​Garcinia Mangostana (Purple Mangosteen)

Garcinia Mangostana (Purple Mangosteen)

Product Name: Гарциния мангостан, Garcinia mangostana, Mangostanbaum, Mangostán, Mangoustanier, مانجوستين, มังคุด, Mangostin, Мангостан, Manqostan, Мангостан, Mangostanas, Mangustāns, Мангостан, מנגוסטין

Synonyms: Гарциния, Мангостан, Мангустан, Mangosteen, Purple mangosteen, Garcinia, Mangostanbaum, Mangostanfrucht, Mangostán, Árbol del mangostán, Mangoustanier, Fruit du mangoustan, مانجوستين, ثمرة المانجوستين, มังคุด, ผลมังคุด

Parts used: fruit, fruit rind, leaves, seeds, root, stem, bark, extract, juice, resin, fruit rind.

Main indications for the use of Garcinia mangostana: Alimentary obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, acne, pyoderma, viral dermatoses, herpetic rashes, chronic prostatitis, uterine fibroids, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, depressive disorder, neurodegenerative diseases.

Use of Garcinia mangostana in mixtures and complexes: Chronic gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, enteritis, colitis, intestinal dysbiosis, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, polycystic ovary syndrome, infertility, gestational preeclampsia, migraine, tension headaches, arterial hypertension, chronic tonsillitis, human papillomavirus, skin itching of unknown etiology, climacteric syndrome.

Pharmacological properties of Garcinia mangostana: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, antitumor, analgesic, antidepressant, antiseptic, antiparasitic, astringent, antiviral, wound-healing, adaptogenic, angioprotective.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Garcinia mangostana

Powder — Garcinia mangostana

Indications (Powder): Alimentary obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, metabolic syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, chronic fatigue syndrome, osteoarthritis.

Standard Dosage (Powder): Taken orally thirty minutes before meals, 1.5 grams of powder 2 times a day, with warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 2.5 grams of powder 3 times a day for pronounced hyperglycemia, grade 3 alimentary obesity, as well as laboratory-confirmed insulin resistance.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): No more than 3 grams of powder 3 times a day. The maximum dosage is permissible for metabolic syndrome with concomitant fatty hepatosis and polycystic ovary syndrome, under the control of biochemical parameters.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 1 gram of powder once a day in the morning on an empty stomach. Recommended for a tendency to overweight, borderline hyperglycemia, prediabetes, and a hereditary predisposition to diabetes mellitus and obesity. Administration — in courses of 30 days with a 2-month interval.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): For children over 10 years of age with a body weight of more than 35 kilograms — no more than 500 milligrams of powder once a day, only as prescribed by a doctor. The child's gender does not affect the dosage.

Contraindications (Powder): Individual intolerance, pronounced liver function disorders, intestinal bleeding, malabsorption syndrome. No scientific data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 10 years have been registered.

Side Effects (Powder): In case of overdose, dyspeptic disorders, including nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps, may be observed. Cases of elevated liver transaminases have been registered with prolonged use at maximum doses.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): For patients with body weight below 60 kilograms, it is recommended to reduce the dosage by 20 percent of the standard. For patients with body weight above 90 kilograms, an increase in dosage by 10 percent of the standard is permissible, in the absence of side reactions.

Preparation method (Powder): To prepare 100 grams of powder, 100 grams of dry fruit rind of Garcinia mangostana are used. The raw material is pre-cleaned of foreign inclusions, then dried at a temperature not exceeding 45 degrees Celsius for 48 hours to a residual moisture content of less than 10 percent. After drying, the rind is ground in a mortar or on a mill to a powder state with a particle size of no more than 0.3 millimeters. Sieved. Packaged in light-proof packaging.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a tightly closed glass container, in a dry cool place, at a temperature of 5 to 25 degrees Celsius, in the absence of direct light and sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 12 months. After opening the package, use within 45 days.

Dry Extract — Garcinia mangostana

Indications (Dry Extract): Type 2 diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, fatty liver degeneration, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, neurodegenerative diseases.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 300 milligrams of dry extract 2 times a day, 30 minutes before meals, with warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 500 milligrams of dry extract 2–3 times a day for pronounced osteoporosis, progressive atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus with concomitant hyperlipidemia.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): Up to 600 milligrams of dry extract 3 times a day. Permissible for severe forms of metabolic syndrome and chronic pancreatitis, with monitoring of liver and pancreatic function.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 150 milligrams once a day in the morning. Used for metabolic disorders at the preclinical level, in the postmenopausal period in women, and for chronic fatigue. Courses of administration — 30 days, 2–3 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): Dry extract is not used in children under 12 years. From 12 years, a dose of 100 milligrams once a day is permissible with a body weight of more than 40 kilograms.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Acute liver failure, allergic reaction to Garcinia, ulcerative disease in the acute stage. No data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years have been registered in the scientific literature.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): Nausea, weakness, and a bitter taste in the mouth may be observed. In rare cases — headache, insomnia, and skin rashes with prolonged use at doses above 1500 milligrams per day.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): For body weight below 60 kilograms, the dosage is reduced by 25 percent. For body weight above 90 kilograms, upward correction of 10–15 percent is possible with good tolerability.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): To prepare 100 grams of extract, 1000 grams of fresh fruit rind are used. The rind is cleaned, crushed, and extracted with 70% ethanol at a ratio of 1:5 at a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius for 6 hours. Filtered. The resulting extract is evaporated under vacuum to a thick consistency, then dried in a drying chamber at a temperature not exceeding 40 degrees Celsius to obtain a dry residue. The resulting extract is ground to a powder form and packaged.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in airtight packaging, protected from light and moisture, at a temperature of 10 to 25 degrees Celsius. Shelf life — up to 24 months. After opening, use within 60 days.

Alcohol-Based Tincture — Garcinia mangostana

Indications (Tincture): Alimentary obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chronic prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, chronic fatigue syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 20 drops 3 times a day, diluted in 50 milliliters of water, 20 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 30 drops 3 times a day for obesity of grade 2–3, pronounced hyperglycemia, asthenoneurotic syndrome, and metabolic exhaustion syndrome.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): Up to 40 drops 3 times a day for severe metabolic syndrome with multiorgan involvement. Intake is possible only under medical supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 15 drops once a day in the morning, in courses of 20 days with a 1-month interval. Used for hereditary predisposition to metabolic diseases, in persons over 40 years of age.

Pediatric Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): Not used in children under 12 years. For adolescents over 12 years — no more than 10 drops once a day, with a weight from 40 kilograms.

Contraindications (Tincture): Alcoholism, liver failure, gastric ulcer disease. No data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years have been registered.

Side Effects (Tincture): Headache, hypotension, irritation of the gastric mucosa. In rare cases — tachycardia when combined with psychostimulants.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tincture): Body weight below 60 kilograms — reduce the dosage by 20 percent. Body weight above 90 kilograms — an increase of 10 percent is possible.

Preparation method (Tincture): To prepare 100 milliliters of tincture, 25 grams of crushed fruit rind and 100 milliliters of 70% ethanol are used. Infuse in a tightly closed glass container at a temperature of 20–25 degrees Celsius in a dark place for 14 days, shaking daily. After infusion, filter and pour into dark bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in a dark cool place at a temperature of 5 to 20 degrees Celsius. Shelf life — up to 3 years. After opening, use within 90 days.

Oil Infusion — Garcinia mangostana

Indications (Oil Infusion): Pyoderma, acne, viral dermatoses, herpetic rashes, skin mycoses, chronic prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally — apply a thin layer 2 times a day to affected areas of the skin. Internally — 5 milliliters once a day for prostatitis.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally — 3 times a day. Internally — 5 milliliters 2 times a day for a combination of skin and urogenital inflammations.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Internally — up to 10 milliliters per day. Used only in short courses (up to 7 days) for severe inflammatory processes.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally — once a day on the skin for a tendency to acne. Internally — 2 milliliters once a day in courses of 10 days monthly.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): From 5 years — only external use. Apply to the skin no more than once a day for acne and dermatitis. Internal use is not recommended.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Allergy to components, acute purulent skin processes with a risk of systemic infection. No data on use during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 5 years have been registered.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): In case of overdose — skin irritation, itching, hyperemia. Internally — nausea, bitter taste in the mouth, loose stools.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): Internally — dosage is reduced by 25 percent for body weight less than 60 kilograms. Externally — no adjustment.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): 100 grams of crushed dry rind are poured with 200 milliliters of coconut oil. Infuse in a water bath at a temperature of 45 degrees Celsius for 6 hours. After cooling, strain through gauze and pour into a dark container. Do not boil the oil.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in a cool place, protected from light, at a temperature of 5 to 18 degrees Celsius. After opening, use within 30 days. Shelf life of sealed packaging — up to 6 months.

Vaginal Suppository — Garcinia mangostana

Indications (Vaginal Suppository): Bacterial vaginosis, candidal vulvovaginitis, viral vaginitis, cervical erosion, chronic cervicitis, papillomavirus infection, vaginal itching of unknown etiology.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository once a day at night, in a course of 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day (morning and evening) for candidiasis, viral lesions, combined with bacterial infection.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): Up to 3 suppositories per day for acute forms of cervicitis and vaginitis, for no more than 5 days, under medical supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository every other day before bedtime, in a course of 7 suppositories. Used for chronic vaginitis in remission, a tendency to recurrent candidiasis, and in postmenopausal women.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): Not used in girls before menarche. From 14 years — only as prescribed by a gynecologist, 1 suppository at night, in a course of up to 7 days.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppository): Hypersensitivity, pronounced bleeding, vaginal atrophy with fissures. No scientific data on use during pregnancy and lactation have been registered.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppository): Burning, itching, moderate edema of the vaginal mucosa. In case of overdose — increased local inflammatory reaction.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Vaginal Suppository): Not required. The dosage is single, 1 suppository per administration.

Preparation method (Vaginal Suppository): For 100 grams of base, the following are taken: cocoa butter 80 grams, dry Garcinia rind extract — 10 grams, beeswax — 10 grams. Melt the oil and wax in a water bath to 40 degrees Celsius, add the extract, mix thoroughly. Pour into molds of 2 grams each. Cool until solidified.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppository): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2 to 8 degrees Celsius, in individual packaging, protected from light. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 10 days.

Rectal Suppository — Garcinia mangostana

Indications (Rectal Suppository): Chronic prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, paraproctitis in remission, rectal viral and fungal lesions.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository once a day at night, after natural bowel movement, course of 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day (morning and evening) for acute hemorrhoids or pronounced inflammation of the prostate.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository 3 times a day for 3–5 days. Used for exacerbations with severe pain and inflammation, only under specialist supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository every other day before bedtime, course of 7–10 procedures. Recommended for men over 45 years of age with initial signs of prostatic hyperplasia, as well as for chronic constipation.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppository): Not used in children under 12 years. From 12 years — ½ of a suppository once a day for anal fissures or hemorrhoids.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppository): Acute bleeding, rectal tumors, allergy to components. No data on safety during pregnancy, lactation, and under 12 years of age.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppository): Mucosal irritation, urges to defecate, itching, burning sensation. In case of overdose — increased symptoms of inflammation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Rectal Suppository): For body weight up to 60 kilograms — use of ¾ of a suppository is possible. For body weight more than 90 kilograms — standard dosage.

Preparation method (Rectal Suppository): Base: cocoa butter 75 grams, dry Garcinia rind extract — 15 grams, coconut oil — 10 grams. The oils are melted at a temperature of up to 40 degrees Celsius, the extract is introduced, the mixture is poured into molds of 2 grams each and cooled.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Rectal Suppository): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2 to 8 degrees Celsius, in dark packaging. Shelf life — up to 6 months. After opening, use within 10 days.

Cream — Garcinia mangostana

Indications (Cream): Acne, seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, pyoderma, herpetic rashes, skin mycoses, viral warts.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply a thin layer to affected areas of the skin 2 times a day, morning and evening, for 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): Apply 3 times a day for pronounced inflammatory elements, dense infiltrates, and pustular rash.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): Up to 5 applications per day, in a short course of up to 5 days for severe inflammation and active microbial process.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Once a day at night on the areas of the face or back for a tendency to acne, seborrhea, or seasonal exacerbation of dermatitis. Course — 10 days per month.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): From 3 years — once a day in a thin layer for mild forms of dermatitis. Not used in children under 3 years.

Contraindications (Cream): Allergic reactions, fresh burns, open bleeding wounds, exudative forms of psoriasis. No scientific data on use in pregnant and nursing women.

Side Effects (Cream): Local irritation, erythema, dry skin, peeling. In case of overdose — reversible exacerbation of the inflammatory process.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cream): Not required, as it is applied locally in fixed quantities.

Preparation method (Cream): For 100 grams of cream: dry Garcinia extract — 5 grams, coconut oil — 20 grams, shea butter — 20 grams, beeswax — 5 grams, distilled water — 45 grams, lecithin — 5 grams. The oil and aqueous phases are heated separately to 40 degrees Celsius, then combined with continuous stirring. The extract is introduced, cooled, and whipped to a creamy consistency.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2 to 8 degrees Celsius in airtight opaque packaging. Shelf life — 3 months. After opening, use within 20 days.

Ointment — Garcinia mangostana

Indications (Ointment): Herpetic rash, trophic ulcers, psoriasis, fungal skin lesions, warts, eczema, furunculosis, skin tuberculosis in the scarring stage.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply to the affected area 2 times a day, if necessary covering with a sterile bandage. Course — up to 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): 3 times a day for deep trophic ulcers, extensive affected areas, pronounced itching and infiltration.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Up to 4 times a day, only under dermatological supervision, no more than 7 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): Once a day for 5–7 days on healing scars, areas with previously recurrent eczema or psoriasis. Suitable for patients in remission.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): From 6 years — once a day in a thin layer. Not used in children under 6 years without medical supervision.

Contraindications (Ointment): Weeping wounds, open bleeding ulcers, individual sensitivity to ointment components. No scientific data on use during pregnancy and lactation are available.

Side Effects (Ointment): Hyperemia, burning, increased itching. With prolonged use — skin peeling and secondary rashes.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ointment): Not required, as the form is intended for external spot application.

Preparation method (Ointment): For 100 grams of ointment: Garcinia rind extract — 10 grams, coconut oil — 60 grams, lanolin — 15 grams, beeswax — 15 grams. All components are melted at a temperature of up to 45 degrees Celsius, mixed, and cooled with constant stirring until thickening.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store in an airtight glass jar in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2–8 degrees Celsius. Shelf life — 4 months. After opening — use within 15 days.

Serum — Garcinia mangostana

Indications (Serum): Acne, post-acne, enlarged pores, dull complexion, premature skin aging, photoaging, hyperpigmentation, rosacea.

Standard Dosage (Serum): Apply 1–2 drops to cleansed facial skin once a day before bedtime, avoiding the area around the eyes. Course — 28 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): Apply 2 times a day — morning and evening — for pronounced pigmentation, decreased skin turgor, and signs of photoaging.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): Up to 3 times a day spot-on on areas with post-acne, pigmentation, or deep wrinkles. Course — no more than 10 days, then switch to the standard regimen.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): Once every 2 days in the evening. Used in patients over 35 years of age with normal skin with seasonal dullness, and in those living in areas of high insolation.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): Not used in children under 14 years. From 14 years — no more than once every 2 days, spot-on for post-acne.

Contraindications (Serum): Open wounds, weeping rashes, individual intolerance, rosacea in the active stage. No data on safety during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Serum): Irritation, dryness, skin tightness, peeling, reversible hyperemia. In case of overdose — burning sensation and rash.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Serum): Not required, the dosage is determined by the area of application.

Preparation method (Serum): For 100 milliliters: witch hazel hydrolate — 70 milliliters, Garcinia extract (glyceric) — 20 milliliters, low molecular weight hyaluronic acid — 2 grams, panthenol — 3 grams, aloe vera extract — 5 milliliters. All components are mixed at room temperature and packaged in dropper bottles. Do not heat.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): Store at a temperature of 4–8 degrees Celsius, in a dark bottle. After opening, use within 30 days. Shelf life of sealed packaging — up to 3 months.

Cleansing Cream — Garcinia mangostana

Indications (Cleansing Cream): Comedones, clogged pores, hypersecretion of the sebaceous glands, sensitive skin with impaired barrier, tendency to inflammatory elements.

Standard Dosage (Cleansing Cream): Apply to damp face, massage for 1–2 minutes, then rinse with warm water. Use once a day, preferably in the evening.

Enhanced Dosage (Cleansing Cream): Apply 2 times a day for oily skin with pronounced greasiness and inflammatory elements.

Maximum Dosage (Cleansing Cream): Up to 3 times a day during intensive acne therapy, in a short course of up to 5 days. Not recommended for sensitive skin.

Preventive Dosage (Cleansing Cream): Once a day in the evening care for patients with combination skin and a tendency to pore clogging. Suitable for the prevention of inflammatory reactions.

Pediatric Dosage (Cleansing Cream): From 10 years for acne — once a day in the evening, with normal tolerability of components.

Contraindications (Cleansing Cream): Atopic dermatitis in the acute stage, active eczema, allergy to components. No data on use during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Cleansing Cream): Dry skin, feeling of tightness, redness. In case of overdose — reversible epidermal irritation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cleansing Cream): Not required, determined by the surface of application.

Preparation method (Cleansing Cream): For 100 grams: coconut oil — 20 grams, lavender hydrolate — 50 grams, Garcinia rind extract — 10 grams, stearic acid — 5 grams, lecithin-based emulsifier — 5 grams, soap root (decoction) — 10 grams. The aqueous and oil phases are heated to 40 degrees Celsius, combined with thorough mixing, cooled and packaged.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cleansing Cream): Store at a temperature of 4 to 10 degrees Celsius, in an airtight dark bottle. Shelf life — 2 months. After opening, use within 20 days.

Liquid Crystal Cream — Garcinia mangostana

Indications (Liquid Crystal Cream): Deep wrinkles, decreased skin elasticity, post-inflammatory pigmentation, photoaging, dry skin, atopic dermatitis in remission, sensitive skin with impaired barrier function.

Standard Dosage (Liquid Crystal Cream): Apply to cleansed skin of the face and neck once a day in the evening, in a thin even layer. Course — 21–28 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Liquid Crystal Cream): 2 times a day (morning and evening) for pronounced dryness, hyperpigmentation, and moderate to deep wrinkles.

Maximum Dosage (Liquid Crystal Cream): Up to 3 times a day for 5 days during skin recovery after intensive peeling or first-degree burns.

Preventive Dosage (Liquid Crystal Cream): Once every 2 days in the evening, for 2 weeks. Recommended for women over 40 years of age with signs of age-related changes, as well as patients after prolonged sun exposure.

Pediatric Dosage (Liquid Crystal Cream): Not used in children under 12 years. From 12 years — only as prescribed by a dermatologist, once a day for pronounced dry skin.

Contraindications (Liquid Crystal Cream): Acute form of dermatitis, herpes in the active phase, weeping skin lesions, individual intolerance to components. No scientific data on use during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Liquid Crystal Cream): Rarely — itching, peeling, feeling of skin tension. In case of overdose — irritation, burning sensation, short-term redness.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Liquid Crystal Cream): Not required, adjusted by the area of application, not body weight.

Preparation method (Liquid Crystal Cream): For 100 grams: chamomile hydrolate — 40 milliliters, coconut oil — 20 grams, jojoba oil — 10 grams, Garcinia rind extract — 5 grams, emulsifier of the Cetearyl Olivate and Sorbitan Olivate type — 5 grams, distilled water — 20 milliliters. All components are mixed at a temperature of 70 degrees Celsius until a homogeneous liquid crystal structure is formed. Cooled to 35 degrees Celsius, at which point the structure stabilizes. Packaged in airtight tubes or jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Liquid Crystal Cream): Store at a temperature of 5 to 12 degrees Celsius, in light-proof packaging. Shelf life — up to 3 months. After opening, use within 20 days, avoiding contamination of the contents.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Garcinia mangostana

Studies on the acute toxicity of the fruit rind extract of Garcinia mangostana have shown a high biosafety profile. According to experimental data, upon oral administration of the extract to mice at doses up to 5000 mg/kg body weight, no deaths were observed, which classifies the drug as practically non-toxic. The LD₅₀ value exceeds 5000 mg/kg upon oral administration in laboratory animals, which corresponds to the fifth toxicity class according to the OECD classification (the lowest level of toxicity). Also, no histopathological changes in the tissues of the liver, kidneys, and heart were detected in studies with subchronic use.

Long-term use of the extract at high doses did not cause deviations in biochemical blood parameters, which confirms its hepatobiliary safety and absence of cumulative toxic effect.

Studies on human cell cultures have shown that at concentrations up to 100 μg/ml, the extract does not have a cytotoxic effect, does not disrupt mitotic activity, and does not induce apoptosis in normal cells.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Pharmacodynamics — Garcinia mangostana

The pharmacodynamic properties of Garcinia mangostana are based primarily on the activity of secondary metabolites of the fruit rind, primarily xanthone and its derivatives. These substances realize a wide range of physiological effects at the level of cellular and tissue systems. The main directions of action cover antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunotropic activity, with a predominant effect on the skin, immune, nervous, endocrine, and digestive systems.

The antioxidant effect is realized through the inactivation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and stabilization of membrane lipids, which leads to a reduction in oxidative stress at the systemic level. In in vitro and in vivo experiments, a high ability of extract components to inhibit lipid peroxidation processes, as well as to restore intracellular glutathione, has been shown. Such effects confirm participation in the regulation of antioxidant defense at the molecular level.

The anti-inflammatory effect of Garcinia is associated with the suppression of the activity of key pro-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukins and prostaglandins. Inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been established, which reduces the synthesis of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. An effect on the expression of NF-κB, an important nuclear factor involved in the transcription of inflammation genes, is also observed.

The immunotropic effect is realized through modulation of the humoral and cellular arms of the immune response. In experimental models, a stimulating effect on macrophage activity, as well as on lymphocyte proliferation, has been recorded. These properties make the drug pharmacologically active in normalizing the immune response in immunodysbalances of various origins.

Local action on the skin includes antibacterial and fungistatic properties, manifested in the suppression of the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, including antibiotic-resistant strains. An inhibitory effect on the growth of fungi of the genus Candida has been established, which is confirmed by in vitro laboratory tests.

At the level of the central nervous system, Garcinia exhibits neuromodulatory properties, including mild anxiolytic and nootropic effects, mediated through GABAergic mechanisms. Possible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase is also noted, which increases the level of acetylcholine in synapses.

At the level of endocrine regulation, the drug has a modulating effect on the level of insulin-like factors and leptin, which is due to the effect on receptor signaling cascades in adipose and muscle tissue. Mediated inhibition of triglyceride accumulation and stimulation of lipolysis are observed, which has been confirmed by cellular experiments.

An effect on enzymatic activity in the liver has also been described, including a decrease in the activity of aminotransferases, which may indicate a hepatoprotective effect. Garcinia demonstrates potential for use in systemic inflammatory conditions, exerting a mild multicomponent effect.

At the level of pharmacological targets, the drug can interact with enzymes (including catalase, superoxide dismutase, lipoxygenase), cytokine receptors, membrane and nuclear signaling proteins.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Pharmacokinetics — Garcinia mangostana

The pharmacokinetic properties of Garcinia mangostana are determined primarily by the structure of the xanthone derivatives, polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins contained in the fruit rind. With oral use (in the form of powder, tincture, or extract), the main active compounds undergo absorption in the small intestine, where the state of the mucosa and the gastrointestinal microbiota play an important role.

Absorption of xanthones occurs with the participation of passive diffusion, but bioavailability may vary depending on the degree of polarity of the substance and its solubility. Treatment with an oil or alcohol base increases the solubility of lipophilic components and improves absorption. Polyphenolic compounds are partially subjected to metabolic transformation already in the intestinal wall and in the liver.

After absorption, active substances are distributed predominantly in the liver, kidneys, adipose tissue, and skin. Studies on animals indicate a high level of accumulation in hepatocytes and epidermal structures. Binding to plasma proteins is moderate, which ensures gradual release of active substances into the systemic circulation.

Metabolism occurs primarily in the liver with the participation of cytochrome P450 enzymes, conjugation with glucuronic acid, and sulfation. Biotransformation of active compounds is accompanied by the formation of less active metabolites, which partially retain antioxidant activity.

Excretion is carried out primarily with bile and urine. A small part of the water-soluble fractions may be excreted with sweat and through the intestine. Oil forms (for example, infusions and ointments) have a prolonged effect due to slow release and partial metabolism in the skin.

With transdermal use (creams, ointments, liquid crystal forms), absorption occurs through the stratum corneum of the epidermis. Permeability depends on the lipophilicity and molecular weight of the active substance. Such forms do not undergo first-pass hepatic metabolism, but are partially metabolized in the skin and then enter the lymphatic system.

Suppositories (vaginal and rectal) provide rapid delivery of active components to the regional circulation, partially bypassing the portal vein system. This reduces the load on the liver and increases local bioavailability.

The pharmacokinetics of the extract and powder may depend on the composition of the intestinal microflora, in particular on the ability of bacterial enzymes to break down polyphenolic bonds and improve the absorption of metabolites. Components with a high degree of polymerization are poorly absorbed and excreted unchanged in the feces.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://link.springer.com/arti...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Garcinia mangostana

The mechanisms of action of the active components of Garcinia mangostana have been studied primarily at the cellular and molecular levels. The main pharmacological effect is due to the presence of xanthone compounds, especially α- and γ-mangostins, as well as flavonoids and polyphenols. These substances demonstrate a modulating effect on key signaling cascades of the inflammatory, oxidative, and immune responses.

One of the leading mechanisms of action is the inhibition of the activity of the nuclear factor NF-κB, responsible for the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, including the cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and COX-2. Suppression of the transcription of these mediators leads to a reduction in systemic and local inflammatory responses. An inhibitory effect on the MAPK cascade has also been established, which further limits the synthesis of pro-inflammatory proteins and enzymes, especially upon activation of Toll-like receptors.

Garcinia affects enzyme systems, including inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) and lipoxygenase (5-LOX), which reduces the level of prostaglandins and leukotrienes involved in the mediator cascade of inflammation. These effects have been confirmed by in vitro studies on macrophages and human mononuclear cells. The ability of mangostins to block the enzyme acetylcholinesterase has also been described, thereby potentially increasing cholinergic activity in neuronal structures.

Among the cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects, an effect on the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis has been described, including activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, and release of cytochrome C. Such effects may be mediated through activation of death receptors Fas and inhibition of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2.

The antioxidant mechanism is associated with the direct scavenging of free radicals, an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as a decrease in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in tissues. The drug exhibits properties of a metal chelator and membrane stabilizer, which reduces the level of lipid peroxidation in biomembranes.

At the level of the cellular immune response, components of Garcinia stimulate the phagocytic activity of macrophages, modulate the CD4/CD8 lymphocyte ratio, and activate interferon production. Some xanthone derivatives demonstrate selective inhibition of T-cell proliferation in the presence of antigenic stimuli.

The potential for effects on PPAR-γ receptors has also been described, which is associated with the regulation of lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory processes in adipose tissue. The effect on the transcription factors CREB and SREBP-1c may explain the normalizing effect on lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Thus, Garcinia mangostana realizes its pharmacological action through multiple molecular targets and signaling pathways, including receptors, enzymes, and intracellular mediators, which confirms its polyfunctional biological activity.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Synergy — Garcinia mangostana

Scientific in vitro and in vivo studies confirm the presence of pronounced synergy between the active components of Garcinia mangostana and a number of biologically active substances of plant and natural origin. Synergistic interactions are manifested predominantly in the modulation of inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune cascades, as well as in the potentiation of bioprotective mechanisms when used together with other phytocompounds.

Additive and potentiating interactions have been described between Garcinia extract and curcumin, where the combined suppression of NF-κB and COX-2 leads to a more pronounced reduction in cytokine production compared to monoextracts. A number of publications indicate that flavonoid components of Garcinia increase the permeability of cell membranes for other phenolic compounds, improving their bioavailability.

Synergy of antioxidant action is observed when Garcinia rind extract is combined with green tea catechins, where combined use increases the total free radical scavenging capacity and contributes to the stabilization of leukocyte membranes. Such combinations enhance the total activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes.

Immunomodulatory interaction has been described when Garcinia is combined with purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea): an increase in the production of IL-12 and IFN-γ is observed, as well as stimulation of phagocytosis. These data are confirmed by models of bacterial load on immune cells, where combined use leads to an increase in the expression of surface activation markers on macrophages.

Modulating interaction with garlic components (allicin and sulfoxides) is manifested in enhanced antifungal activity, which is explained by the combined effect on ergosterol synthesis and permeability of yeast cell walls. The nature of the interaction is classified as synergistically potentiating.

Of additional interest is the combination of Garcinia with resveratrol, in which there is an enhanced regulation of the SIRT1/AMPK pathways associated with energy metabolism and cellular protection against stress. This opens up prospects for cell-specific therapy with systemic direction.

Thus, Garcinia mangostana exhibits synergistic activity with a number of natural compounds, enhancing or complementing their physiological and pharmacological effects through combined effects on mediator and enzyme systems, cellular receptors, and intracellular signaling cascades.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Garcinia mangostana

Garcinia mangostana is traditionally used in the folk medicine of Southeast Asia, especially in the territories of Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Cambodia. In Thai traditional medicine, the fruit rind is considered an important plant raw material and is used in the form of decoctions, infusions, and external wraps. Mentions of the use of the rind and leaves of the plant are recorded in handwritten herbal medical texts of the Ayutthaya era, starting from the 14th century. In Malay ethnomedicine, the fruits and roots of Garcinia were used in decoctions as a remedy for "restoring the balance of the body" after childbirth, as well as in the form of poultices and compresses.

In the Philippines and Indonesia, the fruits were consumed raw and fermented, especially in the communities of Mindanao and the Javanese, where the plant was revered as a "gift of the forest." In these regions, fumigation with crushed rind was also practiced to purify dwellings, especially during periods of illness and epidemics. Fruit juice was used in rural communities as an ingredient in ritual cleansing drinks during rites of passage and seasonal ceremonies.

In the ethnocultural tradition of the peoples of northern Thailand (Lanna, Tai-Yai), Garcinia was considered a plant capable of "stopping the anger of the body" — in translation from the local language, this symbolized the removal of internal heat and the restoration of harmony between the fiery and watery elements of the body. The dried root of the plant was hung over the hearth in houses with sick people as a protective talisman.

In Balinese culture, the ritual use of the plant during purification ceremonies is mentioned, where rind powder was rubbed into the feet and palms as a symbol of releasing accumulated bodily and spiritual "defilement." In some villages in Java, the practice of making amulets from fruit seeds, which were worn as protection against ailments and the evil eye, has been preserved.

Archaeobotanical finds indicate the cultivation of Garcinia on the territory of modern Vietnam as early as the 2nd century BC. On some terracotta vessels of the Sa Huynh culture, stylized images of fruits identifiable as mangosteen are recorded, which may indicate the cultural significance of the plant already in early agrarian societies.

Thus, Garcinia mangostana has a stable ethnomedical tradition, covering a wide geographical and cultural range, and continues to retain its significance in ritual and medical practices to the present day.