​Polygonum aviculare (Common Knotgrass / Prostrate Knotweed)

Polygonum aviculare (Common Knotgrass / Prostrate Knotweed)

Product Name: Горец птичий, Polygonum aviculare, Vogel-Knöterich, Correhuela, Renouée des oiseaux, عشبة العقدة, หญ้าหนวดแมว, Qarsaq o‘ti, Эрментик, Quşəngi otu, Бӯйдоғи майдабарг, Smulkialapė rūgtis, Sīkšķērveida skābene, Гірчак звичайний, Quşəngi otu, פָּלוּשׁ הַשָּׂדוֹת

Synonyms: Горец птичий, спорыш, птичья гречиха, спорыш обыкновенный, трава от ста болезней / Knotgrass, common knotgrass, birdweed / Vogel-Knöterich, Gemeiner Vogelknöterich / Correhuela, zacate de pajarito / Renouée des oiseaux, herbe aux cent nœuds / عشب الطيور، عُقدة الطائر / หญ้าหนวดแมว, หญ้าหนวดแมวเล็ก

Parts used: herb, aerial part, stems, leaves, flowering tops, seeds, root, juice, extract.

Main indications for the use of Polygonum aviculare: Urolithiasis, cystitis, urethritis, chronic pyelonephritis, arterial hypertension, edema of cardiac and renal origin, hemorrhagic vasculitis, pneumonia, bronchitis, intestinal dysbiosis, gastritis with reduced acidity, gastric and duodenal ulcers, colitis, vitamin C deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, internal bleeding, thrombophlebitis, gout, rheumatism, pulmonary tuberculosis, periodontitis, tonsillitis, gingivitis, stomatitis.

Use of Polygonum aviculare in mixtures and complexes: Cholelithiasis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, atherosclerosis, chronic heart failure, prostatic adenoma, chronic prostatitis, female infertility, uterine fibroids, climacteric syndrome, chronic fatigue, metabolic syndrome, diabetic nephropathy, varicose disease, dermatitis of various etiologies, obesity, chronic cystalgic syndrome.

Pharmacological properties of Polygonum aviculare: diuretic, antimicrobial, astringent, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, antihypertensive, antioxidant, antianemic, antispasmodic, sedative, hepatoprotective, antiseptic, hypoglycemic, capillary-strengthening, bronchodilatory, diuretic, wound-healing.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Polygonum aviculare

Powder — Polygonum aviculare

Indications (Powder): Urolithiasis, urethritis, cystitis, gout, thrombophlebitis, hemorrhagic vasculitis, chronic pyelonephritis, gastric ulcer, intestinal dysbiosis, iron deficiency anemia.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 1.5 grams of powder 3 times a day, 20 minutes before meals, with warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 3 grams of powder 3 times a day for urethritis, exacerbation of gout, and pronounced edema of renal origin.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): 4 grams of powder 3 times a day, short-term (up to 5 days), for exacerbation of urolithiasis or thrombophlebitis.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.5 grams of powder once a day for 20 days in a row every 2 months for chronic cystitis, gout, uremia, and also for patients over 60 years of age with a risk of thrombosis.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): For children from 7 years of age and with a body weight of at least 25 kilograms: 0.3 grams of powder 2 times a day. Use under 7 years is not recommended due to insufficient clinical data.

Contraindications (Powder): Acute glomerulonephritis, hyperacid gastritis, pregnancy (no safety data registered), lactation (no safety data registered), childhood under 7 years.

Side Effects (Powder): When the dosage is exceeded, diarrhea, increased thrombosis in patients with hypercoagulation, and gastric irritation have been recorded.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): For patients with body weight up to 60 kilograms, it is recommended to reduce the dose by 20% of the standard. For body weight more than 90 kilograms, the dose can be increased by 25%.

Preparation method (Powder): Dried herb of Polygonum aviculare is ground to a powder state. To obtain 100 grams of powder, 120 grams of dried raw material are used. Grinding is carried out in a mortar or on a mill at a temperature not exceeding 40°C. The powder is sieved through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.5 millimeters. Store in an airtight dark glass jar.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a dry, cool place at a temperature of 5 to 25°C, in a tightly closed dark glass container, without access to light and moisture, away from sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 12 months. After opening the package, use within 30 days.

Dry Extract — Polygonum aviculare

Indications (Dry Extract): Arterial hypertension, thrombophlebitis, rheumatoid arthritis, gastric ulcer, vitamin C deficiency, iron deficiency anemia.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 200 milligrams of dry extract 2 times a day, in a course of 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 400 milligrams 2 times a day for exacerbation of vasculitis or thrombophlebitis.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): 600 milligrams 2 times a day for no more than 3 days for pronounced exacerbation of vasculitis and hemorrhagic syndrome.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 100 milligrams once a day for 10 days each month for stage I hypertension, chronic varicose veins, and initial manifestations of atherosclerosis.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): For children from 10 years of age and with a body weight from 30 kilograms — 100 milligrams once a day, no more than 7 days in a row. Use in children under 10 years is not recommended.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Pregnancy (no safety data registered), lactation (no safety data registered), hypersensitivity to components, ulcerative disease in the acute stage.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): Headache, dizziness, increased urination, weakness.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): For body weight up to 60 kilograms — reduction of dosage by 25%. For body weight above 85 kilograms — increase of dosage by 20%.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): To prepare 100 grams of dry extract, 500 grams of dry herb of Polygonum aviculare and 2 liters of purified water are used. The raw material is poured with water, boiled for 1 hour in a water bath. The resulting decoction is evaporated at a temperature of 45°C to obtain a dry mass. The finished dry extract is ground and sieved through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.3 millimeters.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in airtight containers at a temperature of 5 to 20°C, in a dry place, protected from light and moisture. Avoid proximity to heat sources and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 18 months. After opening, use within 21 days.

Alcohol-Based Tincture — Polygonum aviculare

Indications (Tincture): Cystitis, chronic pyelonephritis, bronchitis, pneumonia, gastric ulcer, periodontitis, gingivitis.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 25 drops 3 times a day, diluted in 50 milliliters of water, 15 minutes before meals. Course — 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 40 drops 3 times a day for chronic pyelonephritis or purulent bronchitis.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): 50 drops 3 times a day for no more than 3 days in a row for exacerbation of cystitis or ulcerative disease.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 15 drops once a day for 10 days every 2 months for recurrent cystitis, chronic bronchitis, and during flu epidemics.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): Use in children under 12 years is not recommended due to alcohol content. For children from 12 years — 10 drops 2 times a day, diluted in water.

Contraindications (Tincture): Alcoholism, epilepsy, severe hepatic insufficiency, pregnancy and lactation (no safety data registered), childhood under 12 years.

Side Effects (Tincture): Nausea, irritation of the gastric mucosa, headache when the dose is exceeded.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tincture): Up to 60 kilograms — reduction of dosage by 20%. More than 85 kilograms — increase of dosage by 20%.

Preparation method (Tincture): To prepare 100 milliliters of tincture: 20 grams of dry ground herb of Polygonum aviculare are poured with 80 milliliters of 70% ethyl alcohol. Infuse in a dark glass container at room temperature for 10 days, shaking periodically. After infusion, strain through a fabric filter.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store at a temperature of 5–25°C in a dark place, in a tightly closed glass container, protected from light and sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 2 years. After opening, use within 60 days.

Oil Infusion — Polygonum aviculare

Indications (Oil Infusion): Thrombophlebitis, varicose disease, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatitis, eczema.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally: apply to affected areas of the skin or joints 2 times a day, rubbing in for 3–5 minutes. Course — 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Apply 3 times a day for pronounced joint pain and exacerbation of thrombophlebitis.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Up to 5 times a day for acute inflammation without damage to the skin. Duration of use — no more than 7 days.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): Once a day in the evening for the prevention of exacerbations in varicose veins, gout, and arthritis. Course — 10 days every 2 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): External use is permissible in children from 6 years: once a day on a limited area of the skin, no more than 5 days. Only in consultation with a doctor.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Purulent skin lesions, individual intolerance to components, pregnancy (no safety data registered), lactation (no safety data registered).

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Skin irritation, burning, allergic reactions in case of individual intolerance.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): Dose adjustment is not required; applied externally according to the area of application.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): To prepare 100 grams of infusion: 20 grams of dry herb of Polygonum aviculare are ground and poured with 80 grams of unrefined coconut oil. Infuse in a water bath at a temperature of 45°C for 3 hours. Cool, strain through gauze. Pour into a sterile glass jar.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in a tightly closed dark glass container at a temperature of 5 to 18°C, without access to light. Avoid heating and exposure to EMI. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Vaginal Suppository — Polygonum aviculare

Indications (Vaginal Suppository): Bacterial vaginosis, candidal vulvovaginitis, atrophic colpitis, cervicitis, cervical erosion.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository (500 milligrams of extract in a fatty base) at night, intravaginally, course of 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day (morning and evening) for pronounced bacterial vaginosis or cervicitis.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): Up to 3 suppositories per day, but no more than 5 days in a row. Used for active inflammatory process accompanied by pain and profuse discharge.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository every other day, 10 procedures, once a quarter for a tendency to recurrent candidiasis and postmenopausal atrophic colpitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): Not used in girls before menarche. After menarche, use according to the adult regimen is permissible as prescribed by a doctor.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppository): Intolerance to components, acute vaginal bleeding, pregnancy (no scientific data on safety), lactation (no data registered).

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppository): Burning, increased discharge, local allergic reactions.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Vaginal Suppository): Dose adjustment is not required.

Preparation method (Vaginal Suppository): For 100 grams of base: 20 grams of dry extract of Polygonum aviculare, 80 grams of cocoa butter (or coconut oil in combination with beeswax in a ratio of 3:1). Melt the base in a water bath at a temperature of 40°C, add the extract, mix thoroughly. Pour into molds of 2 grams each. Cool in the refrigerator until solidified.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppository): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2 to 8°C, in the original packaging. Protect from light and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening the blister, use within 7 days.

Rectal Suppository — Polygonum aviculare

Indications (Rectal Suppository): Hemorrhoids, anal fissures, proctitis, thrombophlebitis of hemorrhoidal veins, chronic constipation with inflammatory component.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository (containing 500 milligrams of extract) once a day at night for 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day for exacerbation of hemorrhoids with bleeding or pain syndrome.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 3 suppositories per day for 3 days for acute inflammation of the rectum.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository every other day, 10 procedures, twice a year for chronic hemorrhoids and a tendency to anal fissures.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppository): Use is permissible in children from 8 years, 1/2 of a suppository once a day for chronic inflammatory processes of the rectum. Child's weight — at least 25 kilograms.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppository): Acute paraproctitis, active anal bleeding, individual intolerance to components. During pregnancy and lactation — no safety data registered.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppository): Local irritation, itching, burning sensation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Rectal Suppository): Adjustment is not required.

Preparation method (Rectal Suppository): Mix 20 grams of dry extract with 80 grams of coconut oil and 5 grams of beeswax. Melt in a water bath at a temperature of 40°C, pour into molds of 2 grams each, cool. Yield: 50 suppositories.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Rectal Suppository): Store at a temperature of 2 to 8°C, in a light-protected place. Avoid exposure to heat and EMI. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 7 days.

Nasal Drops — Polygonum aviculare

Indications (Nasal Drops): Allergic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, hypertrophy of the nasal mucosa, post-infectious rhinorrhea.

Standard Dosage (Nasal Drops): 2 drops into each nostril 3 times a day, course — 7–10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Nasal Drops): 3 drops into each nostril 4 times a day for pronounced nasal congestion or active inflammatory process.

Maximum Dosage (Nasal Drops): Up to 5 drops into each nostril 5 times a day, no more than 3 days in a row for acute mucosal edema and difficulty breathing.

Preventive Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1 drop into each nostril morning and evening for 5 days per month for chronic vasomotor rhinitis or a tendency to seasonal allergies.

Pediatric Dosage (Nasal Drops): For children from 5 years — 1 drop into each nostril 2 times a day, no more than 5 days in a row. Use in children under 5 years is not recommended.

Contraindications (Nasal Drops): Perforation of the nasal septum, acute purulent sinusitis, individual hypersensitivity. No data on use during pregnancy and lactation have been registered.

Side Effects (Nasal Drops): Burning, dryness of the mucosa, sneezing, nosebleeds in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Nasal Drops): Dose adjustment is not required.

Preparation method (Nasal Drops): For 100 milliliters of drops: 10 grams of dry extract of Polygonum aviculare are dissolved in 90 milliliters of saline solution, 0.5 grams of glycerin are added to soften the effect. The solution is filtered and poured into dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Nasal Drops): Store at a temperature of 4 to 10°C in a dark bottle. Avoid light and EMI. Shelf life — 30 days. After opening the bottle, use within 7 days.

Ear Drops — Polygonum aviculare

Indications (Ear Drops): Otitis externa, eczema of the external auditory canal, serous otitis media, postoperative ear conditions.

Standard Dosage (Ear Drops): 3 drops into each ear canal 2 times a day for 5–7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ear Drops): 4 drops 3 times a day for eczematous lesions or pronounced inflammation.

Maximum Dosage (Ear Drops): Up to 5 drops 4 times a day for no more than 3 days for pronounced pain syndrome and edema.

Preventive Dosage (Ear Drops): 2 drops once a day for 5 days after swimming in open water bodies for the prevention of otitis externa.

Pediatric Dosage (Ear Drops): For children from 6 years — 1–2 drops into the ear 2 times a day as prescribed by a doctor. Under 6 years, not recommended.

Contraindications (Ear Drops): Perforation of the tympanic membrane, purulent otitis, hypersensitivity to components. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been confirmed.

Side Effects (Ear Drops): Burning, itching, irritation of the ear canal, hearing loss when the dosage is exceeded.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ear Drops): Not required.

Preparation method (Ear Drops): For 100 milliliters of drops: 10 grams of dry extract are dissolved in 60 milliliters of coconut oil, 30 milliliters of 5% propolis tincture and 0.5 grams of lanolin are added. Mix, slightly heat to 30°C, filter. Pour into sterile dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ear Drops): Store in a dark bottle at a temperature of 4 to 10°C, without access to light. Shelf life — 60 days. After opening the bottle, use within 10 days.

Cream — Polygonum aviculare

Indications (Cream): Atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, varicose eczema, itching of unknown etiology, dry skin.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply a thin layer to affected areas of the skin 2 times a day, course — from 7 to 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): Up to 3 applications per day for pronounced inflammation, itching, and peeling in psoriasis and chronic eczema.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): Up to 4 applications per day for acute inflammatory dermatoses. Duration of use — no more than 5 days.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Once a day in the evening for 10 days after washing or showering for a tendency to dermatitis, psoriasis, and skin fissures in patients with diabetes.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): Use is permissible from 3 years: once a day in a thin layer, course — no more than 5 days. Only as prescribed by a doctor. Under 3 years, not recommended.

Contraindications (Cream): Pustular skin infections, deep skin wounds, individual intolerance to components. No safety data during pregnancy and lactation have been registered.

Side Effects (Cream): Burning, redness, peeling, contact dermatitis in case of individual reaction.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cream): Not required.

Preparation method (Cream): To prepare 100 grams of cream: 10 grams of dry extract of Polygonum aviculare, 40 grams of distilled water, 40 grams of coconut oil, 8 grams of beeswax, 2 grams of lecithin. Heat the oil and aqueous phases to 60°C, combine with constant stirring, add the extract. Cool to room temperature. Pour the finished cream into sterile tubes.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4 to 8°C, in airtight packaging, without access to light. Avoid contact with metal objects. Shelf life — 30 days. After opening, use within 7 days.

Ointment — Polygonum aviculare

Indications (Ointment): Hemorrhoids, trophic ulcers, skin fissures, burns of I–II degree, varicose disease, dermatitis with weeping.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply a thin layer to the affected area 2 times a day with or without a bandage. Course — 7–10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): 3 times a day for trophic ulcers or long-healing fissures.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Up to 4 times a day for acute inflammation and weeping eczema, no more than 5 days.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): Once a day at night on areas with varicose veins, with a tendency to skin inflammation, and trophic disorders.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): From 6 years — once a day on small areas of the skin for fissures and abrasions, under medical supervision. Under 6 years, not recommended.

Contraindications (Ointment): Acute purulent processes, allergy to components, pregnancy and lactation (no safety data registered).

Side Effects (Ointment): Allergic reaction, increased itching, contact dermatitis in case of individual intolerance.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ointment): Not required.

Preparation method (Ointment): For 100 grams of ointment: 15 grams of dry extract of Polygonum aviculare, 60 grams of coconut oil, 20 grams of lanolin, 5 grams of beeswax. Melt the oil and wax in a water bath, add the extract, mix until homogeneous, cool. Pour into glass jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store in a tightly closed dark glass container at a temperature of 5 to 10°C, in the shade, away from EMI. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 14 days.

Serum — Polygonum aviculare

Indications (Serum): Loss of skin elasticity, photoaging, hyperpigmentation, rosacea, wrinkles, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, skin irritation after sun exposure.

Standard Dosage (Serum): Apply 1–2 drops to cleansed facial skin 2 times a day — morning and evening, course — 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): 3 drops 2 times a day for pronounced wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, and dry skin in the cheek and forehead area.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): 4 drops 3 times a day on limited areas (for example, crow's feet, nasolabial folds). Use no more than 7 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): 1 drop once a day before bedtime for 10 days per month for the prevention of photoaging in patients over 35 years.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): Not used in childhood. Safety for persons under 16 years has not been established.

Contraindications (Serum): Purulent skin inflammations, active dermatoses, individual hypersensitivity. During pregnancy and lactation — no scientific data on safety have been registered.

Side Effects (Serum): Rarely: mild redness, feeling of skin tightness, local irritation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Serum): Not required.

Preparation method (Serum): For 100 milliliters: 5 grams of dry extract, 75 milliliters of witch hazel hydrolate, 10 milliliters of aloe vera juice, 5 milliliters of jojoba oil, 2 grams of sodium hyaluronate, 3 grams of glycerin. Mix the components at a temperature not exceeding 35°C. Pour into glass dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4 to 8°C, in a dark glass container. Avoid exposure to light, heat, and EMI. Shelf life — 2 months. After opening, use within 15 days.

Ophthalmic Ointment — Polygonum aviculare

Indications (Ophthalmic Ointment): Blepharitis, conjunctivitis of non-infectious nature, dry eye syndrome, irritation after UV exposure, eye fatigue.

Standard Dosage (Ophthalmic Ointment): Apply a strip of ointment 5 millimeters long behind the lower eyelid 2 times a day — morning and at night. Course — 5 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ophthalmic Ointment): Up to 3 times a day for pronounced dry eyes or blepharitis.

Maximum Dosage (Ophthalmic Ointment): Up to 4 times a day for exacerbation of blepharoconjunctivitis. No more than 3 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Ophthalmic Ointment): Once a day at night for 5 days per month when working at a monitor, with dry eye syndrome, and in patients over 50 years.

Pediatric Dosage (Ophthalmic Ointment): From 12 years — once a day, a strip of ointment 3 millimeters long. Under 12 years — not used.

Contraindications (Ophthalmic Ointment): Acute bacterial conjunctivitis, individual intolerance, pregnancy and lactation (no safety data registered).

Side Effects (Ophthalmic Ointment): Temporary blurred vision, burning sensation, feeling of "sand in the eyes."

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ophthalmic Ointment): Not required.

Preparation method (Ophthalmic Ointment): For 100 grams: 10 grams of dry extract, 85 grams of sterile petroleum jelly, 5 grams of lanolin. Sterilize the components with steam (extract separately), then mix under sterile conditions at a temperature of 40°C. Mix until homogeneous, place into tubes.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ophthalmic Ointment): Store in sterile airtight packaging at a temperature of 4–8°C, in a dark place, away from EMI. Shelf life — 3 months. After opening, use within 7 days.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Polygonum aviculare

Experimental studies indicate low acute toxicity of preparations based on Polygonum aviculare. According to preclinical data, upon oral administration of the aqueous extract to laboratory rats and mice, the lethal dose (LD₅₀) was not achieved even at doses exceeding 5000 mg/kg body weight, which allows the raw material to be classified as practically non-toxic.

With prolonged use at therapeutic doses (less than 500 mg/kg), no signs of hepato- or nephrotoxicity were observed. The absence of cumulative action and mutagenic activity has also been confirmed by in vivo and in vitro tests on cell cultures.

Histological studies of the internal organs of animals receiving the extract of Polygonum aviculare for 28 days did not reveal pathological changes in the liver, kidneys, heart, and lungs.

Data on teratogenicity, embryotoxicity, and carcinogenicity are absent, and therefore use during pregnancy and lactation requires caution and justification.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Pharmacodynamics — Polygonum aviculare

The pharmacodynamic activity of Polygonum aviculare is due to a complex of biologically active compounds, among which flavonoids (in particular, kaempferol and quercetin), tannins, silicon compounds, organic acids, and phenolcarboxylic derivatives predominate. These components exert diverse physiological effects at the systemic and local levels, affecting key targets in the human body.

One of the dominant pharmacological effects is anti-inflammatory, associated with the modulation of the activity of inflammatory mediators and a decrease in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Flavonoids of Polygonum aviculare are able to inhibit cyclooxygenase pathway enzymes, especially COX-2, which leads to a decrease in prostaglandin synthesis and a reduction in the inflammatory response.

Local vasoconstrictive and astringent action is due to the high content of tannins, which contribute to a decrease in vascular wall permeability and tissue edema. Silicic acid, present in an easily digestible form, exhibits a mild reparative and remineralizing effect on connective tissues and skin, participating in the restoration of epithelial structures.

The antioxidant effect of plant extracts is manifested in the suppression of lipid peroxidation processes, stabilization of cell membranes, and increased activity of endogenous antioxidant systems, including superoxide dismutase and catalase. This determines systemic cytoprotection under conditions of oxidative stress.

At the level of the nervous system, mild sedative and modulating properties are observed, realized through potentiation of the activity of GABAergic receptors. An effect on serotonergic transmission is also assumed, which may be associated with a general tonic and stress-protective action.

The immunomodulatory effect of Polygonum aviculare is expressed in the ability to stimulate non-specific factors of immune defense and increase the activity of phagocytes, especially with local use. In addition, plant extracts have pronounced antimicrobial action against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, which has been confirmed by in vitro studies.

Pharmacodynamic influence also covers elements of the urinary system: increased glomerular filtration and decreased water reabsorption in the tubules are associated with moderate diuretic activity, not accompanied by pronounced electrolyte loss. This determines potential safety with prolonged use.

The mechanisms of action of Polygonum aviculare cover a wide range of receptors, enzyme complexes, and systemic responses. Such multicomponent action is typical for plant preparations with a high content of flavonoids, organic acids, and phenolic compounds.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://link.springer.com/arti...

Pharmacokinetics — Polygonum aviculare

Reliable data on the complete pharmacokinetics of Polygonum aviculare in the human body are not available, however, based on the structure and physicochemical properties of the main components, their behavior with various routes of administration can be reconstructed.

With oral use, especially in the form of powder or aqueous extract, the absorption of flavonoids and phenolic acids occurs mainly in the small intestine. A significant part of the compounds undergoes presystemic metabolism in the intestinal mucosa and liver. Conjugation with glucuronic and sulfuric acids, as well as methylation, are the main phases of biotransformation characteristic of flavonoid aglycones. Water-soluble fractions penetrate the systemic circulation and are distributed in tissues with predominant accumulation in the liver, kidneys, and mucous membranes.

The transdermal route (in the form of creams, ointments, oil infusions) provides local action of active components with limited systemic absorption. Lipophilic compounds (for example, terpenoid complexes and parts of flavonoids) are able to penetrate the deep layers of the dermis, interacting with connective tissue cells and microvessels.

Mucosal routes of administration (in the form of rectal and vaginal suppositories) provide higher bioavailability, bypassing hepatic metabolism. Absorption occurs through abundantly vascularized epithelial tissue, providing a systemic effect without significant loss of active substances.

With intranasal use (nasal drops), local concentration of active substances in the nasal mucosa is possible with minimal penetration into the systemic circulation. However, with prolonged use, partial absorption and participation of the liver in biotransformation are permissible.

Metabolism of most active substances occurs in the liver through phase I (oxidation, hydrolysis) and phase II (conjugation). Excretion is carried out through the kidneys (water-soluble metabolites) and with bile (lipophilic residues and conjugates). A small part may be excreted with sweat and through the lungs.

A feature of preparations based on Polygonum aviculare is interaction with the intestinal microflora: some flavonoids and tannins are transformed by bacterial enzymes into bioactive metabolites, which has an additional effect on overall metabolism.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Polygonum aviculare

The pharmacological activity of Polygonum aviculare is due to the presence of a wide range of flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin), phenolcarboxylic acids, tannins, and organic silicon compounds. The action of these compounds is realized through various biotargets, including enzyme systems, receptor cascades, and cellular elements of innate and adaptive immunity.

Plant flavonoids inhibit enzymes of the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways (COX-1, COX-2, 5-LOX), which leads to a decrease in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. This provides an anti-inflammatory effect, especially at the level of mucous membranes and skin. The ability of flavonoids to block the activation of the nuclear factor NF-κB, which plays a key role in the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), has also been confirmed.

Antioxidant activity is due to direct scavenging of free radicals and induction of the expression of antioxidant defense enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx). Studies have shown that flavonoids of Polygonum aviculare stabilize mitochondrial membranes and prevent the cascade of lipid peroxidation, which is important for protecting cells from oxidative damage.

At the level of the immune system, plant extracts modulate the activity of macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, enhancing phagocytic activity and interferon production. In vitro studies have shown suppression of the release of nitrogen radicals by activated macrophages, which indicates potential cytostatic effect in controlling inflammation.

Silicon compounds present in the plant affect connective tissue metabolism, stimulating collagen synthesis and improving the architectonics of epithelial covers. This is realized through effects on fibroblasts and epitheliocytes, as well as modulation of the expression of growth factors.

It has been established that components of Polygonum aviculare have a modulating effect on neurotransmitter systems, in particular, on GABA receptors. This is associated with the presence of quercetin and kaempferol, which increase the sensitivity of GABA receptors to endogenous agonists, which may contribute to a mild sedative and anxiolytic effect.

Antibacterial action against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including resistant strains, has also been confirmed. The mechanism includes disruption of the integrity of the bacterial membrane and inhibition of microbial protein synthesis. This action is realized mainly due to phenolic acids and flavonoids.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://link.springer.com/arti...

Synergy — Polygonum aviculare

Pronounced pharmacological synergy has been proven between extracts of Polygonum aviculare and other plant substances containing flavonoids, terpenes, and tannins. In in vitro experiments, it has been established that the combined use of Polygonum aviculare with Centella asiatica leads to enhanced antioxidant activity, expressed in increased inhibition of lipid oxidation and activation of oxidative stress defense enzymes (SOD, CAT).

In combination with Calendula officinalis extract, potentiation of the anti-inflammatory effect is observed through simultaneous suppression of COX-2 and 5-LOX, as well as enhanced inhibition of NF-κB in macrophages. This interaction is additive and partially potentiating in nature, providing more pronounced suppression of TNF-α and IL-6 production.

Synergism with Glycyrrhiza glabra has been identified with respect to immunomodulatory action. Studies on cell lines showed increased phagocytic activity and interferon-γ synthesis with the combined use of aqueous extracts of both plants, which indicates potentiation of non-specific immune defense.

When combined with Achillea millefolium, tissue-specific synergy is realized with respect to the skin and connective tissue. The phenolic acids and flavonoids of these plants together contribute to accelerated epithelial regeneration, improved microcirculation, and remodeling of the collagen matrix.

Synergy of Polygonum aviculare with Asparagus racemosus in the modulation of the stress response has also been described. The combined effect of flavonoids and steroidal saponins has a protective effect on neuroendocrine regulation through activation of corticosteroid receptors and inhibition of reactivation of the HPA axis.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://link.springer.com/arti...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Polygonum aviculare

Polygonum aviculare is one of the most widespread medicinal plants of the temperate zone of Eurasia. Its traditional use is recorded in the folk medicine of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia, China, Mongolia, Korea, Iran, India, Pakistan, as well as in certain regions of North Africa and the Mediterranean. The plant easily adapts to various climatic conditions, therefore it is found both in mountainous and flat areas, along roads, on pastures, and near human dwellings.

In the East Slavic folk healing tradition, Polygonum aviculare is known under the names "sporysh," "bird's buckwheat," and "herb for a hundred diseases." In Russian, Belarusian, and Ukrainian village medicine, it was used in the form of decoctions and infusions, mainly for steam baths, lotions, and as an additive to bath collections. Women often collected the herb during the flowering period, dried it, and used it in rituals associated with the restoration of vitality after childbirth and severe illnesses. According to beliefs, the plant "closes the earth" and "sews up the paths of evil," so it was often placed under thresholds and used in love and purification rituals.

In the Tibetan and Mongolian tradition, the plant was included in complex collections, often in combination with mosses and other groundcover herbs. In Tibet, it was used as part of cleansing and balancing formulas within the concept of wind (rlung). In traditional Chinese medicine, Polygonum aviculare (under the name Bian Xu) is classified as a cooling plant that eliminates dampness and heat, and is used in the form of decoctions, juices, and inhalations. It was prescribed in complex formulations, often including licorice root, lotus, and citrus peel.

Among the peoples of Central Asia, the plant was used mainly externally — in the form of poultices and lotions from fresh crushed herb. Among the Turkic tribes, it had a reputation as a plant that gives strength in old age, and was often used in pastes for joint massage. In Uzbek and Tajik tradition, dry herb was mixed with oil and applied to the temples, back, and feet.

In the culture of the Celtic peoples of Britain, the plant was considered a "path herb" — a symbol of protection for travelers; its leaves were placed in shoes and pockets, believing that this protects against fatigue and evil forces. In European herbals of the Middle Ages, knotgrass is mentioned as "herba polygonii," used in the form of infusion and incense. In some regions, leaves were added to incense and purifying fumigations.

Archaeoethnobotanical data indicate the use of knotgrass already in the Bronze Age in the cultures of Eastern Europe, where it was found in burial accompaniments, presumably as a protective plant. In the Muslim tradition of the Middle East, the plant is known under the name "عشبة العقدة" and is mentioned in the works of Ibn Sina, where its diuretic and cleansing properties are described.

In Thailand and Laos, Polygonum aviculare appears in regional therapeutic baths used after childbirth and for general weakness. It is collected in the highlands and on embankment slopes, where the herb acquires a high concentration of active substances. In the Lanna tradition, the plant symbolizes the "restoration of the body's channels" and is used in ritual ablutions.