Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor Tree)

Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor Tree)

Product Name: Камфора, Cinnamomum camphora, Kampferbaum, Alcanfor, Camphrier, كافور, การบูร, Kamfora, Камфора дарахти, Kamfora ağacı, Дарахти кампур, Kamparas, Kampars, Камфора, עץ הקמפור

Synonyms: камфорное дерево, лавр камфорный, камфоровое лавровое дерево; camphor tree, camphor laurel, camphorwood; Kampferbaum, Kampferlorbeer; árbol de alcanfor, laurel de alcanfor; arbre à camphre; شجرة الكافور, شجرة القَمْفُور; ต้นการบูร, ไม้การบูร

Used Parts: bark, wood, leaves, shoots, fruits, resin.

Main Indications for the Use of Cinnamomum camphora: Trigeminal neuralgia, myalgia, arthritis, osteoarthritis, sciatica, obliterating atherosclerosis, bronchitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, acute respiratory viral infection, hypotension, collapse, asystole, cardiomyopathy, syncope, orthostatic hypotension, toxic encephalopathy, cold rhinitis.

Use of Cinnamomum camphora in Mixtures and Complexes: Chronic bronchitis, chronic rhinitis, osteochondrosis, radiculopathy, neurasthenia, muscle hypertonicity, vegetative-vascular dystonia, cognitive disorders, peripheral neuropathy, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue.

Pharmacological Properties of Cinnamomum camphora: Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antimicrobial, bronchodilatory, secretolytic, decongestant, stimulating, vasoconstrictive, cardiotonic, nootropic, repellent, keratolytic, irritant, antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, immunomodulatory, anticonvulsant, local anesthetic, mild sedative, antiproliferative, antioxidant.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Cinnamomum camphora

Powder — Cinnamomum camphora

Indications (Powder): Trigeminal neuralgia, myalgia, arthritis, osteoarthritis, sciatica, sinusitis, obliterating atherosclerosis, toxic encephalopathy.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 100–150 milligrams of powder once a day orally after meals, no more than 10 days in a row.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 150–200 milligrams once a day orally, in a course of up to 7 days. Used for acute forms of sciatica, myalgia, and intoxication encephalopathy.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): Single dose — no more than 250 milligrams. Maximum allowable daily dose — 500 milligrams. Use is allowed only for severe neuralgias and should be carried out under medical supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 50 milligrams once every 2 days in the morning on an empty stomach, course 10–15 days, then a 30-day break. Used for chronic sinusitis, seasonal manifestations of osteoarthritis, and vegetative-vascular dystonia in patients over 45 years of age.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): Not recommended for use in children under 12 years of age. For children over 12 years with a body weight of 40 kg or more — no more than 50 milligrams per day. The gender of the child does not matter.

Contraindications (Powder): Epilepsy, organic liver lesions, psychoses, pregnancy, lactation. Data on contraindications in children under 12 years of age have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): Nausea, dizziness, hallucinations, muscle twitching, arrhythmia, agitation; at dosages above 500 milligrams, seizures may develop.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): Patients with body weight below 60 kilograms are recommended to reduce the standard dosage by 25%. For body weight above 90 kilograms, an increase in dosage to the upper limit of the standard norm (150–200 milligrams) is possible.

Preparation method (Powder): Take 100 grams of purified camphor in crystals and grind them in a porcelain mortar to a homogeneous powder. Store in an airtight dark glass pharmaceutical jar, avoid contact with metals. The grinding temperature should not exceed 30 °C to prevent evaporation of active substances.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in an airtight dark glass container at a temperature of 5 to 20 °C, in a dry place, protected from direct light and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 24 months. After opening, use within 3 months.

Dry Extract — Cinnamomum camphora

Indications (Dry Extract): Bronchitis, tracheitis, bronchial asthma, orthostatic hypotension, toxic encephalopathy, obliterating atherosclerosis, hypotension.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 200 milligrams of dry extract, dissolved in 50 ml of warm water, 2 times a day after meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 300 milligrams 2 times a day for 5–7 days. Prescribed for acute respiratory diseases with bronchial obstruction and vascular insufficiency.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): No more than 400 milligrams per dose, no more than 800 milligrams per day. Used for pronounced bronchospasm and severe orthostatic hypotension, under medical supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 100 milligrams once a day 30 minutes before breakfast, for 14 days. Recommended for patients with chronic forms of vegetative-vascular dystonia, bronchopulmonary diseases in remission, as well as during seasonal exacerbations.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): Use is allowed in children over 10 years of age. Recommended dosage — 50 milligrams of dry extract once a day, course 5 days. Body weight — from 35 kilograms.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Convulsive syndromes, hypersensitivity to camphor, organic heart lesions, pregnancy, lactation. Safety data for use in children under 10 years of age have not been scientifically confirmed.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): Rash, irritation of the gastric mucosa, increased blood pressure, headache, nausea.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): Patients with body weight less than 60 kilograms are recommended to reduce the dose by 20%. For body weight above 80 kilograms, an increase in dosage by 10–15% from the standard is possible.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): Place 100 grams of crushed leaves and shoots of Cinnamomum camphora in 500 milliliters of purified water. Boil in a water bath for 40 minutes, then cool to 40 °C, filter and evaporate under vacuum to a residue mass of 100 grams. The finished dry extract is dried at a temperature not exceeding 45 °C to a free-flowing state.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in an airtight container, in a dry place at a temperature of 5 to 25 °C, protected from light and moisture. Shelf life — 18 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Alcohol-Based Tincture — Cinnamomum camphora

Indications (Tincture): Bronchitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, collapse, syncope, hypotension, acute catarrhal rhinitis, toxic encephalopathy.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 15 drops (approximately 0.75 ml) of tincture in 50 ml of water 2 times a day after meals, course no more than 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 20–25 drops 2–3 times a day for conditions of hypotension, syncope, and acute respiratory infections, but no more than 7 days.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): Up to 30 drops per dose, no more than 3 times a day. Maximum 90 drops per day (≈4.5 ml). Use is justified in pronounced vasodepressor states and toxic forms of acute viral infections.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10 drops in the morning in 50 ml of water, every other day, in a course of 2 weeks. Recommended for vegetative-vascular dystonia, decreased blood pressure, recurrent rhinitis, and seasonal bronchitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): Not used in children under 14 years of age due to ethanol content. Upon reaching 14 years of age — no more than 5 drops once a day, diluted. Body weight — from 45 kg.

Contraindications (Tincture): Alcoholism, epilepsy, acute psychoses, gastric and duodenal ulcers, pregnancy, lactation. Contraindicated for children under 14 years of age due to ethanol content.

Side Effects (Tincture): Palpitations, agitation, sleep disturbances, dyspepsia, gastric irritation, headache.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tincture): Patients up to 60 kilograms — no more than 15 drops per day. From 60 to 90 kg — standard dosage. Above 90 kg — an increase to 25 drops per dose is possible, provided normal ethanol tolerance.

Preparation method (Tincture): Dissolve crushed camphor resin (20 g) in 80 ml of 70% ethyl alcohol, add 80 g of grated fresh Cinnamomum camphora leaves and infuse in a glass jar with a ground stopper at a temperature of 20–25 °C in the dark for 10 days, shaking periodically. Then filter and adjust the volume to 100 ml with 70% alcohol.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in a tightly closed dark glass container at a temperature of 10 to 25 °C in the shade, away from sources of heat, light, and electromagnetic waves. Shelf life — 2 years. After opening, use within 60 days.

Oil Infusion — Cinnamomum camphora

Indications (Oil Infusion): Arthritis, osteoarthritis, myalgia, sciatica, radiculopathy, trigeminal neuralgia, bronchitis with cough, sinusitis, obliterating atherosclerosis.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally — 2–3 ml 2 times a day in the form of rubbing, massage, or compress on the affected area. Course — 7–10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Up to 5 ml 3 times a day for severe joint and muscle pain, sciatica, radiculopathy, bronchitis with viscous sputum — in the form of external application and inhalations (no more than 2 drops per 1 liter of water).

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally — up to 6 ml per day. In inhalations — no more than 2 drops per 1 liter of hot water, no more than 2 inhalations per day. Maximum course — 10 days.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): External use — 1 ml once a day on the neck, occiput, or lower back area, course 10 days every 3 months. Used in persons with chronic osteochondrosis, sinusitis, and vascular disorders.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): External use is allowed in children from 6 years of age — no more than 0.5 ml once a day. Do not apply to mucous membranes and damaged skin. Use only with a doctor's permission.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Epilepsy, damage to the skin, dermatitis, hypersensitivity, pregnancy, lactation. Safety in children under 6 years of age has not been established.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Burning, skin irritation, rash, contact dermatitis, dizziness when inhaling vapors in an enclosed space.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): For body weight less than 60 kilograms — reduce the dose by 20%. For weight above 90 kilograms — an increase in dose by 25% is possible in the absence of skin hypersensitivity.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): Mix 100 grams of grated camphor with 900 ml of coconut oil. Infuse in a glass jar in a water bath at a temperature of 45 °C for 6 hours. Cool, strain through gauze, pour into a dark glass container. The oil should be homogeneous, without sediment.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in dark glass at a temperature of 5 to 25 °C, away from sources of light and heat. Protect from moisture and electromagnetic fields. Shelf life — 12 months. After opening, use within 45 days.

Nasal Drops — Cinnamomum camphora

Indications (Nasal Drops): Acute catarrhal rhinitis, sinusitis, vasomotor rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, allergic rhinitis, atrophic rhinitis, respiratory viral infections with nasal congestion.

Standard Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1–2 drops in each nostril 2–3 times a day. Course no more than 5 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Nasal Drops): 3 drops in each nostril 3 times a day. Prescribed for pronounced nasal congestion and bacterial-viral rhinosinusitis. Course no more than 3 days.

Maximum Dosage (Nasal Drops): 4 drops in each nostril up to 4 times a day, no longer than 2 days. Only for severe rhinosinusitis, under specialist supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1 drop in each nostril once a day in the morning, course 7 days. Recommended during epidemics of acute viral infections, in persons with chronic allergic or atrophic rhinitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Nasal Drops): Use is allowed in children from 8 years of age. 1 drop in each nostril once a day. Body weight — from 30 kilograms. Do not use in children under 8 years of age.

Contraindications (Nasal Drops): Hypersensitivity to camphor, nosebleeds, polyposis, pregnancy, lactation. Contraindicated in children under 8 years of age. Do not use in the presence of ulcerative and erosive lesions of the nasal mucosa.

Side Effects (Nasal Drops): Burning, itching, mucosal irritation, headache, sneezing, nosebleeds with overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Nasal Drops): Patients with body weight below 60 kg — no more than 1 drop in the nostril. For body weight over 80 kg — an increase in dose to 3 drops is allowed with good tolerability.

Preparation method (Nasal Drops): Dissolve 10 grams of crushed camphor in 90 ml of sterile coconut oil (preheated to 30 °C). Keep the solution at 40 °C for 6 hours, stirring periodically. Filter through a sterile cotton-gauze filter, pour into sterile dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Nasal Drops): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of +5 to +8 °C, in dark packaging. Avoid exposure to sunlight, EMI, and heating. Shelf life — 30 days. After opening, use within 7 days.

Ear Drops — Cinnamomum camphora

Indications (Ear Drops): External otitis, eustachitis, pain syndrome in otitis media, ear furuncle, hyperesthesia of the ear canal, cerumen plug.

Standard Dosage (Ear Drops): 2 drops in the external auditory canal 2 times a day. Course of use — 5–7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ear Drops): 3 drops in each ear canal 3 times a day. Prescribed for pronounced pain syndrome and inflammation. Course — up to 3 days.

Maximum Dosage (Ear Drops): 4 drops 3 times a day. Used for severe ear pain and edema of the external auditory canal, but no more than 2 days.

Preventive Dosage (Ear Drops): 1 drop in each ear canal once every 3 days for 2 weeks. Indicated for chronic eustachitis, hypersensitivity to cold, and prevention of recurrent external otitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Ear Drops): Use is allowed in children from 6 years of age — 1 drop in the ear once a day, course no more than 3 days. Body weight — from 20 kilograms. Contraindicated in children under 6 years of age.

Contraindications (Ear Drops): Perforation of the eardrum, purulent otitis, hypersensitivity, epilepsy. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been established.

Side Effects (Ear Drops): Burning, headache, edema of the ear canal, allergic rashes, dizziness.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ear Drops): For body weight up to 60 kg — 1–2 drops. Above 90 kg — 3–4 drops are allowed in the absence of side reactions.

Preparation method (Ear Drops): Dissolve 10 grams of camphor in 90 ml of coconut oil in a water bath at a temperature of 40 °C for 4 hours. The mixture is stirred periodically. Filter through a sterile gauze filter. Pour into sterile dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ear Drops): Store at a temperature of +5 to +20 °C in a dark place. Avoid freezing. Shelf life — 3 months. After opening — use within 10 days.

Ointment — Cinnamomum camphora

Indications (Ointment): Arthritis, osteoarthritis, myalgia, trigeminal neuralgia, sciatica, lumbalgia, radiculopathy, fibromyalgia, cold rhinitis with congestion, sinusitis.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply 1–2 grams of ointment to the affected area 2 times a day with light massaging movements. Course of use — 7–10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): Apply 2–3 grams 3 times a day, especially for pronounced pain syndrome or inflammation. Used for exacerbation of arthritis, neuralgia, and sinusitis with headache.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Up to 4 grams per application, no more than 3 times a day. Maximum course — 5 days for sciatica, lumbalgia, and acute myalgia. Use should be short-term and under supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): 1 gram of ointment on the neck, lower back, or joints once a day in the evening, course 10 days every 2 months. Recommended for patients with chronic osteoarthritis, vascular disorders, and fibromyalgia.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): Use is allowed from 7 years of age. Apply no more than 0.5 grams of ointment once a day. Do not use on extensive areas of skin. Body weight — from 25 kilograms.

Contraindications (Ointment): Pustular skin diseases, epilepsy, individual intolerance, pregnancy, lactation. Safety in children under 7 years of age has not been established.

Side Effects (Ointment): Skin irritation, erythema, contact dermatitis, dizziness, allergic reactions with overdose or prolonged use.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ointment): Patients up to 60 kilograms — reduce the single dose by 25%. Above 90 kilograms — an increase in dose to 3 grams per application is allowed.

Preparation method (Ointment): For 100 grams of ointment: 10 g of camphor powder, 10 g of beeswax, 80 g of coconut oil. Melt the wax in a water bath at 60 °C, then add coconut oil and after complete dissolution — camphor powder. Mix until homogeneous, cool at room temperature, package in dark glass jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store at a temperature of +5 to +20 °C in a dark, dry place. Do not freeze. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Cream — Cinnamomum camphora

Indications (Cream): Osteochondrosis, vascular insufficiency, myalgia, vegetative-vascular dystonia, hypotension, chronic fatigue, neurasthenia.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply 1 gram of cream to the neck, chest, or lower back area 2 times a day. Course — 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): Apply 2 grams 3 times a day. Used for chronic fatigue syndrome, acute vegetative crises, and tension myalgia.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): Up to 3 grams per application area 3 times a day. Maximum course — 5 days. Use with caution in case of increased skin sensitivity.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): 1 gram of cream once a day for 7 days per month. Indicated for patients with chronic autonomic dysfunction, a tendency to hypotension, and reduced muscle tone.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): Allowed from 8 years of age. Apply 0.5 grams once a day. Do not use on the face and heart area. Body weight — from 30 kilograms.

Contraindications (Cream): Skin damage, allergy to components, pregnancy, lactation. Contraindicated in children under 8 years of age. Safety in systemic skin diseases has not been studied.

Side Effects (Cream): Redness, itching, dizziness, allergic rash, headache.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cream): Up to 60 kilograms — 0.5–1 gram per application. Over 80 kilograms — an increase to 2 grams is possible.

Preparation method (Cream): For 100 grams of cream: 10 g of camphor powder, 10 g of cocoa butter, 10 g of glycerin, 65 g of coconut oil, 5 g of lecithin. Heat the oils to 40 °C, mix with glycerin and camphor, add lecithin, emulsify until homogeneous. Cool, package in plastic tubes or glass jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store at a temperature of +5 to +20 °C in a dark, dry place, protected from light and heat. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 45 days.

Lotion — Cinnamomum camphora

Indications (Lotion): Seborrheic dermatitis, folliculitis, acne, hyperhidrosis, skin itching, neurodermatitis, fungal skin infection, furunculosis, psoriasis in remission.

Standard Dosage (Lotion): Wipe the affected area 2 times a day with a cotton pad moistened with 2–3 ml of lotion. Course — 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Lotion): Wipe 3 times a day in the presence of active inflammation, pustules, and pronounced itching. Course — 5–7 days.

Maximum Dosage (Lotion): Up to 4 times a day, locally. Only for acute manifestations of skin infections or itching, no more than 3 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Lotion): Once a day in the evening for 7 days per month. Recommended for hyperhidrosis, oily seborrhea, and a tendency to acne in adolescents and adults.

Pediatric Dosage (Lotion): Use is allowed from 10 years of age. Wipe once a day on small areas of skin, no more than 1 ml. Body weight — from 35 kilograms.

Contraindications (Lotion): Open wounds, eczema in the acute stage, individual intolerance. Contraindicated in children under 10 years of age. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been established.

Side Effects (Lotion): Dry skin, irritation, contact dermatitis, headache with excessive application.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Lotion): Up to 60 kilograms — reduce the volume of application by 1.5 times. Above 80 kilograms — an increase to 4 ml per application is allowed.

Preparation method (Lotion): For 100 ml: 5 g of camphor powder, 40 ml of rose water, 50 ml of distilled water, 5 ml of alcohol (96%). Dissolve camphor in alcohol, then add water and rose water. Mix until homogeneous, filter, pour into a spray bottle.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Lotion): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of +5 to +10 °C, in a dark container. Shelf life — 30 days. After opening — no more than 14 days.

Serum — Cinnamomum camphora

Indications (Serum): Post-acne, seborrhea, hyperpigmentation, enlarged pores, local inflammatory elements, oily skin shine.

Standard Dosage (Serum): Apply 2–3 drops of serum to cleansed facial skin once a day in the evening. Course — 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): 4–5 drops on the entire face 2 times a day, for active rashes, increased oiliness, and comedones. Course — up to 7 days.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): Up to 8 drops 2 times a day for severe seborrhea, folliculitis, and inflamed acne. No more than 5 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): 2 drops 2 times a week, course 1 month. Recommended for persons with oily or combination skin, adolescents during hormonal fluctuations, and patients after dermatological procedures.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): From 12 years of age, in the presence of acne. 1 drop locally once a day, only on the area of inflammation. Body weight — from 35 kilograms.

Contraindications (Serum): Allergy to camphor, eczema, couperose, dry skin, active herpetic infection. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been established. Do not use in children under 12 years of age.

Side Effects (Serum): Redness, tingling, flaking, irritation, feeling of skin tightness.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Serum): Body weight below 50 kg — use 1–2 drops. Over 80 kg — up to 6 drops are allowed.

Preparation method (Serum): For 100 ml: 5 g of camphor powder, 20 ml of rosemary hydrolate, 30 ml of aloe vera gel, 45 ml of distilled water. Dissolve camphor in the hydrolate at 40 °C, add aloe and water, mix until homogeneous. Pour into sterile pipette bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): Store at a temperature of +4 to +8 °C, away from sunlight. Shelf life — 21 days. After opening, use within 10 days.

Essential Oil — Cinnamomum camphora

Indications (Essential Oil): Acute rhinitis, bronchitis, tracheitis, vasomotor dysfunction, neurasthenia, depression with blunted affect, cognitive dysfunction, decreased concentration, insectophobia.

Standard Dosage (Essential Oil): Aroma lamp — 2 drops per 15 sq. m of room, no more than 2 times a day for 30 minutes. Externally — 1 drop per 5 ml of carrier oil for massage. Inhalation — 1 drop per 1 liter of hot water, inhale for 5 minutes.

Enhanced Dosage (Essential Oil): Aroma lamp — up to 4 drops per 15 sq. m, 3 times a day. Inhalation — 2 drops per liter of water. Used for severe bronchitis, acute manifestations of ARVI, and cognitive fatigue.

Maximum Dosage (Essential Oil): 5 drops of essential oil per day (total of all routes of administration). Used no more than 3 days in a row. Use above these doses is associated with a risk of CNS excitation and seizures.

Preventive Dosage (Essential Oil): 1 drop in an aroma pendant or on a pillow at night, in a course of 7 days. Indicated for a tendency to colds, chronic fatigue, decreased brain activity, and seasonal depression.

Pediatric Dosage (Essential Oil): Allowed from 10 years of age. Only in the form of room aromatization — 1 drop per 15 sq. m. Do not use in aroma pendants and on the skin.

Contraindications (Essential Oil): Epilepsy, hypertension, pregnancy, lactation, individual intolerance. Do not use in enclosed spaces without ventilation. Prohibited for children under 10 years of age.

Side Effects (Essential Oil): Dizziness, tachycardia, mucosal irritation, agitation, insomnia, dermatitis upon skin contact in pure form.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Essential Oil): Up to 50 kg — reduce the dose by 25%. For body weight over 80 kg — use of the maximum dosage is allowed with normal tolerability.

Preparation method (Essential Oil): 100 grams of wood and leaves of Cinnamomum camphora are subjected to steam distillation at a temperature of 100 °C for 4 hours. The essential oil is collected from the surface of the cooled condensate and purified by filtration. About 1–1.5 ml of essential oil is obtained per 100 g of raw material.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Essential Oil): Store in a tightly closed dark glass bottle at a temperature of +5 to +25 °C, away from light, heat, and EMI. Shelf life — 24 months. After opening, use within 60 days.

Crystals — Cinnamomum camphora

Indications (Crystals): Migraine, sinusitis, nausea of central origin, depression with anergia, motion sickness, viral infections, tension headache, use as a repellent for vector-borne diseases.

Standard Dosage (Crystals): Inhalations — 0.1 g of crystals in 1 liter of hot water, 1–2 times a day for 5 minutes. Repellent — 1 crystal in a cloth bag in the bedroom or closet. Local inhalation — 1 breath from a distance of 5 cm.

Enhanced Dosage (Crystals): 0.2 g of crystals per liter for steam inhalation 2 times a day. Used for sinusitis, motion sickness, migraine, and viral intoxication.

Maximum Dosage (Crystals): 0.3 g per inhalation, no more than 2 inhalations per day. Use no more than 3 days. Do not use orally or percutaneously.

Preventive Dosage (Crystals): 1 crystal in a bag in a room of up to 5 sq. m. Change every 7 days. Used for frequent respiratory viral infections, migraine, and insect repellent.

Pediatric Dosage (Crystals): Contraindicated in children under 12 years of age. From 12 years — only in the form of inhalation (0.05 g of crystals per 1 liter of water), no more than once a day.

Contraindications (Crystals): Epilepsy, asthma, respiratory tract hyperreactivity, pregnancy, children under 12 years of age, psychoneurological disorders. Oral use is strictly prohibited.

Side Effects (Crystals): Dyspnea, agitation, confusion, seizures, bronchospasm, headache with overdose or insufficient ventilation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Crystals): Patients below 60 kg — inhalation no more than 0.1 g. Above 90 kg — up to 0.3 g short-term is allowed.

Preparation method (Crystals): Obtained by repeated sublimation of camphor essential oil at a temperature of about 179–180 °C. Then cooled and collected as white crystals with a strong odor. For therapeutic purposes, packaged in 1 g in airtight glass capsules.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Crystals): Store in an airtight dark glass container, at a temperature of +5 to +25 °C, separately from food, away from sources of heat, light, and EMI. Shelf life — 3 years. After opening — use within 30 days.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Cinnamomum camphora

Camphor has a narrow therapeutic index, and when the dosage is exceeded, it can cause pronounced neurotoxic reactions. According to toxicological studies, the LD₅₀ value (lethal dose for 50% of animals) upon oral administration is: for rats — 1310 mg/kg; for mice — 750 mg/kg.

When inhaling high doses of vapors or applying to extensive areas of skin, systemic manifestations of toxicity are possible, including agitation, clonic seizures, dizziness, and confusion. In children and elderly patients, the risk of accumulation and toxic effect is increased even at doses close to therapeutic ones.

Local use of camphor in the form of ointments and oils is relatively safe when dosages are observed and use is short-term. Oral or parenteral use requires strict control, especially in patients with liver diseases, convulsive disorders, pregnant women, and children.

Ingestion of more than 2 grams can be potentially lethal. Inhalations with excessive concentration can also cause convulsive syndrome, especially in children.

Reference: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.g...

Pharmacodynamics — Cinnamomum camphora

Camphor is a biologically active monoterpene that exhibits pharmacological activity both locally and systemically. Its action is realized at multiple levels — from local irritant effects to modulation of central neurotransmitter pathways. Predominantly active are the dextrorotatory forms contained in the natural resin of Cinnamomum camphora.

At the skin and mucosal level, camphor exhibits a pronounced irritant effect, activating nociceptors and TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptors. This leads to short-term increased blood circulation in the application area, followed by hyperemia and a thermal sensation. The effect on the thermoreceptor system is accompanied by mediated analgesia due to desensitization of sensory endings and temporary suppression of local inflammation.

When affecting the respiratory system, camphor stimulates reflex activation of the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata. Its vapors have secretolytic and bronchodilatory effects, which is explained by both modulation of vagal afferentation and irritation of the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract.

On the central nervous system, camphor has a dose-dependent excitatory or convulsive effect. At low doses, a mild psychostimulant effect is observed, which is due to potentiation of glutamatergic transmission and possible inhibition of GABAergic processes. Some data indicate interaction with NMDA receptors, which partially explains neurotoxicity in overdose.

Camphor has a vasoactive effect, exhibiting angiotonic properties upon systemic exposure. The effect is due to sympathomimetic activity and a direct effect on vascular musculature. This is especially pronounced in relation to cutaneous and cerebral vessels.

The antiseptic activity of camphor is realized through disruption of microbial cell membranes and inhibition of enzymatic activity of bacterial and fungal agents. Antifungal activity against the genus Candida has been proven, as well as antimicrobial activity against gram-positive microflora. Moderate antioxidant properties have also been established, realized through suppression of lipid peroxidation and neutralization of reactive oxygen species. This is accompanied by a reduction in local tissue damage during inflammation.

The effect on the immune system is weakly expressed; however, camphor can modulate local inflammatory reactions by affecting the release of inflammation mediators, including prostaglandins and bradykinin. With external use, this is accompanied by a temporary anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, the pharmacodynamics of camphor covers mechanisms involving nervous, vascular, respiratory, skin, and immune regulation. The action is based on complex interaction with receptors and enzymes, which determines a wide range of physiological effects.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.g...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Pharmacokinetics — Cinnamomum camphora

Absorption of camphor is possible through several routes of administration: oral, transdermal, inhalation, and through mucous membranes. Due to its low molecular weight and lipophilicity, the substance rapidly penetrates through the epithelium and mucous membranes, especially when used in oil or alcohol bases.

Upon oral administration, camphor is absorbed mainly in the small intestine. Biotransformation begins already at the level of enterocytes; however, the main part of metabolism occurs in the liver, where camphor undergoes phase I — oxidation with the participation of cytochrome P450 enzymes, mainly CYP2A6. Metabolites then undergo conjugation (phase II) with the formation of water-soluble compounds, mainly glucuronides and sulfates.

With transdermal and external use, the degree of systemic absorption depends on the integrity of the skin barrier, the concentration of the active substance, and the duration of contact. With prolonged use on large areas of skin, systemic accumulation is possible, especially when using lipophilic formulations. Through the skin, camphor penetrates into subcutaneous tissues, muscle, and vascular networks, from where it partially enters the bloodstream.

Intranasal or inhalation administration ensures rapid entry of camphor into the systemic circulation through the nasal mucosa and alveolar network. In this case, the effect occurs faster than with oral administration and is accompanied by pronounced activation of olfactory and respiratory reflexes.

The distribution of camphor in the body is associated with its lipophilicity — the substance accumulates mainly in adipose tissue, liver, brain, and lungs. The presence of barrier permeability allows it to partially cross the blood-brain barrier, which explains the effect on the central nervous system.

Excretion is carried out primarily by the kidneys in the form of metabolites, and to a lesser extent — through bile, skin, and lungs (in the form of vapors). Excretion through respiration is especially characteristic of inhalation and transdermal routes of administration. Partial accumulation may occur with chronic use or impaired liver and kidney function. The intestinal microbiota has a minimal effect on camphor metabolism; however, with microflora disturbance, absorption in the gastrointestinal lumen may change. Pharmacokinetics is also affected by gastric acidity and the presence of fats in food during oral administration. Thus, the pharmacokinetic profile of camphor is characterized by rapid absorption, moderate accumulation, hepatic metabolism, and multiple routes of excretion, which requires caution with prolonged or combined use.

References:
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.g...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://link.springer.com/arti...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Cinnamomum camphora

The pharmacological activity of camphor is due to its ability to affect various levels of biological regulation, including receptor, enzymatic, and cellular targets. The basis of action is monoterpene structures with high lipophilicity and the ability to rapidly penetrate biological membranes. One of the key effects is interaction with transmembrane ion channels, in particular with TRPV1, TRPA1, and TRPM8 receptors, which are involved in the regulation of pain, temperature, and inflammatory sensitivity. Activation of these channels leads to temporary excitation of sensory endings, followed by the development of the phenomenon of desensitization, which explains the local anesthetic and antipruritic effect of the substance.

At the level of the central nervous system, camphor is able to modulate glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. Studies show that in high concentrations it inhibits GABA-A receptors, causing convulsive activity, while in low doses it can potentiate excitation through indirect activation of NMDA receptors. Weak agonistic effects on dopamine D1 receptors and possible involvement in the regulation of corticosteroid and serotonergic neurotransmission have also been identified.

Camphor has the ability to inhibit the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzymes, which leads to a decrease in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. This is confirmed by a decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines — interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6) and TNF-α — in macrophages and neutrophils under in vitro conditions. Suppression of the expression of these mediators is associated with modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and inhibition of the MAPK cascade (p38 and ERK1/2), which contributes to a reduction in the inflammatory response at the cellular level.

The immunomodulatory effect of camphor also includes activation of antioxidant enzyme systems, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. These mechanisms reduce the level of lipid peroxidation and limit the cascade of free radical damage, especially in tissues with a high level of inflammation. In addition, camphor modulates the permeability of mitochondrial membranes and reduces the release of cytochrome C, which indicates a possible role in the regulation of apoptosis and cell survival.

At the level of the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells, camphor causes moderate vasoconstriction, mediated by activation of α₁-adrenoceptors and inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. These effects explain its stimulating effect on blood pressure and peripheral circulation with systemic exposure.

Thus, the mechanisms of action of camphor involve complex and interconnected biochemical and molecular pathways, including receptor interactions, modulation of enzymatic cascades, regulation of pro-inflammatory and antioxidant mediators, as well as a direct effect on sensory and vascular innervation. This forms its multi-level profile of action with the participation of the nervous, immune, vascular, and cutaneous systems.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.g...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Synergy — Cinnamomum camphora

In vitro and in vivo studies indicate the presence of confirmed pharmacological synergy between camphor and a number of natural and phytogenic substances. One of the most pronounced interactions is the potentiation of anti-inflammatory action when camphor is combined with menthol and eucalyptus. Combined use of these substances enhances local hyperemia, blocks inflammation mediators through additive activation of TRPV1/TRPA1 channels, and inhibits COX-2 and iNOS expression on epidermal and dermal cells.

Camphor enhances the analgesic and antipruritic effect of salicylates and terpenoids such as thymol and carvacrol. In these combinations, a modulating effect on nociceptive pathways with the participation of opioid receptors and desensitization of sensory endings is manifested. An additive effect is also observed in combination with natural antiseptics, including borneol and cineole, due to increased permeability of bacterial membranes and inhibition of intracellular signaling cascades of microbial replication.

With external use, camphor exhibits synergy with menthyl lactate and methyl nicotinate, causing increased tissue blood supply, stimulation of microcirculation, and enhancement of cellular metabolism. This combination has a potentiating effect on regional blood circulation, reducing inflammatory markers in tissues.

In aromatherapy and inhalation therapy, functional synergy with lavender, sage, and rosemary has been identified. The combination of these oils with camphor enhances antimicrobial activity, modulates cortisol levels, and affects hypothalamic-pituitary regulation, providing a protective and anti-stress effect.

Mechanistically, synergy is explained by the combined effect on TRP family receptors, co-inhibition of enzymatic cascades (for example, COX-2 + LOX), and supplementation of antioxidant functions through regulation of NF-κB and Nrf2. It has also been established that camphor reduces the toxicity of some essential oils, acting as a modulator of cell membrane permeability and limiting excessive receptor excitation. Thus, the synergistic interactions of camphor are realized both at the molecular and cellular levels, have a potentiating, protective, and modulating nature, and are applicable for a wide range of therapeutic directions in phytotherapy and natural pharmacology.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2210803320301067
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://link.springer.com/arti...

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Cinnamomum camphora

Cinnamomum camphora has a centuries-old history of use in the folk medicine and ritual traditions of various cultures of Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. Its natural range covers Southeast Asia, mainly China, Taiwan, and Japan, where the tree was cultivated as early as the Tang Dynasty. Since then, camphor has spread to India, Korea, Ceylon, as well as to the countries of the Middle East and the Mediterranean.

In Chinese traditional medicine, camphor was used as a warming, cleansing, and "expelling cold" remedy, especially in the form of rubs and steam. It was used in ointments and tinctures to stimulate the vital energy "qi," as well as in external applications to "awaken the spirit" and cleanse the channels. In some regions of Southwest China, smoke from camphor wood was inhaled or used to fumigate dwellings as part of cleansing ceremonies.

In the Ayurvedic tradition of India, camphor (under the name kapura) was used in body oils, ritual lamps, and in the practice of purifying the room from "evil energies." It was considered a substance with a cooling nature, simultaneously possessing the ability to "disperse excess fire" and restore the balance of dosha. Camphor oil was also used in massage and aromatherapy as a stimulant of consciousness and a tonic for the subtle bodies.

On the Japanese islands, especially in Shinto shrines, the leaves and wood of the camphor tree were used to make ritual amulets and incense. The trees were considered sacred and were planted near temples as a symbol of purification and longevity. Camphor oil was added to water for ritual ablutions and talismans.

In Islamic culture, camphor (kafur) is mentioned in the Quran as a substance of heavenly origin. It was traditionally added to water for funeral rites as a symbol of purity and relief of passage. In the Middle East and North Africa, camphor was also used in the form of powder and resin for fumigating rooms, protecting against the evil eye, and spiritual impurity.

In Thailand and Laos, camphor steam was used in bath ceremonies and compresses for recovery after fever or as part of purification rituals. In the ethnobotanical practice of the peoples of southern Thailand, camphor was rubbed into the skin together with coconut oil as part of protective amulet practices.

In the Slavic tradition (mainly in the 19th century), pharmacy camphor obtained from imported resins was actively used in folk healing as a "spiritual rub" for colds and hypothermia. Camphor was also worn in cloth bags on the chest as a talisman against epidemics, including during cholera times.

Archaeoethnobotanical evidence suggests the use of camphor or its analogues in the ceremonial practice of the Sumerians and Assyrians, where aromatic resins played the role of a connecting element between the material and spiritual worlds. Historians indicate that already in the 6th century, camphor was imported into Byzantium and used for medical and ritual purposes in monasteries. Thus, camphor occupies a special place in the medico-ritual practices of many cultures, acting simultaneously as a cleansing, protective, and activating substance, used in various forms — from incense and infusions to oils and amulets.