Ligusticum Wallichii (Szechuan Lovage)

Ligusticum Wallichii (Szechuan Lovage)

Product Name: Лигустикум Валлиха, Ligusticum wallichii, Szechuan-Liebstöckel, Ligustico de Szechuan, Ligustique du Szechuan, ليغوستيكيوم واليتشي, ลิกัสติคุม วอลลิชิอิ, Ligustikum Wallixi, Лигустикум Валлих, Liqostikum Valliçi, Лигустикуми Валличи, Vallichio ligustikas, Valičija ligustiks, Лігустікум Валліха, Liqostikum Valixci, ליגוסטיקום ואליצ'י

Synonyms: Лигустикум китайский, Лигустикум сычуаньский, Лигустикум Вальлиха, корень Чуан Сюн; Szechuan lovage, Chuanxiong Rhizome, Ligusticum chuanxiong, Chinese lovage root; Szechuan-Liebstöckel, Chinesischer Liebstöckel; Ligustico chino, Raíz de Chuan Xiong; Ligustique chinois, Racine de Chuan Xiong; الجذور الصينية للوستوش, شوان شيونغ; โคนชวนซีง, สมุนไพรลิกัสติคุม

Parts Used: root, rhizome, rhizome with roots.

Main Indications for Use of Ligusticum wallichii: Ischemic heart disease, arterial hypertension, post-stroke condition, cerebrovascular insufficiency, migraine, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, thrombophlebitis, retinal angiopathy, vasculitis, neuropathic pain, hemorrhoidal disease, chronic prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Use of Ligusticum wallichii in mixtures and complexes: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic angiopathy, Raynaud's syndrome, varicose veins of the lower extremities, cervical osteochondrosis, hyperlipidemia, anemia of chronic inflammation, osteoarthritis, climacteric syndrome.

Pharmacological Properties of Ligusticum wallichii: angioprotective, spasmolytic, antithrombotic, antioxidant, antiplatelet, neuroprotective, cardiotonic, vasodilating, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antihypoxic, hepatoprotective, sedative, antiandrogenic, phytoestrogenic.

Dosage of Pharmacological Forms — Ligusticum wallichii

Powder — Ligusticum wallichii

Indications (Powder): Ischemic heart disease, migraine, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, neuropathic pain, arterial hypertension, cerebrovascular insufficiency.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 0.5–1 gram of powder 2 times a day orally after meals, with warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 1 gram of powder 3 times a day for pronounced cerebrovascular disorders, migraine with aura, post-stroke conditions, pronounced arterial hypertension.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): 2 grams of powder 3 times a day short-term (no more than 7 days) for severe neuropathic pain and acute phases of vasculitis.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.5 grams of powder once a day in the morning after meals. Recommended for chronic ischemic heart disease, stage I dyscirculatory encephalopathy, women in perimenopause. Course: 30 days, break 60 days.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): For children over 12 years of age with body weight not less than 35 kg: 0.3 grams of powder once a day. Not recommended for children under 12 years of age — lack of scientific data.

Contraindications (Powder): Individual intolerance, active bleeding, hemophilia. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years of age have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): With overdose, dizziness, nausea, decreased blood pressure, increased menstrual bleeding are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight below 60 kg, it is recommended to reduce the standard dosage by 25%. For patients with body weight above 90 kg — increase the dosage by 25% with good tolerability.

Preparation Method (Powder): Wash the rhizomes thoroughly, dry at a temperature of 40–45 degrees Celsius for 48 hours. Grind to a powder state in a mill. Sieve through an 80 mesh sieve. For 100 grams of product, 100 grams of dry rhizome are required. Store in an airtight package.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a dry, dark place at a temperature from 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, away from electromagnetic fields. Shelf life — up to 18 months. After opening the package, use within 60 days.

Dry Extract — Ligusticum wallichii

Indications (Dry Extract): Thrombophlebitis, retinal angiopathy, vasculitis, chronic prostatitis, neuropathic pain.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 200–300 milligrams of dry extract 2 times a day orally, preferably after meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 300–400 milligrams 3 times a day for chronic prostatitis, neuropathic pain, diabetic microangiopathy.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): 500 milligrams 3 times a day for 5 days. Only under specialist supervision. Used for severe forms of vasculitis and ischemic attacks.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 100–150 milligrams of dry extract once a day, for 20 days with an interval of 40 days. Indicated for patients with chronic varicose veins, migraines, women in postmenopause.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): For children over 14 years of age and weight more than 40 kg — no more than 100 milligrams once a day. For younger ages, not used due to the lack of clinical studies.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Individual intolerance. Acute forms of gastric and intestinal ulcer. Data on use in childhood under 14 years of age, during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): With overdose, dry mouth, palpitations, insomnia, slight hand tremor are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight below 60 kg, it is recommended to reduce the dosage by 20%. For patients with body weight above 85 kg, the dosage can be increased by 15% in the absence of adverse reactions.

Preparation Method (Dry Extract): Pour 100 grams of ground dry rhizomes with 1000 milliliters of water, boil over low heat for 2 hours, filter. Evaporate to 1/10 of the volume. Dry the resulting concentrate by spray drying. Yield of dry extract — about 10–12 grams.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in a hermetically closed dark glass or foil package at a temperature from 10 to 25 degrees Celsius. Avoid moisture and light. Shelf life — 24 months. After opening the package, use within 45 days.

Alcohol Tincture — Ligusticum wallichii

Indications (Alcohol Tincture): Cerebrovascular insufficiency, arterial hypertension, migraine, dysmenorrhea, benign prostatic hyperplasia, hemorrhoidal disease.

Standard Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): 15–20 drops 3 times a day, 20 minutes before meals, dissolved in 50 ml of water.

Enhanced Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): 25 drops 3 times a day for severe forms of hypertension, pronounced climacteric syndrome, dyscirculatory encephalopathy.

Maximum Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): 30 drops 3 times a day, short-term, no more than 5 days, for neuropathic pain and spastic headaches.

Preventive Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): 10 drops once a day in the morning for 14 days. Prevention of vascular disorders in menopausal women, patients with a hereditary predisposition to stroke, with hypercoagulable syndrome.

Pediatric Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): Not recommended for children under 14 years of age. For children over 14 years of age — no more than 5 drops once a day, only as prescribed by a physician.

Contraindications (Alcohol Tincture): Liver diseases in the decompensation stage, alcoholism, pregnancy, lactation, children under 14 years of age. Reliable scientific data on safety in these conditions are absent.

Side Effects (Alcohol Tincture): With overdose, tachycardia, dizziness, dyspeptic phenomena, feeling of heat in the face are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight below 60 kg, it is recommended to reduce the dose by 20%. For patients with body weight above 90 kg — increase the dose by 15%, with tolerability monitoring.

Preparation Method (Alcohol Tincture): Pour 100 grams of dry ground rhizome with 500 milliliters of 70% ethanol. Infuse in a dark place at a temperature of 18–25 degrees Celsius for 14 days. Shake daily. At the end, filter the tincture, pour into dark glass vials.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Alcohol Tincture): Store in a tightly closed dark glass container, at a temperature from 10 to 25 degrees Celsius. Avoid exposure to sunlight and electromagnetic fields. Shelf life — 24 months. After opening the vial, use within 90 days.

Oil Infusion — Ligusticum wallichii

Indications (Oil Infusion): Chronic prostatitis, neuropathic pain, retinal angiopathy, hemorrhoidal disease, vasomotor disorders during menopause.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): 5 milliliters 2 times a day orally, on an empty stomach, or 10 ml topically once a day on the sacral area or lower abdomen.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): 7–10 milliliters orally 2 times a day for pronounced pain syndrome in the pelvic area, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, prostate adenoma.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): 15 milliliters 2 times a day, no more than 5 days, for combined vascular-prostatic syndromes with pronounced androgenic insufficiency.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): 5 milliliters orally once a day, for 21 days, every 3 months. Indications: men over 50 years of age with chronic prostatitis, women in postmenopause with vascular disorders.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): Not recommended for children under 16 years of age. Safety not confirmed.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Allergy to the component, cholestasis, acute pancreatitis, children under 16 years of age, pregnancy and lactation — no scientific data on safety of use.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): With overdose, a feeling of heaviness in the epigastrium, diarrhea, allergic rash are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight up to 60 kg — 75% of the standard dosage. For patients above 85 kg — correction up to 125% of the dosage is possible, with good tolerability.

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion): Pour 100 grams of ground dry rhizome with 500 milliliters of unrefined coconut oil. Infuse in a water bath at a temperature of 45 degrees Celsius for 4 hours, then keep for 7 days in a dark place. Filter through gauze. Pour the resulting product into dark glass containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in dark glass dishes at a temperature of 10–20 degrees Celsius, away from heat, light, and EMI sources. Shelf life — 12 months. After opening, use within 60 days.

Vaginal Suppository — Ligusticum wallichii

Indications (Vaginal Suppository): Dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, chronic salpingo-oophoritis, neuropathic pain in the small pelvis, climacteric syndrome.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository once a day at night, course 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day — morning and night, course 7 days for pronounced pain syndrome, inflammation of the uterine appendages, menopausal vasomotor symptoms.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 2 suppositories 2 times a day, no more than 5 days consecutively. Used for severe pelvic neuralgia and complicated forms of dysmenorrhea.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository once every 2 days for 10–14 days. Indicated for chronic pelvic pain, premenstrual syndrome, women in premenopause. Courses — 2 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): Not used in girls before the onset of menarche. After 14 years of age, use of 1/2 suppository once a day is possible, as prescribed by a physician.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppository): Individual intolerance, acute vaginal infections, pregnancy. Data on contraindications during lactation and in children under 14 years of age have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppository): With overdose, mucosal irritation, itching, moderate contact dermatitis are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight below 50 kg, it is recommended to use half of the standard suppository. For patients with body weight above 80 kg, correction is not required.

Preparation Method (Vaginal Suppository): For 100 grams: 20 grams of dry extract of Ligusticum, 75 grams of cocoa butter, 5 grams of beeswax. Melt the cocoa butter and wax in a water bath, add the extract, mix thoroughly. Pour into molds at a temperature of 38 degrees Celsius. Cool until solidified.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppository): Store in a refrigerator at a temperature from 2 to 8 degrees Celsius, in a dark place, without access to moisture. Avoid EMI sources. Shelf life — up to 6 months. After opening the blister, use within 5 days.

Rectal Suppository — Ligusticum wallichii

Indications (Rectal Suppository): Hemorrhoidal disease, chronic prostatitis, anal fissure, benign prostatic hyperplasia, neuropathic pain in the pelvic area.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository once a day in the evening, course 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day, morning and evening, course 5–7 days for acute pain syndrome, pronounced edema, recurrent prostatitis.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 2 suppositories 2 times a day, no more than 3 days, under outpatient supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository every other day for 2 weeks. Indicated for chronic hemorrhoids, stage I prostate hyperplasia, elderly patients with pelvic vasopathies. Repeat the course 3–4 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppository): Not used in children under 14 years of age. From 14 years of age — 1/2 suppository once a day if necessary, only under specialist supervision.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppository): Acute anal bleeding, active inflammation of the rectum, individual intolerance. Safety during pregnancy and in children under 14 years of age has not been scientifically confirmed.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppository): Local irritation, increased stool frequency, false urges in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients up to 55 kg — half dose. For patients with body weight more than 85 kg, the dosage can be increased by 25% in consultation with a physician.

Preparation Method (Rectal Suppository): For 100 grams: 25 grams of rhizome powder, 70 grams of coconut oil, 5 grams of lanolin. Mix the components at a temperature of 40–42 degrees Celsius until completely homogeneous. Pour into molds, cool until solidified.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Rectal Suppository): Store at a temperature from 2 to 8 degrees Celsius, in an airtight package protected from light. Shelf life — up to 6 months. After opening, use within 3 days.

Nasal Drops — Ligusticum wallichii

Indications (Nasal Drops): Vasomotor rhinitis, neurogenic rhinitis, sinusoidal ischemia of the nasal mucosa, postoperative mucosal edema, neuropathic pain in the facial area.

Standard Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1–2 drops in each nostril 2–3 times a day, course 5–7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Nasal Drops): 3 drops in each nostril 3–4 times a day for severe vasomotor rhinitis, pronounced neurovascular edema, chronic sinusitis.

Maximum Dosage (Nasal Drops): 4 drops in each nostril up to 5 times a day. Do not use more than 3 days consecutively. Indicated for pronounced neurogenic rhinitis with impaired nasal breathing.

Preventive Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1 drop in each nostril once a day in the morning, 7–10 days in the off-season. Indicated for a predisposition to sinusitis, vasomotor rhinitis in allergy sufferers, in the elderly with atrophy of the nasal mucosa.

Pediatric Dosage (Nasal Drops): From 6 years of age — 1 drop in each nostril 1–2 times a day. Do not use in children under 6 years of age due to the lack of clinical data.

Contraindications (Nasal Drops): Allergic reaction, trauma to the nasal septum, acute nosebleed. Data on safety of use during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 6 years of age have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Nasal Drops): Burning in the nose, lacrimation, reversible hyposmia in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight below 50 kg — use the minimum dose: no more than 1 drop per intake. For body weight above 80 kg — correction is not required.

Preparation Method (Nasal Drops): Pour 10 grams of dry powder of Ligusticum with 100 milliliters of 95% ethanol. Infuse for 5 days, filter. Dilute 10 ml of the resulting tincture in 90 ml of physiological saline. Store in sterile dropper bottles. Shake before use.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Nasal Drops): Store in a dark, cool place at a temperature from 4 to 8 degrees Celsius, away from heat and light sources. Shelf life — 30 days. After opening, use within 5 days.

Ear Drops — Ligusticum wallichii

Indications (Ear Drops): Sensorineural hearing loss, vasomotor otitis, neuropathic pain in the ear, recovery after barotrauma, tinnitus of vascular origin.

Standard Dosage (Ear Drops): 3 drops in each auditory canal 2 times a day, course 7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ear Drops): 4–5 drops 3 times a day for pronounced vascular tinnitus, otosclerosis, residual effects after inflammatory otitis.

Maximum Dosage (Ear Drops): 6 drops 3 times a day, short-term (no more than 3 days) for acute vascular hypoxia of the labyrinth.

Preventive Dosage (Ear Drops): 2 drops in each ear once a day for 5 days. Recommended for persons with occupational hearing load, with frequent flights and diving.

Pediatric Dosage (Ear Drops): From 12 years of age — 1 drop in the ear once a day. Under 12 years of age, do not use without a prescription from an otolaryngologist.

Contraindications (Ear Drops): Perforation of the tympanic membrane, purulent otitis, allergy to the component. Safety during pregnancy and in children under 12 years of age has not been clinically confirmed.

Side Effects (Ear Drops): Burning, short-term dizziness, ear fullness.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Patients with body weight less than 60 kg — 2 drops at a time. Patients above 80 kg — up to 5 drops is permissible with normal tolerability.

Preparation Method (Ear Drops): Dissolve 10 grams of dry extract of Ligusticum in 20 ml of warm coconut oil. Heat in a water bath to 40 degrees Celsius, stir until homogeneous. Cool and pour into sterile dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ear Drops): Store in a refrigerator at a temperature from 4 to 8 degrees Celsius, in an airtight dark container. Shelf life — up to 2 months. After opening, use within 7 days.

Essential Oil — Ligusticum wallichii

Indications (Essential Oil): Arterial hypertension, vascular dystonia, migraine, anxiety disorder, chronic prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Standard Dosage (Essential Oil): Topically: 3–5 drops per 10 ml of base oil for massage. Aroma lamp: 2 drops per 5 sq. m of area. Not used internally.

Enhanced Dosage (Essential Oil): 5–7 drops per 10 ml of base oil for pronounced vascular spasm, neurovascular headaches, climacteric hot flashes.

Maximum Dosage (Essential Oil): 10 drops per 10 ml of base oil for acupressure massage during acute migraine attacks. No more than 3 days consecutively.

Preventive Dosage (Essential Oil): 1–2 drops on an aroma pendant daily for 14 days. Indicated for a tendency to hypertension, anxiety, vegetative dysfunction. Repeat the course 4 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Essential Oil): Not used in children under 12 years of age. From 12 years of age — 1 drop in an aroma lamp or aroma pendant, no more than once a day.

Contraindications (Essential Oil): Epilepsy, pregnancy, individual intolerance, childhood under 12 years of age. No data on safety during lactation.

Side Effects (Essential Oil): Skin irritation, headache, dizziness in case of overdose or prolonged inhalation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight below 50 kg, it is recommended to reduce the dose by 30%. For patients above 85 kg — standard and enhanced dose is permissible.

Preparation Method (Essential Oil): To obtain 100 ml of essential oil, 8–10 kg of fresh rhizome are required. The product is obtained by steam distillation. The raw material is ground, distilled for 6 hours at a temperature of 98–100 degrees Celsius. The condensate is collected in a separator, the essential oil is separated from the hydrolate.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Essential Oil): Store in a tightly closed dark glass vial at a temperature from 5 to 20 degrees Celsius, protected from light, moisture, and EMI. Shelf life — 24 months. After opening, use within 90 days.

Cream — Ligusticum wallichii

Indications (Cream): Varicose veins, vascular asterisks, neuropathic pain in the legs, diabetic angiopathy, chronic prostatitis (topical use).

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply a thin layer to the affected area 2 times a day, with light rubbing movements. Course 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): 3 times a day for pronounced edema, pain, vascular network, or chronic prostatitis (perineal and sacral area).

Maximum Dosage (Cream): 4 times a day, no more than 5 days consecutively, for acute manifestations of varicose veins and pain syndrome.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Once a day in the evening, course of 10 days. Used for a predisposition to varicose veins, increased physical exertion, sedentary lifestyle.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): From 7 years of age — once a day in a thin layer, on small areas (no more than 5 cm²). Under 7 years of age, do not use.

Contraindications (Cream): Purulent skin diseases, allergy to components, pregnancy (when applied to the abdomen). Safety during lactation and in children under 7 years of age has not been confirmed.

Side Effects (Cream): Local irritation, itching, hyperemia, rash.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Correction is not required. The dosage is determined by the application area and the intensity of symptoms.

Preparation Method (Cream): For 100 grams: 15 grams of dry extract of Ligusticum, 30 grams of coconut oil, 5 grams of lanolin, 50 grams of distilled water. Melt the oil and lanolin in a water bath, separately heat the water to 40 degrees, add the extract. Slowly combine, stirring constantly. Cool to 25 degrees Celsius.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store at a temperature from 4 to 10 degrees Celsius, in a tightly closed container of dark plastic or glass. Shelf life — 3 months. After opening — 30 days.

Ointment — Ligusticum wallichii

Indications (Ointment): Thrombophlebitis, neuropathic pain, post-traumatic edema, ischemic pain in the lower extremities, vascular insufficiency of the small pelvis.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply a thin layer 2 times a day to the affected area without rubbing. Course — 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): 3 times a day, for pronounced tissue ischemia, pain syndrome, combined thrombophlebitis with neuralgia.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Up to 5 times a day, no more than 3 days consecutively, only on limited areas (up to 15×15 cm) for acute ischemic pain syndrome.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): Once a day at night. Indicated for chronic varicose veins, vascular network, in patients with sedentary work, elderly people with impaired peripheral blood flow.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): From 10 years of age — once a day, on an area no more than 5×5 cm. Under 10 years of age, not recommended.

Contraindications (Ointment): Open wounds, pustular skin lesions, eczema in the acute stage. There are no scientific data on safety during pregnancy, lactation, and childhood under 10 years of age.

Side Effects (Ointment): Local allergic reaction, skin irritation, contact dermatitis with prolonged use.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Correction is not required, it is applied topically. With low body weight, reduce the application area.

Preparation Method (Ointment): 100 grams of ointment: 20 grams of Ligusticum powder, 70 grams of coconut oil, 10 grams of beeswax. Melt the oil and wax in a water bath to 60 degrees Celsius. Introduce the powder, stir until completely homogeneous, cool to 35 degrees and package.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store in a dark, cool place at a temperature from 5 to 10 degrees Celsius, in a tightly closed container. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Serum — Ligusticum wallichii

Indications (Serum): Telangiectasia, couperose, skin capillaropathy of the face, post-acne with a vascular component, edema and venous stasis in the periorbital area.

Standard Dosage (Serum): 2–3 drops on cleansed skin of the face or neck, 2 times a day — morning and evening, course 28 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): 4–5 drops 3 times a day for pronounced vascular pattern, swelling, and recurrent couperose.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): 6 drops 3 times a day, no more than 5 days consecutively. Used for acute edema, vascular reaction after procedures or sun exposure.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): 2 drops once a day before bedtime, course 14 days. Recommended in the off-season, with a tendency to vascular network, in patients over 35 years of age.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): Not used in childhood.

Contraindications (Serum): Allergy to components, active acne, acute dermatitis. Safety during pregnancy, lactation, and in persons under 18 years of age has not been confirmed.

Side Effects (Serum): Burning, redness, rash in case of individual sensitivity or exceeding the dosage.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Dosage adjustment is not required, it is determined only by the area and sensitivity of the skin.

Preparation Method (Serum): For 100 milliliters: 10 grams of dry extract of Ligusticum, 40 milliliters of witch hazel hydrolate, 20 milliliters of aloe vera gel, 20 milliliters of distilled water, 10 milliliters of jojoba oil. Mix the water phase with the extract, add the gel and oil. Whip until an emulsion is formed. Pour into glass bottles with a dispenser.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): Store at a temperature from 4 to 8 degrees Celsius in an airtight vial. Shelf life — 60 days. After opening, use within 14 days.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Ligusticum wallichii

In animal experiments (rats, mice), the extract of Ligusticum wallichii showed a low level of acute toxic effects. According to preclinical studies, oral administration of the aqueous extract at a dose of up to 15 g/kg did not cause lethal outcomes in laboratory animals, which corresponds to a high safety threshold.

The LD50 value for oral administration in mice exceeds 20 g/kg, which classifies the substance as practically non-toxic (hazard class 4 according to GHS).

Prolonged administration of the preparation in therapeutic doses did not cause deviations in hematological and biochemical parameters, and also did not have a damaging effect on the liver, kidneys, and reproductive function. With prolonged topical use, local irritating and sensitizing reactions were also not detected.

Reference: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Pharmacodynamics — Ligusticum wallichii

Ligusticum wallichii demonstrates a pronounced multisystem effect covering nervous, cardiovascular, immune, and endocrine regulation. The main biologically active components are phthalides, organic acids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds. These substances have the ability to modulate the activity of ion channels, as well as interact with receptors and enzyme systems, including cyclooxygenase and monoamine oxidase.

Pharmacological studies confirm the presence of vasodilating and antiaggregation effects, which is due to a decrease in calcium permeability of the vascular wall and modulation of prostacyclin synthesis. An inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation has also been established, partially realized through the suppression of thromboxane synthetase activity and inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism.

At the level of the central nervous system, a moderate sedative and anxiolytic effect is observed, which is associated with the modulation of GABA receptors and a decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hypothalamus. In vitro and in vivo studies show the ability of the plant components to reduce neuroinflammation and modulate oxidative stress in brain structures.

At the systemic level, the active components of Ligusticum regulate microvascular tone, reducing capillary permeability and improving microcirculation. Anti-inflammatory properties realized through the suppression of NF-κB and interleukin-6 expression have also been described, which has been confirmed on endothelial and monocyte cell lines.

The immunomodulatory effect of the plant is manifested in the activation of macrophages and the regulation of interferon production, which suggests its effect on the innate link of immune defense. Components of Ligusticum are able to inhibit the release of histamine and reduce the expression of inflammatory mediators in mast cells.

The skin and transdermal effect is realized due to local improvement of blood flow, enhancement of epidermal regeneration, and a decrease in the production of free radicals in tissues. The effect on smooth muscle structures confirms the spasmolytic mechanism of action, both at the systemic and local levels.

The endocrine effects of Ligusticum consist in the regulation of the level of steroid hormones and insulin sensitivity, which is realized indirectly through the effect on liver enzymes of phase I and II. Studies on animal models indicate the participation of the plant components in reducing reactive lipid oxidation in the tissues of the pancreas and liver.

Finally, antioxidant properties have been confirmed by experiments using malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase systems, where the plant components demonstrated a pronounced ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species and reduce the level of lipid peroxidation.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Pharmacokinetics — Ligusticum wallichii

The pharmacokinetics of the active substances of Ligusticum wallichii depends on the dosage form and route of administration. With oral administration (in the form of powder, extract, tincture), the main absorption is carried out in the small intestine. Biologically active phthalides, including butylphthalide and ligustilide, penetrate through the membranes of epithelial cells due to their high lipophilicity. Metabolism begins already at the level of enterocytes, where some compounds undergo phase I with the participation of cytochrome P450.

After absorption, a significant part of the components undergoes the first-pass effect through the liver, where they enter into hydroxylation, oxidation, and glucuronidation reactions. Metabolites bind to plasma albumins and are distributed mainly in organs with high blood supply — the liver, kidneys, brain, and cardiovascular system. Accumulation of individual lipophilic phthalides in neuroendocrine tissues and adipose tissue has been established.

With transdermal or topical application (in the form of ointments, creams, oil infusions), the active compounds penetrate into the deep layers of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, reaching the capillary network. At the same time, first-pass hepatic metabolism is bypassed, which provides a longer systemic effect. High permeability through the skin barrier is due to the use of fat-soluble transport carriers — coconut oil and lanolin.

When administered through mucous membranes (rectally, vaginally, nasally), absorption occurs quickly and to a significant extent, especially for hydrophilic components. Mucous membranes have high vascularization, which contributes to rapid entry into the bloodstream bypassing the hepatic barrier. The main metabolism is also carried out in the liver, but with a local effect, some substances exert an effect at the tissue level before systemic distribution.

The active components are metabolized mainly by the liver, with the participation of cytochrome P450 and glutathione-S-transferase enzymes. Excretion of metabolites is carried out mainly with urine, to a lesser extent — with bile. Volatile and essential components that enter by inhalation (when using oil in aroma practice) are partially eliminated through the lungs, as well as through the skin as part of sweat.

Pharmacokinetics may vary depending on the form: for example, dry extract is characterized by a slower onset of action but a longer effect due to the uniform release of substances. Infusion and alcohol forms provide rapid absorption but can cause short-term peak concentrations in the blood.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Ligusticum wallichii

The pharmacological action of the components of Ligusticum wallichii is realized through multiple mechanisms covering neurotransmitter, vascular, inflammatory, and oxidative cascades. The main bioactive compounds, including ligustilide, butylphthalide, and phthalide derivatives, exhibit high biological activity with respect to smooth muscle tissue, platelets, and endothelial cells.

One of the key mechanisms is considered to be the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (LOX), which leads to a decrease in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. This action determines the anti-inflammatory and angioprotective potential of the plant, which has been confirmed by in vitro experiments on RAW 264.7 macrophages and HUVEC cells. At the same time, a decrease in the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB and the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 was shown, which indicates an immunomodulatory and cytokine-inhibiting effect.

Phthalides also have the ability to antagonize L-type calcium channels, which leads to relaxation of smooth muscle cells of the vascular wall and a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance. This action occurs at the level of systemic regulation of vascular tone and is probably associated with the activation of endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) synthesis, as well as an increase in tissue sensitivity to NO.

Additionally, an effect on platelet function has been established: ligustilide inhibits platelet aggregation by blocking thromboxane synthetase activity and reducing the formation of thromboxane A2. This is accompanied by a decrease in the expression of activated P-selectin and GPIIb/IIIa receptors on the platelet membrane. A similar effect has been confirmed in studies on human platelets ex vivo.

The plant components exhibit antioxidant activity due to an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), as well as inhibition of lipid peroxidation processes. This provides cellular protection from oxidative damage and maintains homeostasis in tissues with high oxygen metabolism, including the brain and myocardium.

Neuropharmacological effects are also explained by interaction with receptor systems of the central nervous system. Studies on animal models demonstrate an effect on GABAergic transmission, as well as a decrease in the activity of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which leads to the preservation of neurotransmitters (in particular serotonin and dopamine) in the synaptic cleft. This action is considered the basis of the anxiolytic and moderate sedative effect.

In addition, it has been established that polyphenolic components of Ligusticum wallichii are able to modulate the MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling cascades, influencing cell survival and inflammatory response. These effects are systemic in nature and have been confirmed on various human cell lines.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Synergy — Ligusticum wallichii

According to pharmacological publications, the components of Ligusticum wallichii exhibit synergistic interactions with a number of phytochemical agents of plant origin, as well as with biogenic substances possessing anti-inflammatory, vascular, and neurotropic activity. The most studied is the combination with Angelica sinensis, in which potentiation of antioxidant and antiaggregation effects is observed. This interaction is realized due to the joint inhibition of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in endothelial cells, as well as enhanced release of nitric oxide (NO) with the participation of eNOS.

In an in vivo thrombosis model, the combination of Ligusticum wallichii and Panax notoginseng demonstrated an additive effect on reducing platelet aggregation and increasing bleeding time. These effects are due to the combined inhibition of the thromboxane cascade and enhancement of fibrinolytic activity. The mechanisms of synergy in this combination include co-inhibition of thrombin and an increase in the level of tissue plasminogen activator.

When combined with Curcuma longa, potentiation of the anti-inflammatory response was recorded due to enhanced suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway and activation of Nrf2, which contributes to the expression of antioxidant proteins. This synergy is tissue-specific, mainly with respect to endothelial and neuronal tissue.

Combined use with Ginkgo biloba leads to an enhancement of microcirculatory and neuroprotective effects. The mechanisms of interaction include synchronous modulation of ion channels, activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, and stabilization of mitochondrial function under hypoxic conditions. A similar synergy was noted in combination with Salvia miltiorrhiza, with a dominant effect on improving the rheological properties of blood and reducing vascular resistance.

A protective modulating interaction with antioxidants — quercetin and resveratrol — has also been confirmed with combined administration in vitro and in vivo. An enhancement of HSP70 expression and a decrease in apoptosis under conditions of oxidative stress have been established. Synergy in this case occurs at the level of cellular protection and antioxidant reserve.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Ligusticum wallichii

The taxon Ligusticum wallichii has long been used in the traditional medical practices of East Asia, primarily in China, Tibet, Nepal, and Vietnam. Its ethnobotanical use is deeply rooted in the pharmacopoeial tradition of the provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, and Shaanxi, where the plant is known under the name "Chuanxiong." The first documented mentions of the use of Ligusticum wallichii rhizome are found in the ancient Chinese treatise "Shennong Bencao Jing" (around the 1st century BC), where it was classified as a plant with an action aimed at "invigorating the blood" and "dispersing wind."

In Chinese medicine, the root of the plant is traditionally used in the form of alcohol tinctures, aqueous decoctions, inhalations, and pastes applied to the temples, back of the head, and neck area. In the Tibetan school of phytotherapy, it was included in complex powders and ointments used to stimulate internal energy and improve the "circulation of the vital wind." In the ethnomedicine of the mountainous regions of Nepal, it was also used in the form of rubs and wraps with heated barley oil.

Among the peoples of the Tibeto-Burman group, including the Sherpa, Tamang, and Gurkha, the plant was used as an element of ritual purification and protection from "stagnant spirits of disease." Dried roots were burned in ritual incenses during the change of seasons and in preparation for sacred pilgrimages. In the culture of Taoist practitioners, Chuanxiong was considered a plant that strengthens "spiritual clarity," and was sometimes included in incense for meditative practices.

In the folk medicine of northern Vietnamese and Laotians, the root of Ligusticum was used topically in the form of ointments and alcohol compresses after snake bites, as well as in decoctions for women in the postpartum period. Among the Miao and Yao peoples, the plant was considered a "female root," a symbol of protection from energy losses, and was included in protective amulets and postpartum steam baths.

Information about its spread outside Asia has been recorded since the 18th century — through the medical colonies of Chinese migrants in the south of Eastern Siberia and on the territory of modern Kazakhstan. However, in European phytotherapy, the taxon remained little known until the end of the 20th century.