Camellia Sinensis (Tea Plant / Tea Shrub)

Camellia Sinensis (Tea Plant / Tea Shrub)

Product Name: Камелия китайская, Camellia sinensis, Teepflanze, Camelia del té, Camélia du thé, كاميليا صينية, ชาคาเมลเลีย, Choy daraxti, Кытай камелиясы, Çin kamelyası, Камелияи чинӣ, Arbatinė kamelija, Tējas kamēlija, Камелія китайська, קמליה סינית

Synonyms: чайный куст, чайное дерево, Chinese tea plant, tea shrub, Teestrauch, arbusto del té, théier, شجيرة الشاي, พืชชาคาเมลเลีย, чой бутаси, чай өсүмдүгү, çay kolu, буттаи чой, arbatinis krūmas, tējas krūms, чайний кущ, שיח תה

Used Parts: leaves, buds, flowers, seeds.

Main Indications for the Use of Camellia sinensis: Arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, overweight, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic hepatitis, gastritis, dental caries, gingivitis, pharyngitis, viral respiratory infections, viral gastrointestinal infections, chronic fatigue syndrome, anxiety disorder, depression, cognitive disorders, attention deficit disorder, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, malignant neoplasms (as part of adjuvant therapy).

Use of Camellia sinensis in Mixtures and Complexes: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, erectile dysfunction, varicose veins, cystitis, irritable bowel syndrome, bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive bronchitis, polycystic ovary syndrome, psoriasis, acne, seborrheic dermatitis, hair loss, dandruff, caffeine withdrawal syndrome, colds.

Pharmacological Properties of Camellia sinensis: Antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-atherogenic, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, nootropic, anxiolytic, adaptogenic, antitumor, radioprotective, photoprotective, astringent, deodorizing, central nervous system stimulant, phosphodiesterase inhibitor, angiogenesis inhibitor.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Camellia sinensis

Powder — Camellia sinensis

Indications (Powder): Arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, anxiety disorder, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, malignant neoplasms.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 1 gram of powder 2 times a day orally, 30 minutes before meals, with warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 1.5 grams of powder 3 times a day for diagnoses: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, grade III obesity, malignant neoplasms in the maintenance therapy phase, and Alzheimer's disease.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): Up to 2 grams of powder 3 times a day. Allowed for severe forms of insulin resistance, oncological diseases, and metabolic syndrome with pronounced hyperlipidemia. Maximum course no more than 21 days.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.5 grams once a day in the morning, for 30–60 days. Recommended for chronic fatigue, cognitive impairment, prediabetes, and atherosclerosis in patients over 50 years of age. Repeat course — no earlier than 2 weeks later.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): From 12 years, with a body weight of 35 kg or more: 250 milligrams once a day in the morning. Use in children under 12 years of age is not recommended due to insufficient clinical data.

Contraindications (Powder): Hyperthyroidism, tachyarrhythmia, glaucoma, severe hypertension, insomnia. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years of age have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): Increased anxiety, headache, insomnia, tachycardia with overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): Patients with body weight below 60 kg are recommended to reduce the dosage by 25%. Patients with body weight over 90 kg may increase the dosage by 15%, provided good tolerability.

Preparation method (Powder): The leaves of Camellia sinensis are thoroughly washed, dried in the air in the shade at a temperature not exceeding 35 °C until moisture disappears. Then ground in a mortar or powder mill to obtain a homogeneous green powder. For 100 grams of powder, 130 grams of dry leaves are required.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in an airtight glass container, in a dark, dry, cool place at a temperature of +5 °C to +20 °C, away from electromagnetic sources. Shelf life — up to 12 months. After opening, use within 60 days.

Dry Extract — Camellia sinensis

Indications (Dry Extract): Hyperlipidemia, arterial hypertension, anxiety disorder, cognitive disorders, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, pre-obesity, insulin resistance.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 300 milligrams of dry extract once a day during meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 300 milligrams 2 times a day, for diseases: Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis with pronounced cognitive impairment, and grade II obesity.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): Up to 400 milligrams 3 times a day under controlled medical supervision, allowed in the therapy of precancerous conditions and in rehabilitation after oncopathologies.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 150 milligrams once a day in the morning, in a course of 30–45 days. Effective for the prevention of cognitive disorders in the elderly, prevention of obesity and hypercholesterolemia.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): Not recommended for use in children under 14 years of age. From 14 years — 150 milligrams once a day, with a body weight of at least 40 kg.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Sleep disorders, anxiety disorders with hyperactivity, hyperthyroidism. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 14 years of age have not been registered.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): Nausea, tremor, insomnia, dizziness when the dose is exceeded.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): Up to 60 kg — reduction by 20%. Over 80 kg — an increase in dosage by 10% is possible, provided clinical expediency.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): To prepare 100 grams of dry extract, 500 grams of ground leaves are used. Pour 1000 milliliters of distilled water, infuse for 8 hours at a temperature of 40 °C. Evaporate in a water bath to obtain a thick extract, then dry at a temperature of 45 °C to a powder state.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in a tightly closed container, in a dry, cool, light-protected place. Storage temperature — from +5 °C to +20 °C. Shelf life — 18 months. After opening — use within 3 months.

Alcohol-Based Tincture — Camellia sinensis

Indications (Tincture): Arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia, anxiety disorder, Alzheimer's disease, chronic hepatitis, atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 20 drops (about 1 ml) 2 times a day, diluted in 50 ml of water, 20 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 30 drops 3 times a day for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, and hyperlipidemia.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): 40 drops 3 times a day, no more than 10 days in a row. Recommended for pronounced metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and Alzheimer's disease in the initial stage.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 15 drops once a day in the morning, in a course of 20–30 days. Used in persons over 50 years of age with atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, and initial cognitive impairment.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): Not used in children under 14 years of age due to alcohol content. Over 14 years — 10 drops once a day with tolerability monitoring.

Contraindications (Tincture): Epilepsy, alcohol dependence, hypersensitivity to ethanol. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered.

Side Effects (Tincture): Dizziness, palpitations, feeling of anxiety, insomnia with overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tincture): Patients up to 60 kg — reduce the dose by 20%. Over 80 kg — an increase of 10% is possible.

Preparation method (Tincture): To prepare 100 ml of tincture, take 20 grams of ground dry leaves and pour 80 ml of 70% ethyl alcohol. Infuse in a glass container for 14 days in a dark, cool place, shaking periodically. After completion, strain the tincture through gauze.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in a tightly closed glass bottle, in a dark, dry place at a temperature of +5 °C to +25 °C, away from electromagnetic sources. Shelf life — up to 24 months. After opening, use within 90 days.

Oil Infusion — Camellia sinensis

Indications (Oil Infusion): Seborrheic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, hair loss, dermatoses with an inflammatory component, skin irritation after sunburn, localized eczema.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally — apply a thin layer 1–2 times a day to clean, dry skin, for 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Apply 3 times a day, for pronounced inflammatory dermatoses, psoriasis, and seborrheic dermatitis with flaking and itching.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Up to 4 applications per day on limited skin areas (no more than 10% of the body surface), no longer than 7 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): Once a day after washing, in a course of 14–21 days, for the prevention of relapse of seborrheic dermatitis, seasonal eczema, and skin irritation in dry climates and with frequent UV exposure.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): From 3 years: single application per day on limited skin areas for dermatitis. Under adult supervision. From 7 years — up to 2 times a day.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Individual intolerance to components, open wounds. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are absent, but use with caution.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Contact dermatitis, hyperemia, itching, especially with individual intolerance.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): Adjustment is not required — external use does not depend on body weight.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): 20 grams of ground dry leaves are poured with 100 ml of cold-pressed coconut oil. Infuse in a water bath at a temperature of 40 °C for 2 hours, then infuse for 3 days at room temperature. Strain, store in a dark bottle.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in a dark glass container at a temperature of +5 °C to +25 °C, away from sources of light and heat. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening — use within 60 days.

Cream — Camellia sinensis

Indications (Cream): Acne, seborrheic dermatitis, couperose, hyperpigmentation, skin photoaging, superficial dermatitis, skin inflammation after epilation, skin irritation after washing, skin tone for tired face.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Externally — apply a thin layer once a day in the evening to clean skin of the face and neck. Course — 14–21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): Apply 2 times a day, morning and evening, for pronounced couperose, inflammatory acne, and a tendency to hyperpigmentation after tanning.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): Up to 3 times a day on local areas (no more than 15% of the facial skin surface), allowed for moderate and severe acne and pronounced skin irritation.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Apply once a day every other day, for 30 days, for the prevention of photoaging, hyperpigmentation, seasonal flaking, and decreased skin tone.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): From 10 years — single application on the acne area once a day in the evening, in the absence of individual sensitivity. Only by dermatologist's prescription.

Contraindications (Cream): Allergy to cream components. During pregnancy and lactation — use only externally, avoiding the chest and abdominal areas. Scientific data on contraindications in these conditions have not been registered.

Side Effects (Cream): Rarely — burning sensation, redness, flaking with skin hypersensitivity. Occurs in the first 1–3 days with overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cream): Not required — the cream is applied locally and does not depend on body weight.

Preparation method (Cream): For 100 grams of cream: 10 g of dry extract of Camellia sinensis, 5 g of beeswax, 10 g of shea butter, 10 g of coconut oil, 50 g of distilled water, 1 g of xanthan gum, 0.5 g of natural preservative (for example, rosemary extract), 13.5 g of emulsifier (for example, cetyl alcohol). Heat the oil and aqueous phases to 65 °C, combine, emulsify with a mixer until thickened. Cool, add the extract, mix, package.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store in an airtight container at a temperature of +4 °C to +10 °C, in a dark place, away from electromagnetic sources. Shelf life — 3 months. After opening — use within 30 days.

Ointment — Camellia sinensis

Indications (Ointment): Psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, chronic dermatitis with lichenification, first-degree burns, eczema in the subacute phase, skin fissures, trophic skin changes.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Externally — apply a thin layer to affected areas 2 times a day, morning and evening. Course — 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): Apply 3 times a day, for severe forms of psoriasis, skin fissures, and flaking against the background of chronic dermatitis.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Up to 4 applications per day on local areas (no more than 10% of the body surface), no more than 7 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): Once a day on the area of increased dryness or in the area of scar changes, in a course of 7–10 days monthly.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): From 3 years: application once a day on limited skin areas. Only under adult supervision. Do not use in children under 3 years of age.

Contraindications (Ointment): Pustular skin diseases, open bleeding wounds, individual intolerance. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered.

Side Effects (Ointment): Skin irritation, increased flaking, local hyperemia when the dosage is exceeded.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ointment): Not required — the dosage depends on the area of application, not on body weight.

Preparation method (Ointment): For 100 grams of ointment: 10 g of dry leaf powder, 15 g of lanolin, 20 g of coconut oil, 5 g of cocoa butter, 50 g of natural petroleum jelly or shea butter, 0.5 g of beeswax. Melt the oil base to 60 °C, add the powder, stir until evenly distributed. Cool and package.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store in a dark glass jar at a temperature of +5 °C to +15 °C. Avoid direct sunlight and EMI. Shelf life — up to 6 months. After opening, use within 45 days.

Essence — Camellia sinensis

Indications (Essence): Skin photoaging, hyperpigmentation, dull complexion, loss of skin elasticity, dry skin, dermatological changes in perimenopause, initial manifestations of couperose.

Standard Dosage (Essence): Apply to clean skin of the face and neck once a day in the evening, before applying cream. Volume — 1–2 ml per application. Course — 30 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Essence): Apply 2 times a day, morning and evening, for pronounced skin dryness, initial form of melasma, photodamage of the skin, and enhanced capillary network.

Maximum Dosage (Essence): Up to 3 applications per day on individual areas of the face, for 7–10 days, during intensive therapy of post-acne, dermatoses, and dullness of the skin.

Preventive Dosage (Essence): Apply once a day in the evening, every other day, for 21 days. Prevention of photoaging, seasonal skin dehydration, and the appearance of capillary networks. Especially recommended for women over 40 years of age during transitional periods.

Pediatric Dosage (Essence): Not used in children under 12 years of age. From 12 years — spot application once a day on the area of acne or irritation, by dermatologist's prescription.

Contraindications (Essence): Individual sensitivity. During pregnancy — use only externally and avoid the chest area. There is no reliable scientific data on contraindications during lactation.

Side Effects (Essence): Redness, mild burning, swelling with overdose or skin hypersensitivity.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Essence): Not required — the dose is determined by the area of application, not by body weight.

Preparation method (Essence): For 100 ml: 3 g of dry extract of Camellia sinensis, 90 ml of witch hazel hydrolate, 3 ml of vegetable glycerin, 2 ml of grape seed extract, 1 ml of Centella asiatica extract, 1 ml of rosemary extract, 0.5 g of xanthan gum, 0.5 ml of natural preservative. Mix everything thoroughly, leave for 12 hours at a temperature of 15–20 °C, then strain, pour into bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Essence): Store at a temperature of +4 °C to +10 °C in a tightly closed dark glass container, away from sources of light and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 3 months. After opening — use within 30 days.

Serum — Camellia sinensis

Indications (Serum): Inflammatory acne, oily seborrheic skin, enlarged pores, loss of skin elasticity, couperose, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, stress-induced skin aging.

Standard Dosage (Serum): Apply once a day in the evening to clean facial skin, volume — 3–5 drops. Does not require rinsing.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): Apply morning and evening, evenly distributing over problem areas, for active inflammations, increased sebum secretion, and post-inflammatory pigmentation.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): Up to 3 times a day, pointwise or on the entire surface of the face, no longer than 5 days in a row, for the active stage of acne complicated by seborrhea.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): Once a day every 2 days, in the evening, for 4 weeks. Recommended for patients with oily, problem skin in adolescence and women with hormone-dependent skin rashes.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): From 12 years — 1–2 drops on the rash area once a day in the evening, by doctor's prescription.

Contraindications (Serum): Allergy, individual sensitivity. During pregnancy — use externally, avoiding the chest area. Data on contraindications during lactation have not been registered.

Side Effects (Serum): Contact dermatitis, temporary increase in flaking and itching when the dosage is exceeded.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Serum): Not required — external point application does not depend on body weight.

Preparation method (Serum): For 100 ml: 5 g of dry extract of Camellia sinensis, 5 ml of jojoba oil, 5 ml of black cumin oil, 2 ml of green coffee extract, 1 ml of tea tree oil, 81 ml of chamomile hydrolate, 1 ml of glycerin, 0.5 ml of xanthan gum, 0.5 ml of natural preservative. Combine the aqueous and oil phases, beat intensively until a homogeneous serum consistency is obtained.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): Store in an opaque glass container at a temperature of +4 °C to +8 °C. Do not expose to heat or freezing. After opening, use within 21 days. Shelf life — 2 months.

Aqueous Hydrosol — Camellia sinensis

Indications (Aqueous Hydrosol): Skin irritation, redness after shaving, inflammation after cosmetic procedures, sensitive skin, dry skin, mild forms of dermatitis, couperose in the initial stage.

Standard Dosage (Aqueous Hydrosol): Spray 1–2 times a day on cleansed skin of the face, neck, or other sensitive areas. Does not require rinsing. Duration of use — from 7 to 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Aqueous Hydrosol): Spraying up to 3 times a day in conditions of acute irritation, after chemical peels, depilation, and laser procedures.

Maximum Dosage (Aqueous Hydrosol): Spraying up to 4–5 times a day on problem skin areas. Used in courses of 3–5 days. It is not recommended to exceed the course without medical consultation.

Preventive Dosage (Aqueous Hydrosol): 1 spray per day in the morning or evening for 14–20 days. Used for seasonal skin changes, prevention of dehydration and photoaging, especially in persons with thin or sensitive skin.

Pediatric Dosage (Aqueous Hydrosol): From 6 months — spraying once a day on the cheeks, neck, and folds for irritation, itching, and heat rash. Without fragrances and preservatives. Only in diluted form (1:1 with boiled water).

Contraindications (Aqueous Hydrosol): Allergy to components of the original plant. Contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and childhood have not been registered.

Side Effects (Aqueous Hydrosol): Extremely rarely — mild tingling or tightness of the skin with individual hypersensitivity.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Aqueous Hydrosol): Not required — the form is applied externally, as a spray, and does not depend on body weight.

Preparation method (Aqueous Hydrosol): To obtain 100 ml of hydrosol: place 200 g of ground fresh leaves of Camellia sinensis in a steam distiller, add 400 ml of distilled water. Carry out distillation at a temperature of 96–100 °C for 2 hours. Filter the collected fraction, pour into spray bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Aqueous Hydrosol): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of +2 °C to +6 °C, in light-protected packaging. Avoid direct sunlight and EMI. Shelf life — 30 days. After opening, use within 10 days.

Wax — Camellia sinensis

Indications (Wax): Protection of lips from cracking, healing of microcracks, inflammation of the cuticle, dryness of the skin of elbows and heels, prevention of cracking of nipples during lactation.

Standard Dosage (Wax): Apply a small amount (0.1–0.2 g) 2 times a day to cleansed skin areas. Used in a course of up to 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Wax): Apply 3–4 times a day for pronounced fissures, flaking, chapped lips or cuticles, especially in winter or upon contact with water.

Maximum Dosage (Wax): Up to 6 applications per day, locally, for extremely dry or cracked skin. Do not exceed 7 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Wax): 1 application per day on the lips, elbows, or cuticles. Used in courses of 10–15 days in the off-season, in windy climates, and when working with irritating substances.

Pediatric Dosage (Wax): From 3 years — once a day on the lips or skin cracks. Only in a composition without fragrances and essential oils.

Contraindications (Wax): Individual intolerance. During pregnancy and lactation — allowed with external use. Reliable scientific contraindications have not been registered.

Side Effects (Wax): Rarely — contact allergy, redness, flaking.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Wax): Not required — the dose is determined by local need; body weight does not matter.

Preparation method (Wax): For 100 grams of product: 10 g of wax from Camellia sinensis leaves, 20 g of coconut oil, 20 g of shea butter, 10 g of avocado oil, 30 g of beeswax, 10 g of jojoba oil. Melt all components in a water bath at a temperature of 65–70 °C, mix thoroughly, cool to 35 °C, pour into containers and cool.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Wax): Store in an airtight dark glass jar at a temperature of +5 °C to +20 °C. Protect from light, moisture, and heat. Shelf life — 12 months. After opening — use within 90 days.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Camellia sinensis

The preparation from the leaves of Camellia sinensis (green tea) demonstrates low overall toxicity upon oral and external use. In most toxicological studies on animals and in vitro, leaf extracts have shown a high biosafety profile.

An acute toxicological study conducted on rats showed that the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) for aqueous green tea extract exceeds 5 g/kg body weight upon oral administration, which classifies it as a practically non-toxic substance. In similar conditions, for alcoholic extracts, LD₅₀ values range from 1.5 to 3.0 g/kg, indicating low toxicity.

However, highly concentrated green tea extracts, especially in the form of dietary supplements, have in rare cases caused hepatotoxic reactions in sensitive patients. These cases were reversible and were observed, as a rule, at doses tens of times higher than therapeutic ones.

Studies on the Zebrafish model and cell cultures have also demonstrated that the main biologically active components — epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and other polyphenols — exhibit dose-dependent cytotoxicity when physiological concentrations are exceeded, which is important to consider when developing concentrated pharmacological forms

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Pharmacodynamics — Camellia sinensis

The pharmacodynamic properties of Camellia sinensis are due to the presence of biologically active substances such as polyphenols (including catechins), flavonoids, tannins, saponins, amino acids, theanine, and caffeine. These compounds provide a wide range of systemic and local pharmacological effects.

The main action is manifested at the systemic level and covers the nervous, immune, cardiovascular, endocrine, and digestive systems. One of the key effects is a pronounced antioxidant action, realized through inhibition of lipid peroxidation, an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase, as well as binding of free radicals. The ability of catechins to reduce oxidative stress at the level of cell membranes and mitochondria has been established.

Anti-inflammatory action is realized through suppression of the activity of pro-inflammatory enzymes, such as cyclooxygenase-2 and lipoxygenase, as well as modulation of cytokine expression, including a decrease in the levels of interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. These effects are supported by antiproliferative action observed in vitro on immune and epithelial cells.

Modulation of immune system functions is manifested through an effect on immunoglobulin production, macrophage activation, and regulation of T-cell activity. Leaf extracts demonstrate properties of immunomodulators with a tendency to enhance the innate immune response.

With respect to the nervous system, an effect on the regulation of neurotransmitter levels, including dopamine and norepinephrine, has been noted, which is accompanied by a moderate psychostimulating and anxiolytic effect. The complex action on adenosine, GABA, and NMDA receptors allows Camellia sinensis to be considered a plant remedy with nootropic activity.

At the skin level, antioxidant, photoprotective, and seboregulating effects are manifested. A decrease in the expression of metalloproteinases involved in the destruction of collagen and elastin has been established, which determines the protection of skin structures from UV-induced aging. Local application also reduces the activity of microflora and inhibits sebum production. The digestive system responds to the effect of the tannin-flavonoid complex with astringent, mild spasmolytic, and antimicrobial action. A decrease in mucosal permeability and an increase in resistance to aggressive agents are observed. Mechanisms of action include inhibition of enzymes (α-glucosidase, lipase, tyrosine kinase), blockade or activation of receptors (β-adrenoceptors, adenosine receptors, PPARs), and modulation of signaling cascades (MAPK, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt). These effects have been confirmed in a number of in vitro and in vivo studies.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Pharmacokinetics — Camellia sinensis

The pharmacokinetics of the active substances of Camellia sinensis depends on the form of application (oral, transdermal, external, or through mucous membranes) and the specific pharmacological form (powder, extract, oil infusion, cream, etc.). The main components — catechins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins — have different degrees of absorption and metabolic transformation.

Upon oral administration of powder or extract, a significant part of the polyphenolic compounds is absorbed in the small intestine, where they undergo active metabolism in enterocytes and further in the liver. At the same time, conjugation processes with glucuronic acid, sulfation, and methylation reduce their systemic activity but create a pool of metabolites with prolonged action. The residues of unabsorbed catechins and tannins undergo microbial transformation in the large intestine with the participation of anaerobic microflora, which contributes to the formation of bioavailable phenolic acids.

The transdermal and external route of application (for example, in the form of cream, ointment, or oil infusion) determines predominantly local action. The main part of the active substances interacts with the surface layers of the epidermis, with partial penetration into intradermal structures. Accumulation can occur in a lipophilic environment, especially when using carrier oils. Systemic absorption in this case is minimal but possible with prolonged and extensive application.

In the case of application through mucous membranes (for example, as part of aqueous essences or extracts for rinsing), absorption occurs rapidly, with the onset of action within 10–20 minutes. The presence of tannins limits the degree of penetration but simultaneously provides prolonged local action.

The metabolism of most active components passes through hepatic enzymes of phases 1 and 2, in particular CYP1A2 and UGT. These enzymes are involved in the transformation of both catechins and alkaloids. In the process of metabolism, secondary active metabolites, including flavonoid derivatives, are possible.

Excretion of metabolites occurs mainly with urine and bile. An insignificant amount of substances may be excreted through the skin and lungs. The circulation period depends on the form and method of application, as well as on enterohepatic recirculation, characteristic of flavonoids.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.g...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Camellia sinensis

The biopharmacological action of Camellia sinensis is determined by a combination of substances, among which polyphenols dominate, especially catechins (including EGCG), as well as flavonoids, alkaloids (theophylline, caffeine), amino acids (in particular L-theanine), and tannins. Their targets are receptor complexes, enzyme systems, cellular signaling cascades, and mediator pathways involved in the regulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, cell proliferation, and neurotransmission.

Catechins inhibit the enzymatic activity of cyclooxygenase (COX-1, COX-2) and lipoxygenase (LOX), reducing the formation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. At the same time, EGCG demonstrates the ability to inhibit the activation of the nuclear factor NF-κB, suppressing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. These effects are observed on both epithelial and immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils).

Flavonoid components interact with key signaling pathways MAPK and PI3K/Akt, regulating the processes of apoptosis, cell proliferation, and cell survival. Some of these compounds demonstrate selective binding to PPAR-γ receptors, which is associated with modulation of lipid metabolism and cell differentiation in liver and adipose tissues.

L-theanine modulates the level of neurotransmitters (in particular, dopamine, serotonin, and GABA) through direct and mediated effects on NMDA and GABA receptors, providing neuromodulatory and anxiolytic potential. Caffeine contained in the raw material blocks adenosine receptors A1 and A2a, exhibiting central stimulating action and increasing the sensitivity of neurons to dopamine.

Additional effects on apoptosis and anti-angiogenesis processes have been identified with respect to the expression of caspases (in particular, caspase-3) and vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF. This is confirmed by a decrease in neovascularization and an increase in T-cell proliferation in in vitro studies.

In addition, polyphenols of Camellia sinensis have the properties of chelating metal ions (Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺), reducing the formation of hydroxyl radicals in the Fenton reaction and protecting cell membranes from lipid peroxidation. This determines the pronounced antioxidant effect, registered in a wide range of experimental models. In the composition of external forms, biologically active compounds interact with epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts, modulating the expression of metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9), thereby stabilizing the intercellular matrix and preventing collagen degradation.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6520897/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29187714/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043661814002087
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Synergy — Camellia sinensis

Synergistic effects of Camellia sinensis have been established when used together with other plant taxa and natural substances containing flavonoids, terpenoids, and polysaccharides. Catechins and flavonoids of Camellia sinensis demonstrate a potentiating interaction with curcuminoids from Curcuma longa, enhancing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity through combined inhibition of the NF-κB cascade and stabilization of glutathione peroxidase activity.

The combination with Panax ginseng determines an additive effect on the regulation of cellular energy and adaptive mechanisms of the central nervous system. The combined action of catechins and ginsenosides is accompanied by an enhanced neuroprotective effect, modulation of dopamine levels, and a decrease in neuroinflammatory markers.

With flavonoids of Ginkgo biloba, an addition of vasoregulation mechanisms and improvement of capillary microcirculation has been established. The complex effect is realized through independent and synchronous influence on PI3K/Akt signaling cascades and NO-synthase, providing modulation of vascular tone.

Synergy has also been confirmed in combination with ferulic acid and vitamin C, where an enhancement of antioxidant activity and protection of epidermal cells from photoaging is observed. Combined inhibition of metalloproteinases in the skin and stabilization of the collagen matrix have a tissue-specific orientation.

In combination with L-carnitine and coenzyme Q10, potentiation of mitochondrial activity and a decrease in oxidative damage to membrane structures have been recorded. The mechanism includes protection of mitochondrial DNA and activation of endogenous detoxification enzymes.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Camellia sinensis

Camellia sinensis is one of the most widespread and culturally significant plants used in traditional medical and ritual practices for more than two thousand years. The first written mentions of its use date back to the Shang Dynasty (about the 13th century BC) in China, where the plant was valued as a drink of spiritual and physical vigor. Later, in classical medical treatises, including the "Shennong Bencao Jing," its properties were described in the context of cleansing the body and strengthening the spirit.

In Chinese folk medicine, the leaves of the plant were traditionally used not only in the form of decoctions, but also as poultices, compresses, and as part of tinctures for rubbing in cases of excessive internal heat. In the Tibetan medical system, it was believed that drinks and potions based on Camellia sinensis harmonize the energies of wind and bile, promote internal warming, and clarity of consciousness.

In India, the leaves of the plant were used in the Ayurvedic tradition as a means of strengthening prana and improving digestion. In South Indian practices, the use of a decoction of tea leaves for ablutions is found, especially for ritual purposes related to purification after illnesses.

In Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand, Burma, and Laos, traditional healers (moh lam and mo ya) used Camellia sinensis in the form of warm compresses on joints, wraps of steamed leaves, and additives to oil infusions. In the northern provinces of Thailand, smoking dried leaves was also practiced as a way to relieve fatigue and increase concentration.

In Japanese culture, tea leaves, in addition to the "chanoyu" (tea ceremony), were associated with the purification of the spirit, and were used in the form of baths and ablutions before entering a temple or conducting meditation. In folk tradition, Camellia sinensis was considered a plant of light, dispelling illusions and awakening clarity of mind.

In the Caucasus, in the regions of Abkhazia and Adjara, a decoction of leaves was used by women in the form of washes and rubdowns after childbirth. In Slavic folk healing, mentions of the use of Camellia sinensis raw material as an additive to decoctions for washing have been recorded; it was believed that this returns strength and removes the evil eye. In non-medical contexts, Camellia sinensis leaves were part of incense, amulets, and cleansing fumigations in Chinese, Tibetan, and Japanese rituals. In Japanese Shintoism, the smoke from tea leaves was considered purifying and was often used in temple ceremonies.