​Cinnamomum Bejolghota (Cinnamon Obtusifolia)

Cinnamomum Bejolghota (Cinnamon Obtusifolia)

Product Name: Корица безолгота, Cinnamomum bejolghota, Bejolghota-Zimt, Canela bejolghota, Cannelle bejolghota, قرفة بيجولغوتا, อบเชยเบโฌลโกตา, Bejolghota doljin, Бежолгота корица, Bejolqota darçını, Қорица беҷолғота, Bejolgotos cinamonas, Bejolghota kanēlis, Кориця безолгота, קינמון בז'ולגוטה

Synonyms: Корица туполистная, Обтусифолиум, Cinnamon obtusifolia, Cinnamomum obtusifolium, Cinnamomum glaucescens var. obtusifolium, Bejolghota Cinnamon, Zimtbaum Bejolghota, Canela hoja obtusa, Cannelle feuille obtuse, قرفة ذات أوراق غليظة, อบเชยใบป้าน

Parts Used: bark, leaves, fruits.

Main Indications for Use of Cinnamomum bejolghota: Bacterial vaginosis, candidal stomatitis, ulcerative colitis, chronic gastritis with reduced acidity, dyspepsia, functional diarrhea, atopic dermatitis, chronic bronchitis, infectious rhinopharyngitis, secondary anemia, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, gingivitis, bacterial keratitis, gastroenteritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, skin mycosis.

Use of Cinnamomum bejolghota in Mixtures and Complexes: Herpetic gingivostomatitis, autoimmune thyroiditis, chronic salpingo-oophoritis, lymphocytic colitis, oral candidiasis, hyperlipidemia, digestive disorders in children, bronchiectasis, acute intestinal infections, gastroesophageal reflux disease, seborrheic dermatitis, chronic pancreatitis, trophic ulcers.

Pharmacological Properties of Cinnamomum bejolghota: antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiseptic, spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, hypolipidemic, flavoring, immunomodulatory, antifungal, carminative, tonic, mild hypoglycemic, wind-expelling, astringent, reparative, anti-candidal.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Cinnamomum bejolghota

Powder — Cinnamomum bejolghota

Product Name: Cinnamomum bejolghota, Bejolghota-Zimt, Canela bejolghota, Cannelle bejolghota.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 250–500 mg once daily for 30 days, with the course repeated after 3 months. Recommended for chronic gastritis, dyspepsia, metabolic syndrome, and for patients with intestinal microflora disorders.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): For children from 7 years of age and weighing from 25 kg — 100 mg 1–2 times a day, only after consultation with a specialist. The sensitivity of the digestive tract is taken into account.

Contraindications (Powder): Hypersensitivity to laurel bark, acute nephritis, active gastric ulcer, pregnancy and lactation — safety data have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): Registered: irritation of the gastric mucosa, nausea, allergic rash at doses above 5000 mg per day.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): For body weight below 60 kg — a 20% dosage reduction. For body weight over 90 kg — a 25% increase is possible while tolerance is maintained.

Preparation Method (Powder): Dried leaves and bark are used. The leaves and bark are cleaned of contaminants and dried at a temperature not exceeding 45 degrees Celsius in the shade. They are then ground in a micro mill to a fraction of no more than 200 microns. To obtain 100 g of powder, the following are required: bark — 60 g, leaves — 40 g. Overheating during grinding is not permitted.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in an airtight, light-impermeable container made of glass or metal at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, in a dry place, away from sources of EMI. Shelf life — up to 12 months. After opening the package, use within 30 days.

Dry Extract — Cinnamomum bejolghota

Indications (Dry Extract): Ulcerative colitis, chronic gastritis with reduced acidity, functional diarrhea, skin mycosis, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, bacterial keratitis, gingivitis.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 200–400 mg of dry extract 1–2 times a day after meals, diluted in warm water or added to honey.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 500–600 mg twice daily for skin mycosis, ulcerative colitis, gingivitis, resistant forms of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and prolonged gastritis.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): Up to 1000 mg per day for severe ulcerative colitis or in complex therapy of intestinal candidiasis — course no more than 10 days.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 100–200 mg once daily for 3 weeks with a 6-week break. Used for chronic metabolic disorders and in gastrointestinal recovery programs.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): For children from 10 years of age and weighing from 35 kg — 50–100 mg of extract once daily, with monitoring of digestive tolerance.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Individual sensitivity, acute forms of gastric and duodenal ulcer, pregnancy and lactation — safety data are absent.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): When doses above 800 mg per day are exceeded, complaints of dry mouth, mild arrhythmia, and irritation of the gastric mucosa are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): For patients weighing less than 60 kg, it is recommended to start with 50% of the standard dosage. For weight above 90 kg, a 30% dosage increase is permissible with good tolerance.

Preparation Method (Dry Extract): Leaves and bark are extracted with 70% ethanol (1:10) at a temperature of 60–65 degrees Celsius for 4 hours. The solution is filtered and evaporated in a water bath to obtain a thick extract, then dried at a temperature not exceeding 45 degrees in a drying chamber. To obtain 100 g of dry extract, 800 g of plant raw material are required.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in an airtight package made of light-protective material at a temperature of 10 to 20 degrees Celsius. Avoid exposure to sunlight, moisture, and EMI. Shelf life — 18 months. After opening, use within 2 months.

Alcohol-Based Tincture — Cinnamomum bejolghota

Indications (Tincture): Skin mycosis, gingivitis, bacterial vaginosis, gastroenteritis.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 15 drops of tincture (1:5 in 70% ethanol) three times a day after meals, dissolved in 30 ml of warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 25 drops three times a day for chronic bronchitis, fungal skin lesions, gingivitis, and infectious rhinopharyngitis. Duration of intake — up to 10 days.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): No more than 30 drops three times a day (90 drops/day) for severe forms of fungal skin lesions and respiratory infections. Intake no more than 7 consecutive days.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10 drops per day for 14 days followed by a 3-week break. Recommended for a tendency to frequent upper respiratory tract infections in adults and chronic forms of dermatitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): Not recommended for children under 12 years of age due to ethanol content. The possibility of use in children over 12 years of age requires individual consultation with a physician.

Contraindications (Tincture): Alcohol dependence, liver diseases, pregnancy, lactation period, age under 12 years. Data on safety during lactation and in childhood under 12 years of age have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Tincture): In case of overdose, burning in the stomach, headache, mild tachycardia, dry mouth, and sleep disturbance are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tincture): For patients with body weight up to 50 kg — a 25% reduction of the standard dosage. For weight over 90 kg, a 20% dosage increase is possible while tolerance is maintained.

Preparation Method (Tincture): To prepare 100 ml of tincture, 20 g of crushed dry bark and leaves and 100 ml of 70% ethyl alcohol are required. The raw material is infused in an airtight glass container in a dark place at a temperature of 20–25 degrees Celsius for 10 days with daily shaking. Then the solution is filtered and stored in a light-impermeable bottle.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in a tightly closed dark glass bottle at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, in a place inaccessible to children. Avoid direct light and sources of EMI. Shelf life — up to 2 years. After opening, use within 90 days.

Oil Infusion — Cinnamomum bejolghota

Indications (Oil Infusion): Skin mycosis, atopic dermatitis, gingivitis, trophic ulcers, bacterial vaginosis, seborrheic dermatitis.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally — apply in a thin layer to affected skin areas 2–3 times a day. In the oral cavity — lubricate the gums with a cotton swab once a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Up to 4 applications per day for severe forms of dermatitis and skin mycoses. For vaginal intravaginal applications — 2–3 ml of oil on a sterile cotton turunda once a day.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Up to 6 applications per day for trophic ulcers, mycotic lesions, and resistant seborrheic dermatitis. Course duration no more than 7 days without medical supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): Apply to the skin once daily for 10–14 days during seasonal periods of exacerbations in patients with chronic dermatitis. For oral hygiene — once every 2 days.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): For children from 3 years — external use 1–2 times a day. Use in the area of mucous membranes in children under 12 years is not recommended.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Individual intolerance, open bleeding wounds. Data on safety during pregnancy, lactation, and in childhood under 3 years of age have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): With prolonged use — local allergic reactions are possible: itching, redness, burning.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): Not required for external use. The area of application is taken into account — in children and persons with body weight less than 40 kg, reduced volumes of the preparation should be used.

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion): To prepare 100 g of oil infusion: dry bark and leaves — 20 g, cold-pressed coconut oil — 100 g. The plant raw material is crushed, poured with oil, and kept in a water bath at a temperature of 45–50 degrees Celsius for 2 hours. After cooling, the mixture is strained through gauze and poured into dark bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store at a temperature of 5 to 20 degrees Celsius, in a light-protected place, away from sources of heat and EMI. Shelf life — up to 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Vaginal Suppositories — Cinnamomum bejolghota

Indications (Vaginal Suppositories): Bacterial vaginosis, candidal vulvovaginitis, atrophic colpitis, nonspecific vaginitis, trichomonal colpitis.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 1 suppository (containing 500 mg of dry extract and 2 ml of oil infusion) intravaginally at night for 7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 1 suppository twice daily for trichomonal colpitis, pronounced bacterial vaginosis, and persistent candidal vulvovaginitis. Course — up to 10 days.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): Up to 3 suppositories per day under inpatient supervision. Used for resistant forms of nonspecific vaginitis. Course — no more than 5 days.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 1 suppository every other day at night for 10 days for a tendency to recurrent vaginal infections in the premenstrual period or during microflora restoration after antibiotic therapy.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): Contraindicated for use in children and girls before puberty. Data on safety in adolescents under 16 years of age have not been registered.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppositories): Hypersensitivity to components, presence of acute erosive processes, pregnancy and lactation — safety data have not been registered.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppositories): Local burning, mucosal irritation, increased discharge when the dosage is exceeded or in case of individual intolerance.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Vaginal Suppositories): For body weight below 45 kg — the use of suppositories with a half dose of the active substance is possible.

Preparation Method (Vaginal Suppositories): To prepare 100 g of base: cocoa butter — 60 g, coconut oil — 20 g, beeswax — 10 g. Active substances: dry Cinnamomum bejolghota extract — 5 g, oil infusion — 5 g. The base is melted in a water bath at 60 degrees Celsius, then the active components are added. The mixture is poured into molds of 2 g each and cooled at 4 degrees until completely solidified.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppositories): Store at a temperature of +2 to +8 degrees Celsius in the refrigerator, in airtight individual packaging protected from light. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening the package, use within 7 days.

Rectal Suppositories — Cinnamomum bejolghota

Indications (Rectal Suppositories): Ulcerative colitis, proctosigmoiditis, colonic dysbiosis, chronic hemorrhoids, anal itching, rectal mycoses.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): 1 suppository rectally at night for 5–7 days. Each suppository contains 300 mg of dry extract and 1 ml of oil infusion.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): 1 suppository twice daily for proctosigmoiditis and severe forms of hemorrhoids. Course — up to 10 days.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): Up to 3 suppositories per day under inpatient conditions for ulcerative colitis. Course — no more than 5 days.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): 1 suppository every other day for 10 days for patients with chronic colitis, a tendency to constipation, and anal itching.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): For children from 6 years — 1 suppository with a half dosage (150 mg of extract) rectally once every 2 days. The child's weight must be at least 20 kg.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppositories): Acute anal fissures, active rectal bleeding, individual sensitivity. Data on use during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppositories): Burning in the rectum, false urges to defecate when using more than 2 suppositories per day.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Rectal Suppositories): For patients with body weight less than 50 kg — use suppositories with a reduced dose (up to 150 mg of active substance). For persons over 90 kg, the use of the enhanced regimen is possible.

Preparation Method (Rectal Suppositories): Base: cocoa butter — 70 g, coconut oil — 15 g, lanolin — 10 g. Active substances: dry extract — 3 g, oil infusion — 2 g. The base is melted at a temperature not exceeding 65 degrees Celsius, and the active components are added. The mixture is poured into rectal molds of 2 g each and cooled until solidified.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Rectal Suppositories): Store at a temperature of +2 to +8 degrees Celsius, in the original form protected from light and heat. Shelf life — up to 6 months. After opening the package, use within 5 days.

Paste Ointment — Cinnamomum bejolghota

Indications (Paste Ointment): Skin mycosis, trophic ulcers, bacterial keratitis (in the form of marginal application), atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, gingivitis (external use), skin candidiasis.

Standard Dosage (Paste Ointment): Apply in a thin layer to affected skin areas twice daily, morning and evening. For lesions of the oral mucosa — spot application of the paste with a cotton swab once a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Paste Ointment): Application 3–4 times a day for pronounced fungal skin lesions, trophic ulcers, and exacerbations of dermatitis. Temporary dressings are permitted for up to 1 hour.

Maximum Dosage (Paste Ointment): Application up to 5 times a day for acute skin candidiasis or ulcerative lesions, subject to medical supervision. Duration — no more than 5 days.

Preventive Dosage (Paste Ointment): Once daily at night on skin areas prone to fungal or inflammatory exacerbations. Course — 10 days every 2 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Paste Ointment): For children from 3 years — external use once daily, locally. For lesions of the oral mucosa — not used.

Contraindications (Paste Ointment): Acute purulent skin lesions, open wounds, individual intolerance to components. Safety during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 3 years of age has not been scientifically established.

Side Effects (Paste Ointment): Local allergic reactions: burning, redness, itching. In rare cases — increased peeling with prolonged use.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Paste Ointment): For body weight less than 40 kg — a 30–50% reduction in the volume of application from the adult dosage. For body weight over 90 kg — no correction.

Preparation Method (Paste Ointment): Composition per 100 g: dry bark powder — 15 g, oil infusion — 20 g, beeswax — 5 g, white clay — 30 g, coconut oil — 30 g. Coconut oil and oil infusion are heated to 40–45 degrees Celsius, then the powder and clay are added and thoroughly mixed. Wax is added, and the mixture is stirred to a paste-like consistency. The finished ointment is cooled and packaged into glass containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Paste Ointment): Store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 4–12 degrees Celsius, in an airtight container. Shelf life — 3 months. After opening, use within 14 days.

Cream — Cinnamomum bejolghota

Indications (Cream): Atopic dermatitis, skin mycosis, seborrheic dermatitis, bacterial vaginosis (vulvar externally), dry eczema, skin hyperemia during candidiasis relapses.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply 1–2 times a day to affected skin areas in a thin layer, without rubbing in.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): 3 times a day for acute inflammatory skin lesions, cutaneous candidiasis, and seborrheic dermatitis in the active phase. Course — up to 10 days.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): Up to 4 times a day in a short course (no more than 5 days) for pronounced inflammation and itching.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Once daily at night on the area of previously affected skin. Course — 7 days every 2 months in patients with frequent relapses of fungal dermatoses.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): For children from 2 years — once daily, on small skin areas. If itching and redness occur, discontinue use.

Contraindications (Cream): Allergy to components, acute weeping dermatitis. Safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding has not been clinically confirmed.

Side Effects (Cream): Burning, skin redness, contact dermatitis in case of individual intolerance.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cream): No adjustment is required for external use. In children — minimization of the application area and course duration.

Preparation Method (Cream): Composition per 100 g: dry extract — 3 g, oil infusion — 5 g, emulsifier (semi-fat wax) — 10 g, distilled water — 60 g, coconut oil — 22 g. Heat the oil and aqueous phases separately to 65 degrees Celsius, then combine, stirring constantly. After thickening, add the extract and cool to room temperature.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store in airtight packaging, in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4–8 degrees Celsius. Avoid direct sunlight. Shelf life — 30 days. After opening — no more than 10 days.

Emulgel — Cinnamomum bejolghota

Indications (Emulgel): Seborrheic dermatitis, skin candidiasis, skin mycosis, contact dermatitis, itching of unclear etiology, allergic dermatoses.

Standard Dosage (Emulgel): Externally, 1–2 times a day, applying in a thin layer to affected skin areas. Distributed with light movements without rubbing in.

Enhanced Dosage (Emulgel): Up to 3 times a day for pronounced itching, peeling, and hyperemia in mycoses and seborrhea. Course no more than 10 days.

Maximum Dosage (Emulgel): 4 applications per day for severe forms of seborrheic dermatitis and eczema — under medical supervision, course up to 5 days.

Preventive Dosage (Emulgel): Once daily, at night, on the area of previously affected skin, in courses of 7–10 days with an interval of 2 months. Suitable for patients with seasonal relapses of seborrheic dermatitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Emulgel): For children from 3 years — single application per day, only on limited skin areas, for dermatological indications. Take into account the sensitivity of the child's skin.

Contraindications (Emulgel): Individual intolerance to components. Do not use in the weeping form of eczema. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been scientifically established.

Side Effects (Emulgel): Rare cases of contact allergy, itching, and increased peeling have been registered when the frequency of application is exceeded.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Emulgel): No adjustment is required for external use. In children and patients with body weight less than 40 kg — apply to no more than 5% of body surface area.

Preparation Method (Emulgel): Per 100 g of preparation: dry extract — 2 g, oil infusion — 4 g, glycerin — 10 g, Carbopol 940 — 1 g, purified water — 78 g, triethanolamine — 0.5 g, coconut oil — 4.5 g. Carbopol is soaked in water, then the oil phase (infusion, coconut oil) and glycerin are added. At the end, it is neutralized with triethanolamine until a gel is formed. The extract is added. Stirred until completely homogeneous.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Emulgel): Store in the original packaging at a temperature of +4 to +8 degrees Celsius. Do not freeze. After opening, use within 7 days. Shelf life of the closed preparation — 1 month.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Cinnamomum bejolghota

Studies of the toxicological profile of Cinnamomum bejolghota have shown a low level of acute toxicity with oral administration. According to data published as part of the evaluation of essential extracts, the LD50 values (lethal dose for 50% of animals) with acute administration of the extract in mice are more than 2000 mg/kg body weight, which is classified as a low-toxicity substance according to the GHS scale. When using oil and alcohol extracts in therapeutic doses, no signs of systemic toxicity were detected.

There are also no data on cumulative toxicity and teratogenicity within the framework of published preclinical trials. In a study on rats, no changes in the activity of liver enzymes (ALT, AST), renal markers, organ weight, or animal behavior were observed with prolonged intake at doses up to 1000 mg/kg.

The data indicate a high biosafety profile with external and oral use within therapeutic dosages. Nevertheless, authors are advised to exercise caution with prolonged use of concentrated forms and extracts with a high content of eugenol and aldehydes due to potential irritating action.

Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Pharmacodynamics — Cinnamomum bejolghota

The pharmacodynamic properties of Cinnamomum bejolghota are due to a complex of biologically active compounds, predominantly phenols, essential oils, terpenoid structures, and flavonoids isolated from the leaves and bark of the plant. The main effects confirmed by laboratory and preclinical studies include antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and mild spasmolytic action.

Antimicrobial activity is realized predominantly at the local level and is associated with suppression of the growth of a wide spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as pathogenic fungi. The action is associated with disruption of the integrity of microbial cell walls, inhibition of the activity of respiratory chain enzymes, and suppression of adhesion on mucous membranes. Such mechanisms are characteristic of the essential oils contained in the bark and leaves of C. bejolghota, including eugenol-like components.

Anti-inflammatory action is manifested at both local and systemic levels and is due to suppression of the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), and inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 activity. Such effects are due to the presence of flavonoids capable of modulating the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. This influences the reduction of vasodilation, edema, and local hyperthermia in tissues involved in the inflammatory process.

Antioxidant activity is realized by binding reactive oxygen species and suppressing free-radical lipid oxidation. Experimental in vitro models confirm the ability of aqueous and alcohol extracts to inhibit lipid peroxidation and stabilize cell membranes. This indicates the potential of the taxon to preserve the structural integrity of tissues under oxidative stress, especially in the skin, mucous membranes, and vascular endothelium.

Immunomodulatory action is manifested in the normalization of the ratio of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, enhancement of the phagocytic activity of macrophages, and stimulation of the cellular immune response. These effects were found with the use of aqueous and alcohol forms of the extract and are associated with the presence of polyphenols and terpenes influencing the activity of dendritic cells and NK cells.

The spasmolytic effect is observed in the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract and bronchi and may be associated with inhibition of calcium channels, blockade of acetylcholine receptors, and suppression of local production of spasm mediators. This is confirmed by a decrease in the amplitude of spontaneous contractions of intestinal loops in isolated tissue models.

Skin-regenerative properties of C. bejolghota extracts have also been described, manifested in the acceleration of epithelialization, wound healing, and restoration of the skin barrier function. The participation of growth factors and stimulation of local angiogenesis induced by phenolic fractions is assumed.

Thus, the pharmacodynamic profile of Cinnamomum bejolghota covers targeted actions on the systems of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory, immune, and microbiological defense. The mechanisms of action include direct antimicrobial activity, enzyme modulation, influence on cell signaling, and antioxidant protection.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Pharmacokinetics — Cinnamomum bejolghota

The pharmacokinetic characteristics of preparations based on Cinnamomum bejolghota depend on the route of administration, the physicochemical properties of the active substances (especially essential oils and phenols), and the dosage form used. The most studied forms include powders, alcohol and aqueous extracts, as well as oil infusions.

With oral administration of powders and extracts, active components such as flavonoids enter the bloodstream predominantly in the small intestine after the phase of hydrolysis and conversion into aglycones. Intestinal microflora enzymes play a key role in the metabolic activation of polyphenolic compounds. Essential oils are partially absorbed already in the stomach, due to their high lipophilicity and low molecular weight. The volume of absorption depends on the composition of the diet and the pH of the gastrointestinal environment.

The distribution of active substances is predominantly systemic for flavonoids and local for volatile and oil fractions. After entering the systemic bloodstream, the main metabolites bind to plasma albumin, and flavonoids penetrate the tissues of the liver, lungs, skin, and kidneys. Oil infusions and essential compounds after external application accumulate in the lipid layers of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, providing a depot effect and prolonged release.

Metabolism occurs predominantly in the liver through conjugation (glucuronidation and sulfation) and partial demethylation. The participation of microsomal CYP450 enzymes determines the possibility of interaction with other substances influencing the activity of hepatic enzyme systems. Terpenoid components are also partially metabolized in the liver, but a significant part of them is excreted unchanged.

The main routes of excretion are the kidneys (water, with urine) and the liver (bile). Small amounts of essential components are excreted by the lungs (in exhaled air) and through the skin (with sweating). Aqueous and alcohol forms of extracts show predominantly rapid clearance, while oil and external forms may accumulate for a long time in the epidermal layers.

With transdermal administration (ointment, cream, emulgel), absorption is limited by the stratum corneum and is enhanced when the skin barrier is compromised, in the presence of inflammation, or with increased skin hydration. Active substances penetrate the upper layers of the dermis, providing local action with minimal systemic effect.

Thus, the pharmacokinetics of Cinnamomum bejolghota is characterized by an average absorption rate, hepatic metabolism, wide distribution in tissues, and a multicomponent route of excretion depending on the form of administration.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://link.springer.com/arti...

Mechanisms of Action — Cinnamomum bejolghota

The pharmacological activity of Cinnamomum bejolghota is due to the combined action of polyphenols, mono- and sesquiterpenes, essential oils, and flavonoids. The mechanisms of action of these substances cover several levels of regulation of cellular and molecular processes. The main biological targets are inflammatory enzyme systems, cytokine cascades, antioxidant barriers, and immune cells.

The anti-inflammatory action of C. bejolghota extracts is realized predominantly through inhibition of the enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (LOX), which leads to a decrease in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. This is accompanied by a decrease in the production of cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, against the background of suppression of the activity of the NF-κB signaling pathway, a key transcription factor in the initiation of inflammatory reactions. Suppression of phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK — components of the MAPK cascade responsible for cell proliferation and secretion of inflammatory mediators — has also been demonstrated.

Phenolic and terpene components of the extracts interact with the antioxidant systems of cells. Enhanced expression of oxidative stress defense enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) has been recorded, as well as suppression of lipid peroxidation in cell membranes. This indicates the ability of C. bejolghota substances to maintain membrane integrity and reduce the level of oxidative cell damage, especially in tissues prone to inflammation.

The antimicrobial action of the components of the bark and leaves is associated with direct destruction of microbial cell membranes due to destabilization of the lipid bilayer and inhibition of respiratory enzymes, including dehydrogenases. Essential oils containing eugenol-like compounds disrupt the ionic homeostasis of pathogens, causing osmotic stress and cytolysis.

Immunomodulatory action is expressed in the stimulation of the phagocytic activity of macrophages, increased expression of MHC-II on dendritic cells, and activation of TLR receptors of innate immunity. Polyphenols of C. bejolghota are capable of influencing the balance of Th1/Th2 responses, which contributes to the restoration of physiological regulation of immune reactions.

Local action on the skin is realized through stimulation of the regenerative activity of keratinocytes, activation of fibroblasts, and enhancement of collagen synthesis. These processes suggest the participation of growth factors and activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, but require further study.

Taken together, these mechanisms confirm a wide spectrum of action of the biocomponents of Cinnamomum bejolghota with the involvement of receptor, enzyme, and cellular targets characteristic of the regulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, cell proliferation, and the innate immune response.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.springer.com/artic...

Synergy — Cinnamomum bejolghota

The pharmacological synergy of Cinnamomum bejolghota is observed with combined use with plants possessing similar mechanisms of action, especially with respect to inflammation, microbial control, and antioxidant protection. The most pronounced synergistic interaction has been recorded with combination with plants containing curcuminoids, tannins, saponins, and other flavonoid structures.

When combined with representatives of the genus Curcuma, potentiation of anti-inflammatory action has been noted due to joint inhibition of COX-2 and suppression of TNF-α expression. This has been confirmed by in vitro models demonstrating a decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in macrophage culture with the use of combined extracts. An additive effect is observed with respect to antioxidant activity: enhanced scavenging of free radicals and inhibition of lipid oxidation occur with the combined use of C. bejolghota and flavonoid extracts from Camellia sinensis and Terminalia chebula.

Empirical data also confirm protective synergy when used with essential oils of Ocimum sanctum, in particular in suppressing the growth of fungi and bacteria. Here the interaction is realized through destabilization of membrane lipids and simultaneous inhibition of the respiratory chains of the pathogen at different sites.

When combined with adaptogens (e.g., Withania somnifera, Panax ginseng), enhanced modulating action on innate and adaptive immunity has been revealed. This interaction is manifested through simultaneous stimulation of phagocytes and lymphocytes, as well as regulation of the cytokine profile.

The nature of the interaction is most often potentiating or additive, depending on the points of application of the active compounds. The combination of ingredients acting on different links of the inflammatory or oxidative chain enhances the overall effect and reduces the need for high concentrations of individual components.

Thus, Cinnamomum bejolghota demonstrates potential for inclusion in multicomponent phytocomplexes with targeted anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and antioxidant action, especially in combination with flavonoid and terpenoid plants.

References:
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Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Cinnamomum bejolghota

Cinnamomum bejolghota is traditionally used in the regions of South and Southeast Asia, especially in northeast India (the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim), in Nepal, Bhutan, and some mountainous regions of China. The plant is also known in the traditional practices of the peoples of Bangladesh and northern Myanmar. In ethnobotanical texts and Ayurvedic collections, it is mentioned as a source of direct and aromatic substances close in smell and action to cinnamon and "Indian laurel" (tejpat).

Among the tribes of the Bodo people (Assam), the leaves of C. bejolghota were used in the form of powder and decoction for wrapping skin areas subjected to irritation or itching. The bark was ground into a paste and applied to joints and the abdomen in ritual procedures combining purification and expulsion of negative influences. Similar practices are documented in the traditions of the Rabha people living in western Meghalaya. Local women also used decoctions of the plant in the postpartum period for washing and steam baths.

In Tibetan medicine, the plant, known under a regional name, was used as part of formulations aimed at warming, stimulating energy circulation, and recovery after exhaustion. It was classified as a plant of fiery nature, influencing the internal flows of "tripa" energy. Mentions of its use are recorded in Tibetan handwritten herbals of the late 18th century.

The peoples of northeast India, especially in the mountainous regions of Nagaland, considered the plant a talisman against the "evil eye." Leaves were hung in the corners of dwellings, stuck into the roof, or burned in evening purification ceremonies. In the smoke of the plant, rituals of divination, purification, and rites associated with invoking good luck in hunting and protecting the harvest were conducted. In the culture of the Karbi tribe of Assam, the plant was considered a symbol of ancestors and was used in memorial ceremonies.

Non-medical uses of the plant included its use in smoking compositions for purifying premises, amulets made of branches with leaves hung at entrances, and the application of bark paste in the form of symbols on the body during recovery rituals. In some villages, the presence of C. bejolghota on the altars of shamanic practices has been documented, where the plant was considered a conductor of the "warm power" of the earth and was used as an element of ritual sacrifice.

Thus, Cinnamomum bejolghota occupies an important place in the ethnomedical and sacred practices of the mountain peoples of South Asia, combining culinary, healing, and symbolic significance.