.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): From 3 years — apply no more than once a day on a limited area (no more than 5 cm²). Under 3 years of age, use only under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Ointment): Hypersensitivity to components. Open deep wounds with active bleeding. Contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered.

Side Effects (Ointment): Redness, itching, short-term burning, flaking with prolonged use.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ointment): Not required. Dosage is calculated according to the area of application.

Preparation method (Ointment): Coconut oil — 50 g, beeswax — 20 g, dry kalanchoe extract — 10 g, kalanchoe oil (infusion) — 10 g, fresh kalanchoe juice — 10 ml. Melt the wax and oil in a water bath at 45 °C, add the extract and juice. Constantly stir until a uniform consistency is obtained. Pour into glass jars, cool.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store at a temperature of +4...+10 °C, in a dark place, in a tightly closed container. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Cream — Kalanchoe

Indications (Cream): Eczema, dry skin, irritation after shaving, inflammation after sun exposure, couperose, varicose veins (external form), skin itching, herpetic eruptions.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply 2 times a day to cleansed skin in a thin layer, without rubbing. Course — 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): Up to 3–4 times a day for pronounced dryness, inflammation, and pruritic dermatoses. Allowed under a gauze bandage.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): Up to 5 applications per day for severe inflammatory lesions, for 3 days.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Once a day in the evening, especially in the autumn-winter period. Recommended for sensitive skin, telangiectasia, dryness, and prevention of herpetic reactions.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): From 2 years — once a day, on small areas of skin. Do not use in the presence of weeping.

Contraindications (Cream): Individual hypersensitivity. Active phase of eczema with weeping. Contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered.

Side Effects (Cream): Local irritation, feeling of skin tightness, allergic reaction with overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cream): Not required. Used according to the area of the lesion.

Preparation method (Cream): Phase A: lavender hydrolate — 40 ml, kalanchoe juice — 20 ml. Phase B: coconut oil — 15 g, shea butter — 10 g, candelilla wax — 5 g, polysaccharide emulsifier — 3 g. Heat phase B to 60 °C, phase A to 40 °C. Mix both phases with constant stirring. Cool to 35 °C, pour into tubes.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store at a temperature of +5 to +10 °C. Shelf life — up to 90 days. After opening, use within 21 days. Protect from light.

Serum — Kalanchoe

Indications (Serum): Facial skin sensitivity, couperose, inflammatory acne elements, post-acne, dry skin, premature skin aging, dull complexion, epidermal micro-inflammations.

Standard Dosage (Serum): 2–3 drops on the face and neck in the morning and evening, with light tapping movements. Does not require rinsing. Course — 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): Up to 4 drops 3 times a day for pronounced inflammation, irritation, flaking, and skin microdamage. Used as an active serum under cream.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): Up to 6 drops 3 times a day for severe forms of post-acne, redness, and first-degree sunburn. Used for 3–5 days under skin condition monitoring.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): 2 drops once a day, in a course of 10 days each month. Recommended for age-related skin changes, during stress, climate change, or recovery after cosmetic procedures.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): Not used in children under 12 years of age. From 12 years, use of 1 drop once a day is allowed for acne and increased skin oiliness.

Contraindications (Serum): Individual intolerance to components. Active purulent rashes. Contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered.

Side Effects (Serum): Local redness, burning, reactive flaking, in rare cases — rash with overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Serum): Not required. Dosage is determined by the area and sensitivity of the skin.

Preparation method (Serum): Kalanchoe juice — 30 ml, witch hazel hydrolate — 30 ml, aloe vera gel — 20 ml, low molecular weight hyaluronic acid — 0.5 g, natural preservative — 0.5 g. Mix everything under sterile conditions, mix until completely homogeneous, pour into bottles with a pipette. Store in the refrigerator.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): Store at a temperature of +4 to +8 °C, in a dark glass package, away from EMI and light. Shelf life — 45 days. After opening, use within 15 days.

Topical Aqueous Lotion — Kalanchoe

Indications (Topical Aqueous Lotion): Inflammatory dermatoses, skin irritation, itching, eczema in the subacute stage, care for oily and problem skin, dermatitis around the ears and nose, skin sensitivity to the sun.

Standard Dosage (Topical Aqueous Lotion): Wipe the affected areas with a cotton pad moistened with lotion, 2 times a day. Do not rinse. Course — 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Topical Aqueous Lotion): 3–4 applications per day for 5 days for exacerbation of dermatitis, after washing and before applying basic care.

Maximum Dosage (Topical Aqueous Lotion): Up to 6 times a day for first-degree sunburn, itching, and inflammation in sensitive skin. Use no more than 3 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Topical Aqueous Lotion): Once a day at night for 7 days. Recommended for chronic dermatitis, recurrences of seborrhea, and contact with allergens.

Pediatric Dosage (Topical Aqueous Lotion): From 3 years — once a day, only on areas with irritation. Under 3 years of age, not recommended due to the risk of skin cooling.

Contraindications (Topical Aqueous Lotion): Hypersensitivity, open weeping ulcers. Contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered.

Side Effects (Topical Aqueous Lotion): Transient redness, dry skin, increased itching with hypersensitivity.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Topical Aqueous Lotion): Not required. Applied externally according to the area of the lesion.

Preparation method (Topical Aqueous Lotion): Kalanchoe juice — 40 ml, chamomile infusion — 40 ml, rosemary water — 15 ml, lactic acid — 1 g, plant-based preservative — 0.5 g. Mix everything thoroughly and filter. Pour into bottles with a spray or dropper dispenser.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Topical Aqueous Lotion): Store at a temperature of +5...+8 °C, away from sunlight, in protected glass packaging. Shelf life — 30 days. After opening — no more than 10 days.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Kalanchoe

Data from experimental toxicological studies have shown that Kalanchoe, in particular the species Kalanchoe pinnata, has low acute toxicity. Upon oral administration of aqueous and alcoholic extracts to mice and rats, no mortality was observed even at doses exceeding 5,000 mg/kg body weight, which allows the substance to be classified as practically non-toxic (Category V according to OECD classification).

Certain attention is paid to the presence of bufadienolides, which have cardiotonic activity. However, their concentration in the applied dosage forms is minimal and does not exert a systemic toxic effect when therapeutic dosages are observed.

The LD₅₀ upon oral administration of aqueous extract of Kalanchoe pinnata in laboratory rats is more than 6,000 mg/kg, which confirms the safety of traditional and pharmacological forms of kalanchoe when used correctly.

Studies have not revealed mutagenic, teratogenic, or carcinogenic effects with prolonged use of extracts.

Reference: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Pharmacodynamics — Kalanchoe

The pharmacodynamic properties of Kalanchoe are due to the presence in the plant of a complex of biologically active compounds, among which flavonoids, bufadienolides, polysaccharides, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and organic acids predominate. These compounds act mainly on the skin, mucous membranes, immune, nervous, and circulatory systems. The main vector of action of the taxon is realized at the level of local and systemic modulation of inflammatory, reparative, and cellular mechanisms.

One of the key effects is anti-inflammatory action, realized through suppression of inflammation mediators, including pro-inflammatory cytokines and factors mediated by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activity. Studies have shown that kalanchoe extracts are able to suppress the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and other pro-inflammatory markers, especially with local application on mucous membranes and skin. These effects are complemented by the antioxidant activity of flavonoids, which protect cell membranes and proteins from oxidative damage.

Immunomodulatory action is manifested through stimulation of phagocytic activity, an increase in the number of activated macrophages, and enhanced lymphocyte proliferation. Such properties are attributed mainly to polysaccharide fractions, which have the ability to interact with innate immune cells. There is also data on a modulating effect on interleukin production and activation of Toll-like receptors.

Phenolic compounds of kalanchoe demonstrate antibacterial and antimycotic action, especially against gram-positive microflora and some yeast fungi. The mechanism includes destruction of microbial membranes, inhibition of key enzyme systems, and suppression of the metabolic activity of pathogens.

At the level of the skin and mucous membranes, kalanchoe components stimulate epithelialization, activate granulation processes, and accelerate regeneration. Bufadienolides, despite their potential cardiotonic activity, act mainly locally in therapeutic doses and do not show systemic effects on the cardiovascular system. At the same time, a mild vessel-strengthening effect on capillaries is noted, presumably through endothelial stabilization.

Indirect effects on the nervous system are associated with sedative and antipruritic effects, mediated by modulation of skin sensitivity, normalization of mediator metabolism in tissues, and possible influence on peripheral receptor fields. Under conditions of oxidative stress, antioxidant components also contribute to a decrease in the hyperreactivity of peripheral receptors.

Systemic effects with oral intake of kalanchoe are realized through hepatic and intestinal targets, including stimulation of mucus production, protection of the epithelium, and influence on microbiota activity. Direct interaction with enzyme systems (for example, glucuronidases, peroxidases) may participate in mediated protective mechanisms, especially in disorders of barrier function.

At the cellular level, active substances of kalanchoe are able to modulate proliferation and apoptosis, stimulate angiogenesis, and suppress pathological neovascularization, which is associated with an effect on VEGF and TGF-β expression. These properties play a role in reparative and normalizing processes on mucous membranes and skin.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874118304919
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19948685
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11418-007-0192-y
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...
https://www.semanticscholar.or...

Pharmacokinetics — Kalanchoe

The pharmacokinetics of the biologically active components of Kalanchoe remain insufficiently studied at the molecular level; however, data on the main groups of substances allow general patterns of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion applicable to various dosage forms to be described.

Upon oral use of forms based on juice, extract, or powder, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and polysaccharides are mainly absorbed. These compounds undergo primary transformation already in the oral cavity and stomach, and then — metabolic processing in the liver and intestines. After absorption, flavonoids undergo a conjugation phase (glucuronidation, sulfation) and circulate in plasma mainly in the form of metabolites. Bioavailability may vary depending on the degree of aglycoside cleavage and the state of the intestinal microflora.

Polysaccharide fractions are practically not absorbed into the systemic circulation but exert a local effect in the gastrointestinal tract, where they interact with the immune system of the mucous membrane and microbiota. Some of them are metabolized by bacteria of the large intestine, with the formation of low-molecular-weight compounds with modulating activity.

Transdermal and local use (in the form of ointments, creams, lotions, drops) provides predominantly local distribution of active substances. They penetrate through the stratum corneum of the epidermis and concentrate in the upper layers of the dermis, without reaching the systemic circulation in significant concentrations. The exception is alcoholic tinctures and serums with a high degree of permeability; however, even in these forms, the systemic effect is minimal.

With intravaginal and rectal use, some of the active substances are able to be absorbed through the mucosa, bypassing the phase of primary metabolism in the liver. This ensures rapid delivery of active compounds to the pulmonary circulation and potentially enhances their local effect. Metabolism in this case involves the participation of hepatic enzyme systems (cytochrome P450, glucuronyltransferases).

Excretion of flavonoids and organic acids occurs mainly in the urine in the form of glucuronides and sulfates, as well as with bile. Terpenoid and fat-soluble components (in particular, from oil infusions) may also be excreted through the lungs and skin. Partial metabolism is carried out by the kidneys and intestinal microflora.

Accumulation in tissues is not characteristic for the main components of kalanchoe, with the exception of local deposition in the skin and mucous membranes. Regular use does not cause cumulation when recommended dosage regimens are observed. In case of impaired liver or kidney function, prolongation of the elimination period is possible.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332223000929
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...
https://www.semanticscholar.or...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Kalanchoe

The pharmacological activity of Kalanchoe, especially the species Kalanchoe pinnata and Kalanchoe daigremontiana, is determined by the diversity of secondary metabolites, among which bufadienolides, flavonoids (especially quercetin and kaempferol), polysaccharides, organic acids, and phenolic compounds play a leading role. Their mechanisms of action cover a wide range of molecular targets, including cellular receptors, signaling cascades, enzyme systems, and mediator networks.

The main anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of kalanchoe components is the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzymes, responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes — key inflammation mediators. Bufadienolides and polyphenols from kalanchoe demonstrate the ability to suppress the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β), as well as modulate the activity of the nuclear factor NF-κB, which reduces the transcription of inflammation and immune response genes.

Plant polysaccharides affect innate and adaptive immunity through activation of Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) of macrophages, inducing the production of interleukins IL-10 and IL-12. Such activation contributes to the restoration of immune homeostasis and enhancement of phagocytic function, especially under conditions of epithelial damage. In addition, studies indicate the involvement of kalanchoe in the activation of JAK/STAT and MAPK signaling pathways, which is associated with the regulation of cellular response to stress and stimulation of regenerative processes.

Flavonoid components of kalanchoe exhibit antioxidant action due to their ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and suppress lipid peroxidation. These effects are realized at the level of stabilization of cell membranes, reduction of mitochondrial damage, and inhibition of caspase-dependent apoptosis pathways. It has also been shown that kalanchoe antioxidants are able to restore glutathione levels and activate superoxide dismutase (SOD), which contributes to tissue protection from oxidative stress.

Antimicrobial and antiviral properties of kalanchoe are associated with direct damage to pathogen cell membranes, inhibition of microbial proteases, and disruption of RNA and DNA virus replication. In some in vitro studies, suppression of herpes virus replication has been noted through an effect on the expression of viral glycoproteins.

The hypoallergenic activity of kalanchoe is associated with blockade of mast cell degranulation and a decrease in histamine release, which is additionally confirmed by a decrease in the expression of H1R receptors. The literature also describes potentiation of antihistamine action through inhibition of tryptase activity and suppression of leukotriene synthesis.

At the regenerative level, mechanisms of action include stimulation of angiogenesis and proliferation of epithelial cells. This is achieved through increased production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblasts, and stimulation of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) expression, which promotes tissue repair.

Additionally, an effect on ion channels and neuropeptide receptors has been noted, including suppression of nociceptive fiber activity through regulation of TRPV1 and P2X receptors. This provides local reduction of sensitivity and modulation of pain signaling.

Thus, the mechanisms of action of kalanchoe cover multiple levels of physiological regulation: from suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress to modulation of immune response and acceleration of tissue regeneration. Their systemic and local implementation depends on the form of administration and the concentration of active fractions.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19948685
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874118304919
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11418-007-0192-y
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...
https://www.semanticscholar.or...

Synergy — Kalanchoe

According to pharmacological studies, kalanchoe (especially the species Kalanchoe pinnata and Kalanchoe daigremontiana) demonstrates pronounced synergistic properties when used together with other plants and natural substances. One of the most studied areas of synergy is the enhancement of anti-inflammatory and regenerative action in combination with flavonoid-containing plants such as calendula (Calendula officinalis), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), sage (Salvia officinalis), and aloe (Aloe vera). The mechanism of interaction consists in the complementation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory cascades, especially through combined inhibition of NF-κB, COX-2, and mediators IL-6 and TNF-α.

Experimental in vitro and in vivo studies have shown an additive and potentiating effect of kalanchoe with aloe glycosides, which leads to improved cell proliferation and enhanced collagen synthesis. With local use with tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) and lavender oil, a modulating effect on skin microflora, a decrease in bacterial load, and a pronounced healing effect are observed.

A synergistic effect with zinc and vitamin E has also been confirmed, realized through protection of cell membranes from lipid peroxidation, stabilization of the phospholipid layer, and restoration of redox balance. These combinations are widely used in dermatological compositions and cosmetic formulas.

Kalanchoe potentiates the immunomodulatory action with echinacea (Echinacea purpurea), through combined stimulation of macrophages, increased interferon levels, and improved non-specific resistance. This interaction has been confirmed both in cell cultures and in animal models.

When combined with hyaluronic acid and colloidal silver, an enhanced barrier and antimicrobial effect on mucous membranes has been recorded, including through the formation of a biopolymer film and enhancement of local immune response.

Pharmacodynamic interaction with other mucus-forming or polysaccharide substances (kelp, marshmallow, mallow) provides a prolonged effect and reduction of irritant action, especially with application use.

Thus, the synergy of Kalanchoe with other plant and natural compounds is based on the commonality of pharmacological mechanisms, mainly through interaction in the signaling pathways of inflammation, antioxidant protection, repair, and modulation of innate immunity.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332223000929
https://www.semanticscholar.or...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11418-017-1123-x
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Kalanchoe

Kalanchoe is widely distributed in both tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including South America, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Africa, China, the Philippines, as well as the post-Soviet space. Historically, plants of the genus Kalanchoe have been naturalized and adapted into culture in various medical systems, including Indian Ayurveda, Chinese traditional medicine, African ethnopharmacology, as well as in Slavic herbalism and Caribbean folk medicine.

In the Indian Ayurvedic tradition, kalanchoe is known as "Pattharchur" and was used in the form of fresh juice, compresses, aqueous extracts, and infusions. It was used mainly externally, as well as orally in processed forms. In Southeast Asia (including Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam), the juice and crushed leaves were used as a base for compresses, infusions for rinsing, and skin treatment. In the ethnomedical practices of the Philippines and Malaysia, kalanchoe was used in the form of juice, as well as in the form of a paste-like mass for external application. In China, the plant is mentioned in a number of traditional herbalists as a remedy for external use, with emphasis placed on its cooling and "moist" properties according to the theory of five elements.

In the culture of the peoples of Central and South America, especially in Brazil, Venezuela, Cuba, and Jamaica, kalanchoe was considered a "plant of strength," capable of restoring bodily energy and balance. There it was used in purification rituals, smoking mixtures, and also as a talisman against the "evil eye." In African ethnobotany (especially in Nigeria, Ghana, and Kenya), the plant was used in the ritual practice of ablutions and as part of herbal mixtures for women. Healers in Ethiopia and Somalia used kalanchoe in incense and fumigations, combining it with gums and bark of local trees.

In Eastern Europe and Russia, kalanchoe has been cultivated as a house medicinal plant since the late 19th century. It was widely used in home herbalism, primarily in the Slavic tradition, where it was considered a "plant that heals living flesh." The juice from the leaves was used to moisten bandages, for rubbing, and also as "living water" when applied to the skin. It is mentioned in manuscript herbalists and folk medicine collections of the 20th century.

Historically, the first mentions of the medical use of kalanchoe are found in folk chronicles and herbalists of South India dating from the 15th–16th centuries, as well as in Spanish colonial chronicles of the Caribbean region. In Slavic sources, the plant appears under the names "zhiryanka," "home doctor," and "living tree," and is described in oral tradition as a universal remedy for external use.

In addition to medical purposes, kalanchoe was used in some cultures as a plant of protection. In Malaysia and Burma, it was planted at the entrance to the house to repel disease spirits. In Latin America, kalanchoe leaves were used in magical bundles and sachets for cleansing the home. In Cuba and Haiti, the plant was included in ritual baths, and in Japan and Korea it was considered a symbol of longevity and inner balance.