​Hydnocarpus Calvipetalus

Hydnocarpus Calvipetalus

Product Name: Гиднокарпус калвипеталус, Hydnocarpus calvipetalus, Kalbblättriger Hydnocarpu, Hidnocarpo de pétalos calvos, Hydnocarpus à pétales chauves, هايدنوكاربوس كالفبيتالوس, ไฮด์โนคาร์พัส คาลวิเพทาลัส, Gidnokarpus kalvipetalus, Gidnokarpus kalvipetalus, Hidnokarpus kalvipetalus, Гиднокарпус калвипеталус, Gidnokarpus kalvipetalus, Gidnokarpus kalvipetalus, Гіднокарпус калвіпеталус, Gidnokarpus kalvipetalus, הידנוקרפוס קלוויפיטלוס

Synonyms: гиднокарпус, гиднокарпус безлепестковый, гиднокарпус лысоцветковый, hydnocarpus, bald-petaled hydnocarpus, kalbblättriger hydnocarpus, hidnocarpo sin pétalos, hydnocarpus chauve, هايدنوكاربوس عديم البتلات, ไฮด์โนคาร์พัสไม่มีกลีบดอก

Parts used: seeds, seed oil, fruits, leaves, bark, wood.

Main indications for the use of Hydnocarpus calvipetalus: Lepromatous leprosy, tuberculoid leprosy, chronic skin ulcers, parasitic dermatoses, dermatophytosis, furunculosis, subacute cutaneous vasculitis, discoid lupus erythematosus, ulcerative lichen.

Use of Hydnocarpus calvipetalus in mixtures and complexes: Systemic tuberculosis, chronic osteomyelitis, scrofuloderma, chronic hepatitis, trypanosomiasis, filariasis, lymphangitis, inflammatory lesions of the lymph nodes, ulcerative colitis, systemic scleroderma.

Pharmacological properties of Hydnocarpus calvipetalus: anti-leprotic, antibacterial, fungistatic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, keratolytic, analgesic, wound-healing, insecticidal, antiparasitic, skin-regenerative.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

Powder — Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

Indications (Powder): Lepromatous leprosy, tuberculoid leprosy, chronic skin ulcers, parasitic dermatoses, dermatophytosis, furunculosis, discoid lupus erythematosus, ulcerative lichen.

Standard Dosage (Powder): Internally: 250 milligrams of powder once a day, 30 minutes before meals, with warm water. Externally: dusting powder on affected areas of the skin twice a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 500 milligrams twice a day orally for chronic ulcerative skin lesions, lepromatous leprosy, and parasitic dermatoses with infiltration.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): 1000 milligrams per day orally, for exacerbation of tuberculoid leprosy, with a course duration of no more than 10 days under medical supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 125 milligrams once every two days for 30 days. Indicated for patients with chronic dermatophytosis, lymphadenitis, during the season of high humidity and risk of skin infections.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): Not recommended for children under 12 years. From 12 years with a body weight of at least 40 kilograms — 100 milligrams per day orally.

Contraindications (Powder): Hypersensitivity to the product, acute inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. No scientific data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in childhood have been registered.

Side Effects (Powder): Nausea, headache, short-term increase in body temperature in case of overdose. Confirmed clinically at doses exceeding 1000 milligrams.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): For patients with body weight below 60 kilograms, the dosage is reduced by 25 percent; above 90 kilograms — increased by 25 percent of the standard.

Preparation method (Powder): Clean the seeds of Hydnocarpus calvipetalus from the shell, dry in the sun for 72 hours. Roast the seeds at a temperature of 80 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes. Grind in a porcelain mortar to a finely dispersed powder state. Sieve through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.5 millimeters. For 100 grams of powder, 150 grams of raw seeds are required.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in an airtight glass container, in a dry cool place at a temperature of 5 to 20 degrees Celsius, in complete darkness, protected from sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 1 year. After opening the package, use within 30 days.

Dry Extract — Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

Indications (Dry Extract): Lepromatous leprosy, tuberculoid leprosy, chronic skin ulcers, parasitic dermatoses, dermatophytosis, furunculosis, systemic tuberculosis, trypanosomiasis.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 150 milligrams of dry extract orally twice a day, 20 minutes before meals. Course — 14 days with the possibility of repetition after 7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 300 milligrams twice a day for systemic tuberculosis and multiple skin ulcers, provided there is no hepatic insufficiency.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): 900 milligrams per day for no more than 5 days. Used in a hospital setting for severe forms of leprosy.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 75 milligrams once a day in the morning for 21 days. Prevention of relapses of leprosy, furunculosis, and discoid lupus in patients with weakened immunity.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): For children from 14 years of age with a body weight over 45 kilograms — 75 milligrams once a day.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Acute renal and hepatic insufficiency. No data on contraindications during pregnancy and breastfeeding have been registered.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): Diarrhea, rash, sensation of heat in the body when the dose exceeds 900 milligrams per day.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): For body weight below 50 kilograms — reduction of dosage by 20 percent. For body weight over 80 kilograms — increase of dosage by 15 percent.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): 100 grams of ground seeds of Hydnocarpus calvipetalus are poured with 500 milliliters of water and boiled in a water bath at a temperature of 95 degrees Celsius for 2 hours. The decoction is filtered, concentrated in a rotary evaporator to a volume of 100 milliliters. Then dried at 45 degrees Celsius in a drying chamber to obtain a dry residue. The mass of dry extract is about 12 grams from 100 grams of raw material.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in an airtight dark glass bottle at a temperature of 5 to 25 degrees Celsius, in a dry room, protected from light and electromagnetic sources. Shelf life — 18 months. After opening — 30 days.

Alcohol-Based Tincture — Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

Indications (Tincture): Lepromatous leprosy, tuberculoid leprosy, chronic skin ulcers, parasitic dermatoses, subacute cutaneous vasculitis, lymphangitis, ulcerative colitis.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): Internally: 20 drops of tincture (based on 70-percent ethanol) per 50 milliliters of water 2 times a day, 20 minutes before meals. Externally: rubbing affected areas of the skin with the tincture diluted with water in a ratio of 1 to 3, twice a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 30 drops per dose orally, 3 times a day for ulcerative colitis, severe forms of lymphangitis, and complicated leprosy.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): Up to 120 drops per day (in three doses) in a hospital setting for pronounced inflammatory processes, under strict monitoring of liver function.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10 drops orally once a day for 14 days. Recommended for patients with chronic parasitic dermatoses during seasonal exacerbations and in regions with high humidity.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): For children over 14 years — 10 drops of tincture, diluted in 50 milliliters of water, once a day. Use in children under 14 years is not recommended.

Contraindications (Tincture): Alcoholism, epilepsy, hepatic insufficiency. No scientific data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in childhood have been registered.

Side Effects (Tincture): Irritation of the gastric mucosa, headache, drowsiness in case of overdose. Confirmed when the daily dose of 120 drops is exceeded.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tincture): For body weight below 60 kilograms — reduce the dosage by 25 percent. For body weight over 90 kilograms — increase by 25 percent.

Preparation method (Tincture): 100 grams of ground seeds of Hydnocarpus calvipetalus are infused with 500 milliliters of 70-percent ethanol in a glass container at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius for 14 days. The container is shaken daily. Upon completion of infusion, the solution is filtered through a cotton-gauze filter. The finished tincture is poured into dark bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in dark glass containers, at a temperature of 10 to 25 degrees Celsius, in the shade, protected from sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 2 years. After opening — 60 days.

Oil Infusion — Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

Indications (Oil Infusion): Lepromatous leprosy, tuberculoid leprosy, discoid lupus erythematosus, chronic skin ulcers, furunculosis, parasitic dermatoses, dermatophytosis, systemic scleroderma.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally: application of 3 milliliters of infusion to affected areas of the skin 2 times a day. Internally: 1 milliliter once a day on an empty stomach (in exceptional cases).

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): External use up to 5 milliliters per session for pronounced infiltrates and deep ulcerative pathology. Internally — only under medical supervision for tuberculoid leprosy, 1.5 milliliters once a day.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): External — up to 10 milliliters per day. Internal use should not exceed 2 milliliters per day.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally — 1 milliliter per day for 10 days. Suitable for patients with chronic eczema, dermatophytosis, and folliculitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): From 10 years: externally — 0.5 milliliters once a day. Use in children under 10 years is not recommended.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Acute purulent skin inflammations with exudation, individual sensitivity. No scientific contraindications have been registered during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): With prolonged use, skin rash, irritation, and increased itching are possible. Cases of contact dermatitis have been recorded.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): For patients with body weight below 50 kilograms — reduce the external dose by 20 percent. Above 85 kilograms — increase by 20 percent.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): Pour 100 grams of ground seeds with 500 milliliters of organic cold-pressed coconut oil. Infuse in a glass container at a temperature of 35–40 degrees Celsius for 10 days, shaking periodically. Then filter through gauze, pour into a sterile glass container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in a tightly closed dark glass container, in a cool place at a temperature of 5 to 20 degrees Celsius, without access to light and electromagnetic sources. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Vaginal Suppository — Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

Indications (Vaginal Suppository): Trichomonal colpitis, bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, chronic cervicitis, cervical dysplasia grade I.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): One suppository vaginally at night for 10 days. Inserted deep into the vagina after hygiene procedures.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): One suppository 2 times a day (morning and evening) for bacterial vaginosis accompanied by foul-smelling discharge and itching.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): No more than 3 suppositories per day. Used strictly under medical supervision for chronic forms of cervicitis and recurrent candidiasis.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): One suppository every other day at night for 7 days after the end of menstruation. Prophylaxis is indicated for women prone to relapses of candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, as well as with an IUD or in postmenopause.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): Not used in children. Use in girls is permissible only after the onset of sexual activity and no earlier than 18 years.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppository): Allergy to components, acute vaginitis with pronounced edema. No scientific contraindications have been registered during pregnancy, but use during gestation requires consultation with a doctor.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppository): Burning, increased vaginal discharge, contact dermatitis in case of individual intolerance.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Vaginal Suppository): Adjustment is not required.

Preparation method (Vaginal Suppository): For 100 grams of mass: Hydnocarpus calvipetalus oil — 20 grams, coconut oil — 40 grams, beeswax — 20 grams, corn starch — 15 grams, vitamin E oil — 5 grams. Melt all ingredients in a water bath to 45 degrees Celsius, mix thoroughly, pour into molds of 2.5 grams each. Cool until solidified. Store in the refrigerator.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppository): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2 to 8 degrees Celsius in airtight packaging. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening the package, use within 10 days.

Rectal Suppository — Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

Indications (Rectal Suppository): Ulcerative colitis, proctitis, hemorrhoids with an inflammatory component, anal fissure, chronic paraproctitis.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppository): One suppository rectally at night for 7–10 days. Insert after bowel movement.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppository): Two suppositories per day — morning and evening — in the active phase of ulcerative colitis, pronounced pain syndrome, or acute hemorrhoids.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppository): Up to three suppositories per day, under medical supervision, in clinical observation conditions, for chronic proctitis with ulcerative transformation.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppository): One suppository every 3 days at night for 3 weeks for patients with recurrent anal fissures, chronic hemorrhoids in remission, and after surgical intervention.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppository): From 12 years — half a dose, that is, 1.25 grams of mass, no more than once a day. The child's weight must be at least 40 kilograms.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppository): Fresh anal bleeding, neoplastic formations of the rectum. Contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years have not been registered in scientific publications.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppository): Short-term burning, false urges to defecate, mucosal irritation with prolonged use.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Rectal Suppository): For body weight below 50 kilograms — reduce the weight of the suppository by 20 percent. For body weight above 80 kilograms — increase by 15 percent.

Preparation method (Rectal Suppository): For 100 grams: Hydnocarpus calvipetalus oil — 25 grams, coconut oil — 40 grams, cocoa butter — 30 grams, beeswax — 5 grams. Melt all components at a temperature of 45–50 degrees Celsius, mix, pour into molds of 2.5 grams each. Cool at 4 degrees until solidified.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Rectal Suppository): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2 to 8 degrees Celsius in tightly closed molds, avoid exposure to light and heat. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 7 days.

Nasal Drops — Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

Indications (Nasal Drops): Chronic rhinitis, atrophic rhinitis, Wegener's granulomatosis, dryness of the nasal mucosa, allergic rhinitis without exacerbation, post-infectious vasomotor rhinitis.

Standard Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1 drop into each nostril 2 times a day for 7 days. Preliminary nasal washing with saline solution is recommended.

Enhanced Dosage (Nasal Drops): 2 drops into each nostril 3 times a day for pronounced dryness, fissures, and atrophy of the nasal mucosa, and for Wegener's granulomatosis in remission.

Maximum Dosage (Nasal Drops): 3 drops into each nostril 3 times a day, no more than 7 days in a row. Used under clinical control.

Preventive Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1 drop into each nostril once a day for 10 days. Recommended during pollen season and with dry air (air conditioning, heating), especially for patients with chronic allergic rhinitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Nasal Drops): From 6 years — 1 drop into each nostril once a day for 3–5 days. Not used in children under 6 years.

Contraindications (Nasal Drops): Acute purulent sinusitis, trauma to the nasal mucosa. Contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 6 years have not been clinically confirmed and require individual assessment.

Side Effects (Nasal Drops): Short-term irritation, sneezing, nasal congestion upon administration. Rarely — contact dermatitis in patients allergic to the oil base.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Nasal Drops): Adjustment is not required.

Preparation method (Nasal Drops): Hydnocarpus calvipetalus oil — 10 grams, coconut oil — 45 grams, aqueous chamomile extract — 5 grams. Sterilize the oils in a water bath at 70 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes, cool to 40 degrees, add the aqueous chamomile extract, emulsify in a homogenizer. Package in sterile dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Nasal Drops): Store at a temperature of 4 to 8 degrees Celsius in a dark place, without access to light. Shelf life — 30 days. After opening, use within 7 days.

Ear Drops — Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

Indications (Ear Drops): External otitis, eczema of the ear canal, fungal infection of the external ear, cerumen plugs, chronic catarrhal otitis media.

Standard Dosage (Ear Drops): 2 drops into each ear canal 2 times a day for 5–7 days. Before instillation, it is recommended to warm to body temperature.

Enhanced Dosage (Ear Drops): 3 drops 3 times a day for pronounced inflammation of the ear canal, eczematous manifestations, and edema.

Maximum Dosage (Ear Drops): Up to 4 drops 3 times a day for a fungal component, provided that the tympanic membrane is intact. No more than 7 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Ear Drops): 1 drop into each ear once a day for 3 days after swimming in open water bodies, especially for patients with chronic external otitis or a narrow ear canal.

Pediatric Dosage (Ear Drops): From 5 years — 1 drop once a day. Use in children under 5 years is not recommended without medical consultation.

Contraindications (Ear Drops): Perforation of the tympanic membrane, acute purulent otitis. Contraindications during pregnancy and breastfeeding have not been registered, but use requires caution.

Side Effects (Ear Drops): Rarely — itching, feeling of ear fullness, irritation of the ear canal.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ear Drops): Adjustment is not required.

Preparation method (Ear Drops): Hydnocarpus calvipetalus oil — 20 grams, coconut oil — 30 grams, purified propolis — 5 grams. Mix the oils, heat in a water bath to 60 degrees Celsius, add propolis, keep for 15 minutes, filter through a filter. Cool and package in sterile dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ear Drops): Store in dark glass at a temperature of 5 to 15 degrees Celsius. Avoid heating and exposure to direct light. Shelf life — 30 days. After opening — no more than 7 days.

Ointment — Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

Indications (Ointment): Lepromatous leprosy, tuberculoid leprosy, chronic skin ulcers, furunculosis, discoid lupus erythematosus, dermatophytosis, systemic scleroderma.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply a thin layer 2 times a day to the affected area of the skin. Course duration — from 10 to 21 days depending on the severity of the lesion.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): For pronounced inflammation — apply 3 times a day with an occlusive dressing. Used for active leprosy, furunculosis, and exacerbations of systemic scleroderma.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Permissible coverage of up to 30 percent of the body area no more than 3 times a day. Used under medical supervision for multiple dermatoses.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): Once a day at night on areas of skin prone to inflammation or dryness. Prophylactically used for chronic dermatophytosis during relapse seasons.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): From 6 years — once a day on limited areas of the skin (no more than 5 by 5 centimeters). Not recommended for children under 6 years.

Contraindications (Ointment): Acute purulent skin infection, individual intolerance to components. No scientific contraindications have been registered during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Ointment): Rarely — contact dermatitis, hyperemia, peeling of the skin with prolonged use.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ointment): Dose adjustment is not required, guided by the area of the lesion.

Preparation method (Ointment): Hydnocarpus calvipetalus oil — 25 grams, coconut oil — 35 grams, anhydrous lanolin — 20 grams, beeswax — 15 grams, calendula extract — 5 grams. Melt all components at 65 degrees Celsius in a water bath, mix to a homogeneous mass. Cool to 40 degrees and package in glass jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store at a temperature of 4 to 15 degrees Celsius in a dark cool place. Avoid exposure to sunlight. After opening, use within 45 days. Total shelf life — up to 6 months.

Cream — Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

Indications (Cream): Seborrheic dermatitis, eczema, chronic neurodermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, post-acne with an inflammatory component, hyperkeratosis.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply a thin layer to cleansed skin 1–2 times a day, preferably in the morning and evening.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): Apply up to 3 times a day for pronounced inflammation or exacerbation of seborrheic dermatitis, combine with wet-drying compresses.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): Up to 4 applications per day on a limited area (no more than 15 percent of the body surface). Maximum course — 10 days.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Once a day in the evening — on the skin of the face and neck for a tendency to irritation, peeling, and allergic reactions. Course — 14 days, 4 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): From 7 years — once a day on problem areas of the skin. Volume of application — no more than 1 gram at a time.

Contraindications (Cream): Open wounds, weeping inflammation. No scientific contraindications have been registered during pregnancy, but local testing is recommended.

Side Effects (Cream): Redness, itching, rare cases of allergic rash.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cream): Not required. Application is dosed by the area of the lesion and the degree of skin sensitivity.

Preparation method (Cream): Hydnocarpus calvipetalus oil — 20 grams, coconut oil — 15 grams, lavender hydrolate — 40 grams, stearic acid — 10 grams, emulsifier (candelilla wax) — 10 grams, aloe vera extract — 5 grams. Heat the aqueous and oil phases separately to 70 degrees Celsius, combine with constant stirring. Cool to 30 degrees, package in tubes or jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store at a temperature of 5 to 20 degrees Celsius in airtight packaging. Avoid exposure to direct sunlight and moisture. Shelf life — 6 months, after opening — 30 days.

Emulsion — Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

Indications (Emulsion): Neurodermatitis, chronic dermatitis with dry skin, scar changes of the skin after ulcers, atrophic lichen, psoriasis in remission, trophic ulcers in the healing stage.

Standard Dosage (Emulsion): Apply 2 times a day in a thin layer to affected areas of the skin. Do not rub in. Course duration — 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Emulsion): Up to 3 times a day for pronounced peeling, fissures, post-traumatic and post-inflammatory scars, including after ulcers.

Maximum Dosage (Emulsion): 4 times a day, coverage of up to 25 percent of the body surface. Only in a short course — no more than 7 days.

Preventive Dosage (Emulsion): Once a day at night. Used in patients with chronic dry dermatoses, hyperkeratosis, and for restoring the skin barrier in winter.

Pediatric Dosage (Emulsion): From 5 years — once a day, on limited areas, no more than 3 percent of the body surface.

Contraindications (Emulsion): Acute purulent skin inflammations, eczema in the weeping stage. No scientific contraindications have been registered during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Emulsion): Sensation of an oily film, redness with prolonged use in the fold area. Rarely — contact dermatitis.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Emulsion): Adjustment is not required; the dose depends on the area of the lesion and localization.

Preparation method (Emulsion): Hydnocarpus calvipetalus oil — 20 grams, coconut oil — 10 grams, chamomile hydrolate — 50 grams, vegetable glycerin — 5 grams, lecithin emulsifier — 10 grams, preservative based on benzoic acid — 0.5 grams. Heat the aqueous and oil phases to 70 degrees Celsius, combine with intensive stirring, homogenize for 5 minutes, cool to 25 degrees and package.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Emulsion): Store at a temperature of 4 to 15 degrees Celsius, in airtight containers, in a dark place. Avoid exposure to direct light. Shelf life — 4 months. After opening — 20 days.

Serum — Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

Indications (Serum): Hyperpigmentation, inflammatory post-acne, seborrheic irritation, enlarged pores, initial stage of rosacea, photodamage of the skin.

Standard Dosage (Serum): Apply once a day in the evening to cleansed skin of the face and neck, 3–4 drops. Course — 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): 2 times a day, 3 drops each, for pronounced hyperpigmentation, inflammatory elements, and photoaging. Course — 14 days followed by a break.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): Up to 8 drops per day (divided into 2 applications) in the active phase of seborrheic inflammation, allowed for 10 days.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): 2–3 drops at night every other day. Suitable for patients with thin sensitive skin, during the recovery period after peels or windburn.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): From 12 years — no more than 1–2 drops on a limited area for acne, only locally.

Contraindications (Serum): Acute purulent skin inflammations, individual intolerance. No data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have been registered in the scientific literature.

Side Effects (Serum): Rarely — tingling sensation, oiliness, clogged pores with incorrect dosage selection.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Serum): Adjustment is not required; the dosage is determined by the area of application and skin type.

Preparation method (Serum): Hydnocarpus calvipetalus oil — 5 grams, immortelle hydrolate — 40 grams, low molecular weight hyaluronic acid — 1 gram, vitamin E — 0.5 grams, green tea extract — 3 grams, natural preservative based on sorbic acid — 0.5 grams. All components are mixed at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius in a sterile environment, poured into glass dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4 to 8 degrees Celsius. After opening, use within 14 days. Total shelf life — 2 months.

Mask — Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

Indications (Mask): Inflammatory post-acne, hyperkeratosis, enlarged pores, initial stage of seborrheic dermatitis, rosacea in remission, photodamage of the skin, thickening of the epidermis.

Standard Dosage (Mask): Apply the mask in a thin even layer to cleansed skin of the face and neck once every 3 days. Leave for 15–20 minutes, then rinse with warm water. Course — 7 procedures.

Enhanced Dosage (Mask): Every other day, for 20 minutes, for pronounced hyperkeratinization, active inflammatory elements of post-acne, and chronic peeling.

Maximum Dosage (Mask): No more than once a day. Maximum course — 10 procedures in a row. Used in professional care for seborrheic skin and rosacea.

Preventive Dosage (Mask): Once a week. Indicated for patients with dry and sensitive skin prone to inflammation and peeling in low-humidity climates.

Pediatric Dosage (Mask): From 12 years — apply locally to the area of inflammation (for example, forehead, nose, chin) for 10 minutes no more than once a week. Only under adult supervision.

Contraindications (Mask): Open purulent inflammations, eczema in the acute stage, individual hypersensitivity. Contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered.

Side Effects (Mask): Rarely — redness, burning sensation, contact dermatitis when the mask removal technology is violated or with excessively frequent use.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Mask): Not required. The dosage is determined by the area of application and skin type.

Preparation method (Mask): Hydnocarpus calvipetalus oil — 5 grams, coconut oil — 10 grams, white cosmetic clay — 25 grams, sage extract — 5 grams, rose flower water — 45 grams, lavender essential oil — 0.5 grams, preservative based on gluconolactone/sodium benzoate — 0.5 grams. Mix the clay and flower water to a paste-like consistency, then add the oils and extracts at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. Mix until homogeneous, package in glass jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Mask): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4 to 8 degrees Celsius in a tightly closed dark glass container. Shelf life — 2 months. After opening — use within 14 days. Avoid water getting inside the package.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

Studies of the toxicity of oils obtained from the seeds of Hydnocarpus calvipetalus, as well as closely related species (including Hydnocarpus wightiana and Hydnocarpus kurzii), indicate relatively low acute toxicity upon oral and parenteral administration under experimental conditions. In studies on mice and rats, the LD₅₀ upon oral administration of the oil extract ranged from 3,500 to 5,000 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, which indicates classification of the substance as "low-toxicity" according to WHO criteria.

With external use in the form of ointments and oil infusions, local tolerability is considered satisfactory. Individual cases of allergic reactions (contact dermatitis) have been registered with prolonged use in individuals with hypersensitivity to components of the fatty phase. In clinical settings, the drug did not show cumulative toxicity and did not cause changes in liver and kidney function parameters at standard dosages.

Reproductive toxicity, embryotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity of Hydnocarpus calvipetalus oils have not been scientifically confirmed. However, use during pregnancy requires caution due to the insufficient evidence base on teratogenic risk.

Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Pharmacodynamics — Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

The pharmacodynamic properties of the oil obtained from the seeds of Hydnocarpus calvipetalus are due to the presence of cyclopentenophenanthrene compounds (chaulmoogric acids and their derivatives), as well as a complex of fatty acids, including oleic and palmitic acids. The most studied direction of action is the effect on cutaneous-immune interactions. The substance has a modulating effect on the activity of innate immunity cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, regulating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. At this level, an anti-inflammatory effect is manifested, predominantly local, with a possible systemic component with prolonged use.

Active components of the oil can interact with the lipid matrix of the epidermis, stabilizing the barrier functions of the skin. Dermatotropic effects have been recorded that contribute to the normalization of keratinization processes, reduction of keratinization, and decrease in transepidermal water loss. Interaction with the membrane structures of keratinocytes explains part of the regenerative action.

Local application is accompanied by antiseptic and fungistatic effects associated with disruption of the integrity of the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria and dermatophytes. The mechanism includes inhibition of membrane lipid synthesis and disruption of ion balance in pathogenic cells. An inhibitory effect on the production of microbial toxins has also been noted in the literature.

From the immune system, normalization of the production of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-alpha is observed, which explains the reduction in the severity of the inflammatory component in the focus of chronic immune aggression. Under conditions of systemic exposure, mediated immunomodulation through innate immunity receptors (TLR2, TLR4) is possible.

A number of studies indicate possible participation in the antioxidant protection of tissues. It is assumed that the fatty acids of the oil can partially reduce lipid peroxidation under conditions of oxidative stress. This is accompanied by stabilization of cell membranes and a decrease in tissue hypoxia.

At the level of receptor interaction, a weak inhibitory effect on the enzymatic activity of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase has been determined, which determines a moderate decrease in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes in tissues. The effect is not systemic, but can be pronounced at sites of local inflammation.

The oil exhibits a cutaneous-sedative effect when applied externally, which is manifested in a reduction in the sensation of itching and irritation, and is probably associated with an effect on local nociceptors. These effects have been confirmed in clinical observation conditions, especially in chronic dermatological conditions.

The systemic level of action is observed when taken orally in the form of powder or extract. In this case, a mild effect on the immune and lymphatic systems is possible, including a decrease in the activity of inflammatory-granulomatous processes.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://link.springer.com/arti...
https://www.worldscientific.co...
https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/in...

Pharmacokinetics — Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

The pharmacokinetic features of Hydnocarpus calvipetalus oils depend on the form of administration. With oral intake in the form of powder or dry extract, absorption of active components occurs mainly in the small intestine. The bioavailability of acids and lipids included in the composition depends on the degree of their emulsification and the presence of bile. Under conditions of normal digestive function, gradual systemic absorption of fatty acids and cyclopentenophenanthrene derivatives is achieved.

After absorption, the compounds are distributed predominantly in lipophilic tissues, including subcutaneous adipose tissue, liver, spleen, and lymphoid organs. Partial association with blood lipoproteins is possible. During biotransformation, active substances undergo hepatic metabolism with the participation of microsomal oxidation enzymes, primarily the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system.

Metabolites are excreted primarily with bile and partially with urine. Some fatty acids and their derivatives may be excreted as conjugates of glucuronic and sulfuric acids. An insignificant part of non-volatile fractions may leave the body through the skin and mucous membranes, especially with local use in high concentrations.

Transdermal administration (ointment, cream, emulsion, oil infusion) is accompanied by local accumulation in the epidermis and dermis, without pronounced systemic distribution. In places of inflammation, skin permeability increases, and partial systemic penetration of active substances is possible. The rate of absorption depends on the area of application, skin temperature, lipophilicity of the drug, and the presence of occlusive conditions.

Through mucous membranes (suppositories, drops), absorption of active components is possible in a limited volume, mainly in the case of repeated use. From rectal suppositories, components can reach the systemic circulation, bypassing the first hepatic pass, which potentially increases their bioavailability.

With intranasal administration (nasal drops), absorption occurs rapidly, but the volume of absorbed substances remains insignificant due to high lipophilicity and limited water solubility. Nevertheless, a rapid local effect on the nasal mucosa and trigeminal nerve receptors is possible.

Substances included in the oil are not prone to significant cumulative accumulation, however, with prolonged use, the depositing role of adipose tissue and the liver is possible. The participation of intestinal microflora in transformation is unlikely due to the lipophilic profile and weak enzymatic sensitivity.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26019560
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1606630
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874105001926
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02913317
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ptr.1636

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

The pharmacological action of the oil obtained from the seeds of Hydnocarpus calvipetalus is associated with a high concentration of specific cyclopentene fatty acids, mainly hydnocarpic and chaulmoogric acids, which possess unique biological activity. These compounds are characterized by the ability to inhibit the synthesis of microbial lipids, which leads to disruption of the integrity of pathogen cell membranes. The mechanism is realized through blocking the enzymatic pathways involved in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids, which makes the structure of the bacterial wall vulnerable to lysis. This action has been confirmed against acid-fast strains and explains their specific antibacterial activity.

The oil exhibits pronounced anti-inflammatory action through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzymes involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid. This leads to a decrease in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators — prostaglandins (PGE2) and leukotrienes (LTB4). Simultaneously, modulation of cytokine expression is observed, including a decrease in the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). The participation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in the regulation of the transcription of these mediators under the action of biologically active components of the oil is assumed.

In vitro studies indicate the ability of the fatty acids of hydnocarpus oil to modulate the activity of macrophages and neutrophils, suppressing the expression of Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 and reducing the production of nitric oxide (NO) induced by lipopolysaccharides. As a result, the cytotoxic load on tissues is reduced, an anti-inflammatory balance is maintained, and the activation of pathogenic inflammation cascades is prevented.

Regenerative and dermatotropic action is partially due to enhanced expression of fibroblast growth factors and improved migration of keratinocytes. This is realized through activation of PI3K/Akt and ERK-dependent signaling cascades responsible for cell proliferation and tissue repair.

At the level of neurohumoral regulation, a weak interaction with transient receptor potentials (TRPV1) has been established, which is accompanied by a decrease in sensory itching and pain sensations. This confirms the cutaneous-sedative effect of the oil when applied locally.

Some components of the oil demonstrate antioxidant activity, which is associated with inhibition of lipid peroxidation in cell membranes and stabilization of the cellular antioxidant system (catalase, superoxide dismutase). This contributes to the protection of tissues from oxidative damage and slowing of inflammatory-degenerative processes.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://link.springer.com/arti...
https://www.worldscientific.co...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Synergy — Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

Pharmacological synergy of the components of Hydnocarpus calvipetalus oil has been established in combination with a number of phytopreparations and biologically active substances of natural origin. One of the most confirmed effects is the potentiation of antimicrobial and antifungal action when used together with oils of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) and Azadirachta indica (neem). In these combinations, an additive or even synergistic enhancement of the destruction of pathogen cell walls and inhibition of the enzymatic activity of fungal β-glucan synthases occurs.

The antioxidant activity of the oil is enhanced when combined with polyphenolic extracts of Camellia sinensis (green tea) and Vitis vinifera (grape seeds). It has been proven that the combined inhibition of lipid peroxidation processes and stabilization of membrane structures under conditions of oxidative stress are achieved faster and more pronouncedly than when using each component separately.

The modulating effect on the immune system has been confirmed when combined with extracts of Curcuma longa and Andrographis paniculata. An enhancement of phagocyte activity, as well as normalization of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, has been noted. The effect of combined use is potentiating in nature, which indicates a mutual enhancement of the effect on key links of the innate immune response.

The combination with extracts of Centella asiatica demonstrates synergy at the level of tissue regeneration. Combined use activates the synthesis of collagen types I and III, enhances angiogenesis, and accelerates fibroblast migration. In vitro and in vivo studies confirm the tissue-specific and cell-targeted interaction of these substances.

Protective synergy with Sesamum indicum oil has also been established, as a result of which cutaneous sensitization to aggressive environments is reduced. In this case, the nature of the interaction is protective-modulating, accompanied by a decrease in TRPV1 activity and modulation of the skin barrier.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://link.springer.com/arti..
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Hydnocarpus calvipetalus

Hydnocarpus calvipetalus was traditionally used in the medical and cultural practices of the peoples of Southeast Asia, mainly in Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, and Cambodia. Mentions of its use are recorded in Thai traditional medicine, where the seed oil was used in pure form or as part of multicomponent remedies. The seeds of the taxon were used in the form of wraps and oil rubs, and were also added to warm oils for therapeutic baths.

In the culture of the northern Thai peoples (in particular, Lanna), the oil was considered a plant of cleansing power and was used as part of ceremonial compositions for skin care before rituals and meditation. At the level of folklore medicine, it was included in ointments intended for application to areas of the body with damage or inflammation, and the method of application was accompanied by incantations or special gestures reflecting the symbolic protection of the body.

In the old medical text Phaen Phaet Thong (a traditional Thai medical manuscript), the oil of the tree called "chaulmoogra" is mentioned, from which Hydnocarpus calvipetalus is often considered a derivative in ethnophytodescriptions. This oil was used in combination with extracts of other plants and animal fats. Local healers used it for imbalances of the "fire" and "water" dosha (according to the Thai dosha diagnostic system), which indicates wide application in the concept of energy medicine.

In the traditions of Burmese monks, the oil was used as an element of a purification ritual for the sick: it was rubbed into the skin in the area of the head and back during the recitation of Buddhist sutras. In Myanmar village practice, it was believed that Hydnocarpus "destroys the hidden disease," and its seeds were kept as an amulet against "evil winds" and witchcraft.

In the folk medicine of the Lao and Khmer peoples, the oil was used not only for the body but also as part of oil incense — aroma lamps with a drop of oil were lit in the homes of the sick and on altars. This was used to "purify the breath" and protect against harmful spirits, especially in children and the elderly. In Cambodian magical-religious practice, Hydnocarpus seeds were included in amulets for warriors and travelers.

Ritual ceremonies are known where the seeds of the tree were mixed with ash and applied to the body as a protective paste. Among some Thai ethnic groups, there was a custom of burning dried fruits in front of the entrance to the house to "drive away disease." Seeds were also placed under the pillow of newborns as an "antidote to the evil eye."

Primary ethnobotanical mentions of the use of oils of trees of the genus Hydnocarpus (including calvipetalus) date back to the 19th century and are associated with colonial observations of missionaries and doctors in Bengal and Burma. Written evidence is found in the manuscripts of medical herbals kept in temples of northern Thailand.