​Juglans Nigra (Black Walnut)

Juglans Nigra (Black Walnut)

Product Name: Грецкий орех чёрный, Juglans nigra, Schwarznuss, Nogal negro, Noyer noir, الجوز الأسود, มะฮอกกานีดำ, Qora yong‘oq, Кара жаңғак, Qara qoz, Ҷавз-ул-хинд, Juodasis riešutmedis, Melnrieksts, Чорний горіх, Qara qoz, אגוז שחור

Synonyms: Чёрный орех, американский орех, черный грецкий орех, Black walnut, American walnut, Schwarze Walnuss, Nogal americano, Noyer d’Amérique, الجوز الأمريكي , วอลนัตดำ, วอลนัตอเมริกัน

Parts used: fruit, pericarp, leaves, bark, wood, root, walnut hull.

Main indications for the use of Juglans nigra: Helminthiasis, mucosal candidiasis, atonic constipation, ulcerative colitis, bacterial vaginosis, intestinal dysbiosis, demodicosis, skin mycosis, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, borreliosis.

Use of Juglans nigra in mixtures and complexes: Chronic tonsillitis, hypertensive encephalopathy, hypercholesterolemia, neurodermatitis, food allergy, iron deficiency anemia, herpetic infection, seborrheic dermatitis, human papillomavirus.

Pharmacological properties of Juglans nigra: antiparasitic, fungicidal, antibacterial, astringent, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, wound-healing, insecticidal, hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective, antitumor, antiseptic, antispasmodic, sedative.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Juglans nigra

Powder — Juglans nigra

Indications (Powder): Helminthiasis, oral mucosal candidiasis, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, intestinal dysbiosis, atonic constipation, ulcerative colitis, demodicosis, skin mycosis.

Standard Dosage (Powder): For body weight 60–75 kg: 500 mg of powder 2 times a day orally, after meals, with 200 ml of water.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 1000 mg 2 times a day, in the presence of mucosal candidiasis, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and skin mycosis.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): 1500 mg 2 times a day, for resistant helminthiasis or chronic ulcerative colitis.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 250 mg once a day for 20 days, repeated every 3 months. Recommended for patients with chronic intestinal dysbiosis, frequently recurrent demodicosis, autonomic dystonia, and those living in conditions of high epidemiological load.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): Permissible from 7 years, with a body weight of more than 25 kg — 100 mg of powder once a day after meals. Not recommended for children under 7 years without medical consultation.

Contraindications (Powder): Individual intolerance. No scientific data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 7 years have been registered.

Side Effects (Powder): In case of overdose, irritation of the gastric mucosa, nausea, headache, and allergic rash are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): For body weight less than 60 kg — reduce the dose by 25%; for weight more than 90 kg — increase by 25%.

Preparation method (Powder): To obtain 100 g of powder, grind dried black walnut hulls to a fine fraction in a mortar or mill. Sieve through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.3 mm. Re-grind the residues. Package in an airtight glass container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a tightly closed dark glass jar at a temperature of 5 to 25°C in a dry, light-protected place, away from electromagnetic sources. Shelf life — 12 months. After opening the package, use within 60 days.

Dry Extract — Juglans nigra

Indications (Dry Extract): Helminthiasis, bacterial vaginosis, skin candidiasis, borreliosis, demodicosis, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 250 mg of dry extract once a day orally, course of 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 250 mg 2 times a day for borreliosis, generalized candidiasis, and skin mycosis.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): 500 mg 2 times a day, no more than 10 days in a row, for severe forms of helminthiasis.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 125 mg once a day for 10 days per month, especially for persons at high risk of parasitic infestation, immunodeficiency, and dysbiosis.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): From 10 years, with a body weight of more than 30 kg — 50 mg once a day. Under 10 years, not recommended without medical supervision.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Individual intolerance. No scientifically registered data on safety during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 10 years.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): Rare cases of dizziness, diarrhea, and hypotension in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): For body weight less than 50 kg — reduce the dose by 30%. For weight more than 85 kg — increase by 20%.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): 100 g of dried pericarp are ground, poured with 1000 ml of water, and extracted at 85°C for 4 hours. Filter, evaporate to a moist mass. Dry in a drying chamber at 40°C to obtain a dry extract, then grind and sieve.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in an airtight dark glass container at a temperature of 4 to 25°C, in a dry, light-protected place away from EMI. Shelf life — 18 months. After opening the package, use within 45 days.

Alcohol-Based Tincture — Juglans nigra

Indications (Tincture): Helminthiasis, intestinal candidiasis, demodicosis, skin mycosis, bacterial vaginosis, borreliosis, ulcerative colitis.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 15 drops of tincture 2 times a day, dissolved in 100 ml of water, 30 minutes before meals. Course — 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 20 drops 2–3 times a day for demodicosis, skin mycosis, and chronic candidiasis.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): 25 drops 3 times a day for 7 days for invasive helminthiasis and acute vaginosis.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10 drops once a day, in courses of 10 days each month. Recommended for frequent recurrences of candidiasis, dysbiosis, and for recovery after antibiotic therapy.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): From 12 years, with a body weight from 40 kg — 5 drops once a day in 50 ml of water.

Contraindications (Tincture): Individual intolerance, alcohol dependence, liver diseases in the stage of decompensation. No scientific data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years have been registered.

Side Effects (Tincture): Dizziness, heartburn, rash, and increased symptoms in Jarisch-Herxheimer syndrome are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tincture): For body weight less than 55 kg — reduce the dose by 20%. For weight more than 90 kg — increase by 25%.

Preparation method (Tincture): 100 g of fresh pericarps are cut and poured with 400 ml of 50% ethyl alcohol. Infuse for 14 days in a dark cool place, shaking daily. Filter, pour into dark glass bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store at a temperature of 5 to 25°C, in a light-protected place. Shelf life — 24 months. After opening, use within 90 days. Protect from sources of EMI.

Oil Infusion — Juglans nigra

Indications (Oil Infusion): Skin mycosis, seborrheic dermatitis, bacterial vaginosis, demodicosis, acne, borreliosis (local use), skin parasitic infections.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Apply a thin layer 1–2 times a day to affected areas of the skin. Course — up to 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Apply up to 3 times a day under an occlusive dressing for severe forms of demodicosis or mycosis.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Permissible up to 4 times a day on limited areas (up to 5% of the body surface), course up to 10 days.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): Apply once a day to high-risk areas (skin of the feet, face, back) for 10 days each month. Suitable for patients with recurrent acne, foot mycosis, and seborrhea.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): Permissible from 6 years, spot application once a day. Do not apply to extensive areas of the skin.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Individual intolerance, acute allergic dermatoses. No scientifically registered data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Local skin irritation, peeling, erythema in case of overdose or prolonged use.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): Not required, as the drug is applied externally.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): 100 g of ground fresh pericarps are poured with 400 g of unrefined coconut oil. Place in a glass jar, infuse in a water bath at a temperature of 45°C for 5 hours. Cool, filter through gauze, pour into bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4 to 8°C, in the dark, away from sources of EMI. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Vaginal Suppository — Juglans nigra

Indications (Vaginal Suppository): Bacterial vaginosis, vaginal candidiasis, trichomonal colpitis, nonspecific vaginitis, post-antibiotic vaginal dysbiosis.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository (2 g) intravaginally at night, course — 7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day (morning and evening), for acute candidiasis and pronounced itching.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 3 suppositories per day for 3 days, permissible for acute inflammation with polymicrobial flora.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository once every 3 days for 10 days per month. Recommended for women with frequent recurrences of bacterial vaginosis, after a course of systemic antibiotic therapy, and with long-term use of an intrauterine device.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): Not used in children. Use is not permitted for girls under 16 years.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppository): Individual intolerance, acute atrophic processes of the vagina. No scientific data on safety during pregnancy and lactation have been registered.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppository): Local burning, edema, and contact dermatitis in case of individual intolerance are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Vaginal Suppository): Not required.

Preparation method (Vaginal Suppository): 10 g of dry extract of Juglans nigra, 80 g of cocoa butter, 10 g of coconut oil. Melt the oils in a water bath at a temperature of 40°C, add the extract and mix thoroughly. Pour into molds of 2 g each. Cool until completely solidified.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppository): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4–8°C, away from light. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening the package, use within 10 days.

Rectal Suppository — Juglans nigra

Indications (Rectal Suppository): Ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, anorectal mycoses, helminthiasis of the large intestine, pararectal abscesses.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository (2 g) rectally at night, course — 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 2 suppositories per day (morning and evening) for acute inflammatory processes or massive helminthic infestation.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 3 suppositories per day for 3–5 days for severe forms of ulcerative colitis and rectal mycoses.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository every other day for 2 weeks every 3 months. Recommended for patients with chronic intestinal inflammations, a tendency to constipation, and immunodeficiencies.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppository): Permissible from 10 years, with a body weight of more than 30 kg — 0.5 suppository per day. Use in children under 10 years is not recommended.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppository): Individual intolerance, acute bleeding from the rectum. No scientific data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have been registered.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppository): Mucosal irritation, false urges to defecate, pain in the rectum.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Rectal Suppository): For weight less than 50 kg — 1 suppository every other day. For weight over 90 kg — up to 2 suppositories per day.

Preparation method (Rectal Suppository): 10 g of dry extract of Juglans nigra, 70 g of cocoa butter, 20 g of coconut oil. Melt the oils in a water bath to 40°C, add the extract, mix, pour into molds. Cool.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Rectal Suppository): Store at a temperature of 4–8°C in the dark. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening — use within 7 days.

Nasal Drops — Juglans nigra

Indications (Nasal Drops): Allergic rhinitis, bacterial rhinitis, chronic sinusitis, vasomotor rhinitis, candidiasis of the nasal mucosa.

Standard Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1 drop into each nostril 2 times a day. Course — 5–7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Nasal Drops): 2 drops into each nostril 3 times a day for a pronounced inflammatory or allergic component.

Maximum Dosage (Nasal Drops): 3 drops into each nostril up to 4 times a day for no more than 3 days for acute exacerbation of chronic rhinitis.

Preventive Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1 drop once a day in the morning for 5 days every 2 months. Recommended for chronic vasomotor rhinitis, pollinosis, and disorders of the nasal cavity microbiota.

Pediatric Dosage (Nasal Drops): Permissible from 5 years — 1 drop once a day. Under 5 years, not recommended.

Contraindications (Nasal Drops): Individual intolerance, atrophic rhinitis. No scientifically confirmed data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Nasal Drops): Short-term burning, sneezing, nasal congestion, mucus hypersecretion.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Nasal Drops): Not required.

Preparation method (Nasal Drops): 5 g of dry extract of black walnut pericarp are dissolved in 20 ml of distilled water, 1 ml of glycerin and 2 ml of 96% alcohol are added. Filter through a sterile filter. Pour into sterile dropper bottles of 10 ml each.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Nasal Drops): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4 to 8°C, in a dark place. Shelf life — 21 days. After opening, use within 7 days.

Ear Drops — Juglans nigra

Indications (Ear Drops): Otitis externa, fungal infection of the ear canal, ear candidiasis, cerumen plug, bacterial eczema of the ear canal.

Standard Dosage (Ear Drops): 2 drops into each ear canal 2 times a day. Course — 5–7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ear Drops): 3 drops 3 times a day for acute otitis externa or pronounced fungal process.

Maximum Dosage (Ear Drops): 4 drops 3 times a day for 3 days — only for bacterial infection accompanied by itching and edema.

Preventive Dosage (Ear Drops): 1 drop once a day after contact with water or for preventive purposes with frequent use of headphones. Recommended for patients with recurrent otitis externa and seborrheic eczema of the auricle.

Pediatric Dosage (Ear Drops): From 6 years — 1 drop once a day for 3 days. Under 6 years, not recommended.

Contraindications (Ear Drops): Perforation of the tympanic membrane, individual intolerance. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been studied.

Side Effects (Ear Drops): Burning sensation, ear fullness, allergic edema.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ear Drops): Not required.

Preparation method (Ear Drops): 10 g of black walnut pericarp are infused for 7 days in 40 ml of coconut oil at a temperature of 45°C. Add 1 ml of lavender essential oil. Filter. Pour into glass dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ear Drops): Store in a tightly closed dark glass container at a temperature of 5 to 10°C. Shelf life — 30 days. After opening, use within 10 days.

Ointment — Juglans nigra

Indications (Ointment): Demodicosis, skin mycosis, bacterial eczema, herpetic skin infection, dermatophytosis, neurodermatitis, borreliosis (cutaneous forms).

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply a thin layer 2 times a day to the affected area of the skin. Course — 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): Apply up to 3 times a day under a bandage for pronounced inflammation or persistent itching.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Permissible 4 times a day on limited areas (up to 10% of the body surface) for severe fungal and bacterial lesions.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): Once a day on risk areas (nasolabial triangle, neck, interdigital spaces) for 7 days each month. Recommended for a tendency to fungal skin infections and recurrent demodicosis.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): Permissible from 6 years, once a day on small areas (no more than 2% of the skin). Under 6 years — not recommended.

Contraindications (Ointment): Individual intolerance, acute weeping dermatoses. No data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have been registered.

Side Effects (Ointment): Peeling, irritation, itching, hyperpigmentation with prolonged use.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ointment): Not required.

Preparation method (Ointment): For 100 g of ointment: 15 g of dry pericarp extract, 40 g of coconut oil, 30 g of beeswax, 15 g of shea butter. Melt the oils and wax in a water bath at 50°C, add the extract, mix until homogeneous. Pour into jars, cool.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store at a temperature of 5 to 10°C, in the dark, away from sources of EMI. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Cream — Juglans nigra

Indications (Cream): Acne, seborrheic dermatitis, pseudofolliculitis, perioral dermatitis, post-acne, hyperpigmentation, inflammatory dermatoses.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply once a day to cleansed skin of the face or body. Course — from 14 to 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): Apply 2 times a day in the active phase of acne or seborrheic dermatitis.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): 3 times a day on limited areas of the face (forehead, chin, cheeks) for severe forms of inflammation.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Once a day for 7 days after the end of menstruation in women with cyclic acne. Also — once every 2 days for a tendency to seborrhea in adolescents.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): Permissible from 10 years. Apply once a day in a thin layer, avoiding areas with impaired skin barrier.

Contraindications (Cream): Individual sensitivity, acute atopic dermatitis. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been established.

Side Effects (Cream): Contact dermatitis, temporary redness, burning.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cream): Not required.

Preparation method (Cream): 5 g of dry extract, 10 g of coconut oil, 10 g of emulsifying wax, 60 g of distilled water, 5 g of glycerin, 10 g of jojoba oil. Heat the aqueous and oil phases to 70°C, combine with intensive stirring, add the extract, cool to 30°C. Pour.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store at a temperature of 4–10°C, in a tightly closed container. Shelf life — 3 months. After opening, use within 20 days.

Cosmetic Serum — Juglans nigra

Indications (Cosmetic Serum): Acne, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, oily seborrhea, enlarged pores, comedones, rosacea, inflammatory skin elements.

Standard Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Apply 2–3 drops to the skin of the face once a day at night, with light tapping movements.

Enhanced Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Apply 2 times a day for pronounced seborrhea, inflammatory foci, and comedonal rashes.

Maximum Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Up to 5 drops per application 2 times a day for severe forms of acne (inflammatory-infiltrative forms).

Preventive Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): 1–2 drops on the face every other day in the evening, in courses of 10 days every 2 months. Suitable for adolescents with oily skin and women with hormonal rashes.

Pediatric Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Permissible from 12 years — 1 drop at night every other day, avoiding the eye area.

Contraindications (Cosmetic Serum): Individual sensitivity, acute inflammatory process with weeping. No data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Cosmetic Serum): Hyperemia, irritation, skin peeling, increased sebum secretion in the first days of use.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cosmetic Serum): Not required.

Preparation method (Cosmetic Serum): 5 g of cellular pericarp extract, 20 g of witch hazel hydrolate, 10 g of aloe vera gel, 3 g of vegetable propylene glycol, 1 g of sorbic acid. Mix at a temperature not exceeding 30°C, homogenize, pour into dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cosmetic Serum): Store at a temperature of 4 to 10°C in a dark place. Shelf life — 3 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Walnut Hull Extract — Juglans nigra

Indications (Walnut Hull Extract): Skin hyperpigmentation, scar changes after acne, keratosis, impaired skin barrier function, folliculitis.

Standard Dosage (Walnut Hull Extract): Added to creams and lotions at a concentration of 2–5% of the total volume. Apply 1–2 times a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Walnut Hull Extract): Up to 10% in a mask or gel for pronounced post-inflammatory pigmentation, hyperkeratosis, and comedones.

Maximum Dosage (Walnut Hull Extract): No more than 12% in local products, in a course of up to 10 days.

Preventive Dosage (Walnut Hull Extract): 2% in a moisturizing cream once a day, in courses of 14 days once every 2 months, for tired and oily skin.

Pediatric Dosage (Walnut Hull Extract): Not used in children's cosmetics. Safety for children has not been established.

Contraindications (Walnut Hull Extract): Individual intolerance, active inflammatory skin diseases. No data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Walnut Hull Extract): Contact dermatitis, photosensitization.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Walnut Hull Extract): Not required.

Preparation method (Walnut Hull Extract): 100 g of ground green hull are poured with 500 ml of 40% alcohol, infused for 10 days at a temperature of 22–25°C. Filter, evaporate to a thick mass, then dry to a powder and standardize.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Walnut Hull Extract): Store in a dry, cool place at a temperature not exceeding 20°C, in an airtight container. Shelf life — 12 months. After opening, use within 2 months.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Juglans nigra

Toxicological safety studies of Juglans nigra show that aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the pericarps and hulls have low acute toxicity upon oral and external use. According to animal experiments, the lethal dose (LD₅₀) of aqueous extract of green black walnut hull in mice is more than 5000 mg/kg body weight, which is classified as a practically non-toxic substance. When applied to the skin, the extract does not cause irritation or sensitization.

Nevertheless, when doses are exceeded or with prolonged use, irritation of the mucous membranes, short-term stool disorders are possible, and when using alcohol tinctures — side effects associated with ethanol. It has been noted that walnut extracts in rare cases can cause allergic reactions in sensitive patients. Studies show no data on mutagenic, teratogenic, or carcinogenic activity.

The studied fractions did not show neurotoxic or hepatotoxic effects at therapeutic doses.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Pharmacodynamics — Juglans nigra

The pharmacodynamic action of Juglans nigra is due to a wide range of secondary metabolites, mainly of a phenolic and naphthoquinone nature. The key mechanisms of action of the extracts are effects on the cell membranes of microorganisms, regulation of the activity of inflammatory signaling pathways, and effects on the state of redox homeostasis.

The main level of action is local (with external use) and systemic (with oral administration), involving the immune, skin, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems. It has been established that compounds contained in the hulls and pericarps of Juglans nigra can alter the permeability of the cell membranes of bacteria and fungi, contributing to the destruction of the cell wall and inactivation of microbial enzymes. This is manifested in pronounced microbiostatic and fungicidal activity.

Flavonoid components and quinones of Juglans nigra actively interact with inflammatory mediators (including prostaglandins and cytokines), reducing their expression, which confirms the anti-inflammatory effect. At the level of enzyme systems, inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and lipoxygenase activity, as well as suppression of nitrite stress in inflamed tissues, is observed.

Internal use of Juglans nigra preparations is accompanied by mild sedative activity, which is associated with effects on GABAergic neurotransmission and stabilization of neuronal receptor activity. A modulating effect on neuroendocrine interactions under conditions of systemic inflammatory response has also been described. These properties are especially pronounced in the fat-soluble fractions when acting on the central and autonomic nervous systems.

Local application of Juglans nigra extracts to the skin activates reparative processes through stimulation of keratinocyte proliferation and activation of fibroblasts. Biochemical components enhance collagen production and reduce the activity of metalloproteinases, which is reflected in the improvement of the restorative properties of the skin.

Antioxidant action is formed through direct binding of free radicals and regulation of the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase). This action contributes to the stabilization of cell membranes, protection of DNA and mitochondrial structures from oxidative damage.

In addition, an effect on the functional activity of innate immunity cells, in particular macrophages, with enhanced phagocytosis and expression of immunoregulatory factors has been demonstrated, which determines the immunomodulatory potential of the taxon.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Pharmacokinetics — Juglans nigra

The pharmacokinetic features of Juglans nigra preparations depend on the composition of the specific form, however, the general properties are determined by the presence of polyphenols, quinones, tannins, and fat-soluble fractions in the composition. Oral administration of powders and dry extracts is accompanied by slow absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Flavonoids and naphthoquinones are most actively absorbed, partially metabolized in the mucosa of the small intestine with the participation of microbiota. Carbohydrate components and hydrophilic fractions undergo enzymatic cleavage with the participation of microbial β-glucuronidase, as well as liver enzymes.

Fat-soluble compounds contained in oil forms (for example, oil infusion) exhibit transdermal permeability and can penetrate through the stratum corneum of the skin into the epidermis and superficial vascular layers of the dermis. This provides predominantly local effect, although with prolonged use, systemic accumulation is possible.

Alcohol forms (tinctures) demonstrate faster absorption due to the solubility of active substances in ethanol. However, the presence of ethanol also enhances hepatic metabolism through cytochrome P450 enzyme systems. Metabolites of most phenolic components undergo conjugation in the liver, followed by excretion primarily by the kidneys in the form of glucuronides and sulfates.

Pharmacokinetics upon administration through mucous membranes (vaginal and rectal suppositories) is associated with direct entry of active substances into the systemic circulation, bypassing the first hepatic pass. This increases the biological activity of the compounds and reduces losses during metabolism. With the rectal route, partial absorption into the portal vein is possible, depending on the depth of administration.

External dosage forms (ointment, cream, serum) are characterized by limited systemic absorption. The bioavailability of these forms is low, however, they create a high concentration of active substances in the skin and epidermal structures. The possibility of penetration into the lymphatic system is limited, but not excluded for low molecular weight fractions.

Active components of Juglans nigra are mainly metabolized in the liver, with the participation of phase I (oxidation) and phase II (conjugation), after which they are excreted by the kidneys and partially with bile. An insignificant part of the substances may leave the body with sweat and exhaled air, especially with external application of volatile compounds.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Juglans nigra

The pharmacological activity of Juglans nigra is due to a combination of biologically active substances, mainly naphthoquinones, flavonoids, tannins, and organic acids. One of the key mechanisms of action is considered to be the inhibition of enzymes of microbial and inflammatory nature, including lipoxygenase (LOX), cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and tyrosine kinase receptor cascades. In vitro studies have demonstrated that compounds isolated from pericarps and hulls block the release of pro-inflammatory mediators — interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), reducing the expression of genes mediated by the transcription factor NF-κB.

It has also been confirmed that extracts of Juglans nigra are able to modulate JAK/STAT signaling pathways, which is associated with their effect on the regulation of cellular immune response, including activation of macrophages and increased production of interferons. The presence of polyphenols determines a direct effect on oxidative stress: suppression of the formation of superoxide anion and lipid peroxidation occurs with simultaneous stimulation of the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes — catalase and superoxide dismutase. Thus, membrane-stabilizing and neuroprotective potential is realized.

Pharmacodynamic observations indicate interaction at the level of GABA-A and serotonergic receptors, especially with the use of alcohol and oil fractions. This may explain the moderate anxiolytic and sedative action. Some studies indicate inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and suppression of monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, which potentially affects neurochemical processes in the central nervous system.

Local application of Juglans nigra extracts is accompanied by regulation of keratinocyte activity, increased expression of epidermal growth factors (EGF), and decreased expression of metalloproteinases involved in the degradation of the intercellular matrix. This creates conditions for accelerated reparative processes and restoration of skin integrity. In addition, phenolic compounds of the walnut exhibit the ability to chelate metal ions, which may reduce the level of toxic cations in biological tissues.

The observed effect on cells of innate immunity — macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells — is realized through enhanced phagocytosis and secretion of cytokines with antibacterial direction. At the same time, the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR4) involved in the activation of the innate inflammatory response is suppressed, creating a balance between immune activation and regulation of inflammation.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921...

Synergy — Juglans nigra

Studies show that Juglans nigra is capable of entering into pharmacological synergy with a number of natural substances and medicinal plants, mainly in the context of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. The potentiating nature of interaction between Juglans nigra extracts and phenolic components of other plants (in particular, flavonoids and phenolic acids) has been confirmed, which leads to enhanced suppression of the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. Combined use with extracts of Thymus vulgaris, Echinacea purpurea, and Allium sativum contributes to additive and synergistic inhibition of bacterial growth through enhanced membrane-destructive effect and increased cell wall permeability.

In vitro, it has been demonstrated that the combination of Juglans nigra extract with plant polyphenols (for example, quercetin and epicatechin) activates antioxidant signaling cascades (in particular, Nrf2/ARE), thereby enhancing cell protection against oxidative stress. This interaction is considered as tissue-specific synergy, realized at the level of the endothelium, liver, and skin. It has also been shown that quinone compounds of black walnut complement the action of organosulfur compounds (for example, from Brassica spp.), blocking the NF-κB pathway and reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines.

In combination with saponins and extracts of Panax ginseng or Glycyrrhiza glabra, a modulating effect on the immune system is observed, expressed in enhanced phagocytic activity and increased levels of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Such interactions are characterized by systemic orientation and are realized through complex stimulation of cells of innate and adaptive immunity.

Combination with oil extracts (for example, Melaleuca alternifolia) shows pronounced synergism with external use, especially with respect to skin barrier disorders and bacterial colonization. This is associated with increased permeability of the stratum corneum and enhanced penetration of fat-soluble antibacterial components into the focus of the lesion.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Juglans nigra

Juglans nigra is traditionally used in the folk medicine and cultural practices mainly in North America, where the plant originally grew in the eastern United States. The most active ethnomedical use is noted among the indigenous tribes of America, including the Cherokee, Shawnee, and Delaware. In the culture of these peoples, the pericarps, leaves, and bark of black walnut were used to prepare infusions and decoctions used externally and internally. The dried hull was sometimes burned in purification rituals and expulsion of harmful spirits, and the pericarp infusion was applied to the body for ritual purposes.

Written evidence of the use of Juglans nigra dates back to the 17th century: they appear in the records of European settlers, who recorded recipes borrowed from the Indians. These recipes subsequently entered the pharmacies and home herbals of colonial America. In the tradition of American healers, black walnut was considered a "cleansing" plant and was used in purification rituals and seasonal bodily practices. It was also widely included in home remedies based on vinegar, alcohol, and honey, which were prepared using green hulls.

In African American and Appalachian phytotherapy, Juglans nigra was used as a plant of protection. Fruits and nuts were placed at the doorstep of the house to prevent the penetration of evil forces. Powder was prepared from the hull, used in amulets and talismans. In some local beliefs, the nut was considered a "plant of strength," bringing resilience, protection from diseases, and spiritual purity.

In the 19th century, Juglans nigra entered the formulation of eclectic medicine in the United States — a direction combining folk knowledge with naturopathic and early scientific approaches. In pharmacies of that time, tinctures, essences, and ointments based on green hull were registered. The use of the plant for ritual purposes was gradually replaced by medical use, but in some communities it persisted until the 20th century.

In Europe, Juglans nigra has been cultivated as an ornamental and medicinal tree since the 18th century, but has not become widespread in folk medicine. However, in the herbals of Central Europe, it became an analogue of the European walnut (Juglans regia), and in some herbal traditions — especially German-speaking — its bark and leaves were considered components of external collections.

Currently, elements of ethnomedical use are preserved in the herbal practice of the United States, Canada, and partly in Latin America and Eastern Europe. Non-medical use is also found in the ritual herbalism of adherents of modern neo-shamanism and neo-pagan movements, where black walnut hull is included in protective smoking mixtures, sachets, and amulets. In such contexts, it symbolizes a barrier, purification, and restoration of connection with the earth.