​Pulmonaria officinalis

Pulmonaria officinalis

Product Name: медуница лекарственная, Pulmonaria officinalis, Echtes Lungenkraut, Pulmonaria, Pulmonaire officinale, نبات الرئة, ปูลโมนาเรีย ออฟฟิซินาลิส

Synonyms: медуница, медуница настоящая, медуница пятнистая, легочница, легочная трава, lungwort, spotted lungwort, Jerusalem sage, Echtes Lungenkraut, Lungenkraut, hierba pulmonaria, pulmón de María, pulmonaire, herbe aux poumons, عشبة الرئة, عشب الرئة المنقط, ปูลโมนาเรีย, สมุนไพรรักษาปอด

Main indications for use of Pulmonaria officinalis: Acute and chronic bronchitis, catarrhal tracheitis, bronchiectasis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, pneumonia in the convalescence phase, obstructive bronchitis, chronic tonsillitis, atrophic gastritis, gastric ulcer disease, erosive gastroduodenitis, mild iron-deficiency anemia, intestinal dysbiosis, oral mycoses, urolithiasis, acute cystitis, interstitial nephritis.

Use of Pulmonaria officinalis in mixtures and complexes: Adenoviral infection, influenza, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension, tuberculous pleurisy, recurrent pneumonia, inflammation of the tonsils, anemias of various origins, gastritis with reduced secretion, colitis, atopic dermatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis.

Pharmacological properties of Pulmonaria officinalis: Expectorant, astringent, enveloping, emollient, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulating, wound-healing, hemostatic, diuretic, mild antispasmodic, sedative, antiseptic.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Pulmonaria officinalis

Powder — Pulmonaria officinalis

Indications (Powder): Acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, tracheitis, laryngitis, catarrhal pharyngitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, gastric ulcer disease, iron-deficiency anemia, oral mycosis, intestinal dysbiosis, urolithiasis, cystitis.

Standard Dosage (Powder): Adults: 1 gram of powder 3 times a day after meals, washed down with warm water or mixed in honey. Course — 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 2 grams 3 times a day for acute respiratory infections, recurrent bronchitis, ulcer disease with complications, pronounced iron-deficiency anemia. Duration of course — up to 10 days.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): No more than 3 grams per dose and no more than 9 grams per day. Used for pulmonary tuberculosis, obstructive inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree. Course no more than 5 consecutive days.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.5 grams once a day for 20 days every 2 months. Recommended for chronic bronchitis, vegetative-vascular dystonia, ulcer disease outside exacerbation, frequent colds, iron deficiency in elderly patients.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): Permissible from 6 years of age with body weight from 20 kg. Dosage — 0.2–0.3 grams of powder 2 times a day. Children 6–12 years old weighing up to 35 kg — no more than 0.5 grams per day. Only under pediatric supervision.

Contraindications (Powder): Individual intolerance, acute inflammatory liver diseases, exacerbation of ulcer disease, active form of gastritis. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation and childhood under 6 years are not scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): Cases of nausea, diarrhea, increased flatulence have been registered in scientific literature when the dose exceeds 3 g per day.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): Patients with body weight less than 60 kg — reduce the dose by 25% of the standard. Patients with body weight over 90 kg — increase the dose by 25%, without exceeding the maximum permissible norms.

Preparation Method (Powder): To prepare 100 grams of powder, 100 grams of dried above-ground part of the plant (leaves and flowers), collected in the flowering phase, are required. The plant raw material is ground by the knife method to a coarse powder state, then brought to a fine-dispersed state in a mortar or mill. Sifted through a sieve with a mesh diameter of no more than 0.5 mm. The raw material must be dried at a temperature not exceeding 40 degrees Celsius in the shade with good ventilation. Packaged in a hermetic paper or glass container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a dark, dry, well-ventilated place at a temperature from 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, away from sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 12 months. After opening the package, use within 30 days. Protect from moisture and direct sunlight.

Dry Extract — Pulmonaria officinalis

Indications (Dry Extract): Chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, gastritis with reduced acidity, ulcer disease, anemia, chronic cystitis, inflammatory kidney diseases.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 200 mg of extract 2–3 times a day, orally, 30 minutes before meals. Duration of course — 10–15 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): Up to 400 mg of extract 3 times a day for exacerbation of chronic inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, moderate iron-deficiency anemia, concomitant malabsorption syndrome. Course — no more than 7 days.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): Daily dose should not exceed 1500 mg of extract. Used only for severe forms of bronchial obstruction or prolonged inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract under specialist supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 100 mg once a day for 20 days. Prophylaxis for chronic gastroenterological and bronchopulmonary pathologies, tendency to anemia, in the autumn-winter period. Recommended for elderly patients and persons with weakened immunity.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): Permitted from 8 years of age with body weight from 25 kg. Recommended dosage — 50–100 mg 1–2 times a day, only after consultation with a doctor.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Hypersensitivity, pronounced renal insufficiency, ulcer in the exacerbation phase. There are no scientifically reliable data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation and use in children under 8 years of age.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): Allergic reactions (skin itching, rashes), dyspeptic phenomena in case of overdose are rarely possible. Isolated cases of drowsiness have been recorded.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): Patients with weight less than 60 kg — 75% of the standard dosage. Patients over 90 kg — an increase to 125% of the standard dosage is possible, without exceeding the maximum.

Preparation Method (Dry Extract): To obtain 100 grams of dry extract, 500 grams of the ground above-ground part of the plant are taken. Pour 2 liters of 40% water-alcohol solution. Infuse for 48 hours at a temperature of 25–30 °C, stirring periodically. After infusion, the mixture is filtered, the liquid is evaporated in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C to the thickness of syrup, then dried in a drying cabinet at a temperature of 40–45 °C until a dry mass is obtained. The finished extract is ground to a homogeneous powder.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in a hermetic jar of dark glass or dense paper packaging, in a dry and cool place, at a temperature of 15–25 °C, protected from light and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 18 months. After opening — no more than 60 days.

Alcohol Tincture — Pulmonaria officinalis

Indications (Alcohol Tincture): Catarrhal and hypertrophic pharyngitis, acute tracheobronchitis, chronic bronchitis, inflammatory stomach diseases, iron-deficiency anemia, pulmonary infections in the remission phase.

Standard Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): 20 drops (approximately 1 ml) 3 times a day, dissolving in 50 ml of water, 30 minutes before meals. Duration of course — 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): 30 drops 3 times a day for acute pharyngitis, tracheitis, pronounced iron-deficiency anemia, inflammation of the gastric mucosa. Duration — no more than 7 days.

Maximum Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): Up to 40 drops 3 times a day under conditions of short-term therapy (up to 5 days) for persistent inflammation of the upper respiratory tract with purulent discharge. Exceeding the dose may cause toxic symptoms from the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system.

Preventive Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): 15 drops once a day for 20 days. Prophylaxis for weakened immunity, frequent acute respiratory viral infections, in the off-season. Especially recommended for smoking patients, elderly people and those who have had bronchopulmonary infections.

Pediatric Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): Permitted from 12 years of age. Maximum — 10 drops 2 times a day, diluted with water. Only under medical supervision. Not recommended for children under 12 years of age due to ethanol content.

Contraindications (Alcohol Tincture): Liver diseases, alcoholism, epilepsy, pregnancy, lactation period, age under 12 years. Caution in arterial hypotension. There are no reliable data on complete safety in children and pregnant women.

Side Effects (Alcohol Tincture): In case of overdose, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, nausea, rare allergic reactions (mainly skin) are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Alcohol Tincture): Body weight less than 60 kg — reduction of dosage by 25%. Body weight more than 90 kg — an increase in dosage to 30 drops per dose is possible, without exceeding the maximum.

Preparation Method (Alcohol Tincture): To prepare 100 ml of tincture, 20 grams of dry herb of Pulmonaria officinalis are used. The plant raw material is poured with 100 ml of 70% ethanol. Infused in a tightly closed glass container in a dark place at room temperature (18–22 °C) for 10 days with daily shaking. After infusion, filtered through gauze, stored in dark glass containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Alcohol Tincture): Store in a dark cool place at a temperature from 10 to 25 °C, away from direct sunlight and EMR sources. Shelf life — up to 3 years. After opening the bottle, use within 60 days.

Oil Infusion — Pulmonaria officinalis

Indications (Oil Infusion): Atopic dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, skin irritation, cracks, first-degree burns, dry skin, skin inflammations in children, perianal itching, prevention of scarring.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Applied externally in a thin layer 2 times a day to pre-cleaned skin. Course — up to 10 days for acute inflammations, up to 30 days for chronic conditions.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Up to 4 times a day for pronounced inflammatory skin lesions, eczematous foci, cracks. Suitable for use under an occlusive dressing. Duration — up to 7 days.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): No more than 6 applications within 24 hours. Used for extensive skin lesions (more than 30% of the surface), burns, pronounced dryness or itching. Course — no more than 5 days, then transition to the standard regimen.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): 1 time a day at night for 14 days for the prevention of skin irritation, with a tendency to cracks, in the autumn-winter period. Recommended for elderly people, children, patients with hyperkeratosis, sensitive skin.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): Permitted from 3 years of age. Apply no more than 1 time a day. With body weight up to 20 kg — the application area is no more than 5% of the skin surface. Avoid contact with eyes and mucous membranes.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Individual sensitivity to components. Do not apply to open wounds and mucous membranes. There are no scientifically reliable data on use in pregnant and breastfeeding women registered.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Local allergic reactions are rarely possible — itching, redness, burning sensation. With prolonged use on large areas — skin maceration.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): For patients with body weight below 60 kg — application volume no more than 1 ml per single application. Patients over 90 kg — an increase in dosage to 3 ml at a time is possible.

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion): To prepare 100 ml of infusion, it is necessary to take 20 grams of the dry above-ground part of Pulmonaria officinalis and pour 100 ml of organic cold-pressed oil (olive, grape seed or sesame). Infuse in a glass container under a lid in a warm place at a temperature of 35–40 °C for 7 days. Shake 2 times a day. Upon completion, filter the infusion through cloth and store in a dark bottle.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in a tightly corked bottle of dark glass at a temperature from 10 to 20 °C, away from sunlight and EMR. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Cream — Pulmonaria officinalis

Indications (Cream): Atopic dermatitis, eczema in the remission phase, dry seborrhea, skin irritation, cracks in the corners of the lips, weathered skin of the face and hands, contact dermatitis.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply in a thin layer 2 times a day to affected skin areas after cleansing. Use in a course from 7 to 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): Up to 3–4 applications per day for acute itching, peeling, hyperkeratosis, allergic dermatitis. Recommended in combination with a dressing. Course — no more than 7 days.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): No more than 5 applications per day. Used short-term for pronounced hyperemia, cracks, peeling and itching. Course — up to 5 days.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): 1 time a day at night, for 10–20 days. Prevention of irritation and dehydration of the skin in people working in cold or dry conditions, in elderly patients, as well as in the autumn-winter period.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): From 3 years of age, apply 1 time a day. In children under 7 years of age — no more than 0.5 g of cream per area no more than 3% of body surface. Avoid use on the face and mucous membranes.

Contraindications (Cream): Hypersensitivity to components. Do not apply to open wounds and weeping dermatoses. There are no reliable data on safety during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Cream): Local allergic reactions (itching, redness, burning sensation). When the frequency of application is exceeded — skin maceration, reversible dermatitis.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cream): Patients weighing less than 60 kg — no more than 1 g of cream per single application. With weight over 90 kg — an increase in dose to 3 g per application is possible while maintaining the overall frequency.

Preparation Method (Cream): To prepare 100 grams of cream: oil infusion of Pulmonaria officinalis — 25 grams; distilled water — 50 grams; beeswax — 10 grams; lecithin-based emulsifier — 5 grams; glycerin — 5 grams; citric acid — 0.3 grams. Melt the wax in a water bath, add the oil infusion, emulsifier and glycerin, heat to 65 °C. In a separate container, heat the water to 60 °C, dissolve the citric acid. Combine both phases, slowly whipping. Cool, package in a tube or jar.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store in hermetic packaging at a temperature from 5 to 20 °C, away from light and EMR. Shelf life — 90 days. After opening — use within 20 days.

Ointment — Pulmonaria officinalis

Indications (Ointment): Chronic dermatoses, psoriasis, hyperkeratosis, trophic ulcers in the healing stage, anal fissures, dry eczemas, herpetic skin lesions in the recovery period.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply 2 times a day in a thin layer to the affected area without rubbing. Duration of use — up to 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): 3–4 times a day in the presence of intense peeling, cracks, hyperkeratosis, resistant dermatoses. A dressing may be applied. Course — 7–10 days.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): No more than 5 applications per day. Permissible for 3–5 days for pronounced inflammations, psoriatic plaques or exacerbation of dry eczema.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): 1 time a day to areas with increased risk of cracks, dryness or recurrences of inflammation. Course — 10 days monthly. Recommended for chronic dermatoses, diabetes mellitus, diseases with microcirculation impairment.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): Use is permissible from 5 years of age. No more than 1 application per day to a limited area (up to 5% of body surface). Avoid use in weeping processes.

Contraindications (Ointment): Hypersensitivity, acute purulent skin lesions, weeping eczemas. There are no reliable data on use in pregnant and breastfeeding women.

Side Effects (Ointment): Local allergic reaction, dermatitis with prolonged use. In rare cases — contact eczema.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ointment): Patients with body weight less than 60 kg — no more than 1.5 grams of ointment per application. Over 90 kg — up to 3 grams of ointment per single application, without exceeding the frequency.

Preparation Method (Ointment): To prepare 100 grams of ointment: oil infusion of Pulmonaria officinalis — 30 grams; natural petroleum jelly or badger fat — 50 grams; lanolin — 15 grams; propolis (finely grated) — 5 grams. Melt the fat and lanolin in a water bath, add the infusion and propolis. Maintain the temperature at 50–55 °C with continuous stirring for 30 minutes. Strain through gauze, cool, package in sterile containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store at a temperature from 5 to 15 °C, in a dark place, in a tightly closed container. Avoid exposure to EMR. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening — use within 30 days.

Paste — Pulmonaria officinalis

Indications (Paste): Seborrheic dermatitis, juvenile acne, rosacea, pustular eruptions, pyoderma, skin irritation after shaving, pustular foci on the scalp, folliculitis.

Standard Dosage (Paste): Apply 1–2 times a day to affected skin areas, pointwise or in a thin layer. Course — 7–10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Paste): Up to 3 applications per day for pronounced pustular process or inflammation with oily seborrhea. Use under an airtight dressing at night is possible. Duration — 5–7 days.

Maximum Dosage (Paste): Up to 4 applications per day, no more than 10% of skin area. Used for 3 days in cases of multiple acne, inflammatory folliculitis, severe seborrheic lesion of the forehead and cheekbones.

Preventive Dosage (Paste): 1 time a day at night for 7–10 days, for oily skin with a tendency to inflammation, in adolescence, in hot weather or in case of violation of personal hygiene regimen. Especially recommended for patients with hyperandrogenism, increased sweating, frequent acne recurrences.

Pediatric Dosage (Paste): Permissible from 10 years of age, with body weight not less than 30 kg. Apply 1 time a day pointwise to inflammation elements. Do not use on more than 5% of body surface.

Contraindications (Paste): Hypersensitivity to components. Do not apply to weeping surfaces, open wounds and mucous membranes. There are no registered data on safety in pregnant and breastfeeding women.

Side Effects (Paste): Local irritation, peeling, burning sensation. In rare cases — contact dermatitis with prolonged use.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Paste): Patients with body weight less than 60 kg — reduce the application area and frequency to 1 time a day. Over 90 kg — application to a larger area (up to 15%) is possible while maintaining frequency up to 2 times a day.

Preparation Method (Paste): To prepare 100 grams of paste: dry extract of Pulmonaria officinalis — 10 grams; zinc oxide — 20 grams; white clay (kaolin) — 30 grams; oil infusion of Pulmonaria — 25 grams; distilled water — 15 grams. The dry components are thoroughly triturated in a porcelain mortar, gradually adding the oil infusion, then water. Mix until a thick homogeneous mass is obtained. Store in a tube or glass jar.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Paste): Store in a cool place (5–15 °C), protected from light and moisture. Shelf life — 3 months. After opening — use within 20 days.

Salve — Pulmonaria officinalis

Indications (Salve): Superficial skin cracks, irritation on elbows and heels, peeling in psoriasis, dry dermatoses, cuticle inflammation, angular cheilitis, prevention of infection of micro-wounds.

Standard Dosage (Salve): Apply 2 times a day, preferably in the morning and before sleep, to clean skin. Without a dressing. Course — 7–10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Salve): Up to 4 times a day in the presence of deep cracks, pronounced peeling or soreness. Can be used under a dressing. Duration — up to 5 days.

Maximum Dosage (Salve): 5–6 applications within 24 hours to a limited area (up to 10 cm²). Used for pronounced inflammatory reactions and cracks in the high-load zone. Course — no more than 3 days.

Preventive Dosage (Salve): 1 time a day in the evening to areas with a predisposition to dryness or irritation. Prophylaxis in persons working under aggressive factors (cold, wind, water), with diabetic foot, chronic dermatoses. Course — 10 days monthly.

Pediatric Dosage (Salve): From 3 years of age. Once a day pointwise. Use is limited in area to 3% of body surface. Avoid application to the face and mucous membranes.

Contraindications (Salve): Individual intolerance, weeping dermatoses. Data on safety during pregnancy and lactation are insufficient. Do not use on open wounds.

Side Effects (Salve): Rarely — redness, itching, burning at the application site. With prolonged use, pore clogging and local rash are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Salve): With body weight less than 60 kg — application volume up to 1 gram. With weight over 90 kg — an increase to 3 grams per application is allowed, while maintaining frequency 2 times a day.

Preparation Method (Salve): To prepare 100 grams of salve: oil infusion of Pulmonaria officinalis — 40 grams; beeswax — 20 grams; shea butter (karite) — 20 grams; propolis — 10 grams; anhydrous lanolin — 10 grams. Melt the wax and karite in a water bath, add propolis, infusion and lanolin. Maintain the temperature at 55 °C with continuous stirring until homogeneous. Pour into jars, cool, close hermetically.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Salve): Store at a temperature of 5–18 °C in a dark, dry place, away from EMR sources. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening — 30 days.

Lotion — Pulmonaria officinalis

Indications (Lotion): Seborrheic dermatitis, acne, inflammations of the scalp, itching and peeling, folliculitis, irritation after shaving, hyperhidrosis, post-acne hyperpigmentation.

Standard Dosage (Lotion): Apply to the skin with a cotton pad 2 times a day — morning and evening. Course — 10–14 days. Do not rinse off.

Enhanced Dosage (Lotion): Up to 3–4 applications per day for inflammations of the scalp, pronounced folliculitis, intense itching or peeling. Use pointwise or on limited areas. Course — up to 5 days.

Maximum Dosage (Lotion): Up to 5 applications per day in the acute period of irritation or hypersecretion of sebaceous glands. Only with short-term use — no more than 3 consecutive days.

Preventive Dosage (Lotion): 1 time a day at night. Duration — up to 20 days. Prevention of exacerbations of seborrhea, acne, irritation of the scalp with frequent use of headwear or protective masks.

Pediatric Dosage (Lotion): Permitted from 10 years of age. Once a day, course up to 7 days. External use only, avoid areas near the eyes and mucous membranes.

Contraindications (Lotion): Hypersensitivity to components. Do not use in the presence of open wounds, exudate or pustules with destructive phenomena. Scientific data on use during pregnancy and lactation are insufficient.

Side Effects (Lotion): Rare cases of skin irritation, tingling sensation, short-term feeling of tightness, peeling.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Lotion): Patients with weight less than 60 kg — reduce frequency to 1 time a day. Patients over 90 kg — application to extended areas is possible while maintaining the overall frequency of use.

Preparation Method (Lotion): To prepare 100 ml: aqueous infusion of Pulmonaria officinalis (1:10) — 50 ml; alcohol tincture of Pulmonaria (1:5) — 20 ml; lavender hydrolate — 25 ml; vegetable glycerin — 5 ml. All components are combined in a dark glass container, thoroughly mixed. The mixture is infused for 24 hours in the refrigerator, then ready for use.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Lotion): Store at a temperature of 5–10 °C, in a dark tightly corked container. Shelf life — 30 days. After opening — use within 15 days.

Solution — Pulmonaria officinalis

Indications (Solution): Rinsing for pharyngitis, laryngitis, gingivitis, stomatitis, inflammation of the tonsils, tonsillitis, ulcerative-necrotic lesions of the oral mucosa, local baths for skin cracks and erosions, wound washing.

Standard Dosage (Solution): For rinsing — 10 ml of solution per 100 ml of warm water, 3 times a day after meals. For baths — undiluted solution 15–20 ml per 1 procedure. Course — 5–10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Solution): Rinsing 4–5 times a day, baths and applications — up to 3 times a day for pronounced inflammation and soreness. Course — up to 7 days.

Maximum Dosage (Solution): Up to 6 rinsings and 4 baths per day, with a volume of up to 20 ml per procedure. Permissible for severe inflammations of mucous membranes and focal purulent processes, short-term (no more than 3 days).

Preventive Dosage (Solution): Rinsing 1 time a day, course — 7–14 days. Used for predisposition to chronic tonsillitis, gingivitis, frequent acute respiratory viral infections. Recommended for patients after operations in the oral cavity area.

Pediatric Dosage (Solution): Permissible from 6 years of age. Rinsing — 5 ml of solution per 50 ml of warm water, 2 times a day. Only under adult supervision. Do not swallow. External use is possible from 3 years of age.

Contraindications (Solution): Hypersensitivity. Do not use for pronounced erosion of mucous membranes with bleeding. Data on contraindications in pregnant and breastfeeding women are absent.

Side Effects (Solution): Rare reactions are possible — feeling of dryness, tingling, slight burning of the mucosa. When swallowed in high doses — nausea.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Solution): With weight less than 60 kg — use smaller volumes (5 ml of solution per 100 ml of water). With weight more than 90 kg — the dose can be increased by 25% for rinsing or application to large skin areas.

Preparation Method (Solution): For 100 ml of solution: aqueous infusion (1:10) of Pulmonaria officinalis — 80 ml; 20% ethanol — 15 ml; potassium sorbate — 0.1 grams; distilled water — up to 100 ml. The infusion is prepared from 10 grams of dry raw material, pouring 100 ml of boiling water, infusing for 30 minutes in a water bath, then filtering. Add ethanol, potassium sorbate, bring to volume with water. Store in hermetic containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Solution): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 5–8 °C, in a dark glass bottle. Shelf life — up to 30 days. After opening — use within 10 days.

Cosmetic Cream — Pulmonaria officinalis

Indications (Cosmetic Cream): Sensitive and irritated skin, couperose, fine wrinkles, photoaging, post-acne, inflammations in oily skin, prevention of loss of firmness, skin recovery after sun exposure.

Standard Dosage (Cosmetic Cream): Apply 2 times a day — morning and evening, to cleansed skin of the face, neck, décolleté area. Suitable for daily use. Course — from 21 to 30 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cosmetic Cream): Up to 3 applications per day for pronounced irritation, dryness, stress load on the skin, after sunburn, during peelings. Course — up to 10 days.

Maximum Dosage (Cosmetic Cream): No more than 4 times a day, only short-term — 2–3 days, for pronounced hyperemia and loss of skin turgor. After stabilization — transition to the standard regimen.

Preventive Dosage (Cosmetic Cream): 1 time a day (in the evening) for 2 weeks. Prevention of photoaging, skin aging, couperose, acne exacerbations. Suitable for persons living in regions with high insolation or polluted air.

Pediatric Dosage (Cosmetic Cream): Use in childhood is not recommended due to lack of research. If necessary — from 12 years of age, 1 time a day, to a limited skin area.

Contraindications (Cosmetic Cream): Hypersensitivity to components. Do not use for weeping inflammations, open wounds. There are no scientific data on safety during pregnancy and during breastfeeding.

Side Effects (Cosmetic Cream): Local reactions: redness, slight tingling, feeling of tightness, allergic rashes (rarely). Stop after discontinuation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cosmetic Cream): Not required, since the form is applied externally and dosed by application area.

Preparation Method (Cosmetic Cream): For 100 grams: water-glycerin extract of Pulmonaria — 15 grams; jojoba oil — 10 grams; rose hydrolate — 30 grams; emulsifying wax (vegetable) — 7 grams; vitamin E — 0.5 grams; distilled water — up to 100 grams. Dissolve the emulsifier in a water bath, add oils and extract. In another container, heat the aqueous phase. Combine at 60 °C, whip until homogeneous. Add vitamin E to the cooled mass. Pour into sterile jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cosmetic Cream): Store at a temperature from 5 to 10 °C, in hermetic dark glass containers. Shelf life — 45 days. After opening — use within 20 days.

Cosmetic Serum — Pulmonaria officinalis

Indications (Cosmetic Serum): Couperose, redness and inflammation of the skin, post-acne, hypersensitivity, loss of firmness, dehydration, irritation from cosmetic procedures, recovery after chemical peelings.

Standard Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Apply 1–2 times a day, 1–2 drops to cleansed skin of the face and neck, before applying cream. Course — from 14 to 28 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Up to 3 times a day for 5–7 days for active inflammations, after sunburn, mechanical facial cleansing, irritation from scrubs or acid procedures.

Maximum Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): No more than 4 times a day, no more than 5 drops per single application. Used for pronounced erythema, itching, vascular network. Duration of use — up to 3 consecutive days.

Preventive Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): 1 time a day in the evening. Course — 10 days every 2 months. Recommended for tendency to skin irritation, for prevention of photoaging, loss of elasticity, seasonal peeling.

Pediatric Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Not used in childhood. Permissible from 14 years of age in case of acne, 1 time a day, no more than 1 drop per inflamed area.

Contraindications (Cosmetic Serum): Hypersensitivity to plant extracts. Do not use for acute pustular skin lesions. Data on safety during pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Cosmetic Serum): Rare reactions: slight tingling, burning, itching. In case of individual intolerance — development of contact dermatitis.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cosmetic Serum): Not required, since the serum is applied locally and dosed by drops.

Preparation Method (Cosmetic Serum): To prepare 100 ml: water-glycerin extract of Pulmonaria — 20 ml; hyaluronic acid (1% gel) — 5 ml; witch hazel hydrolate — 30 ml; D-panthenol — 2 ml; plant-derived preservatives (e.g., Geogard Ultra) — 1 gram; distilled water — up to 100 ml. The components are mixed in a sterile container at a temperature not exceeding 30 °C. The finished serum is poured into bottles with a pipette. Before use, keep for 12 hours in the refrigerator.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cosmetic Serum): Store at a temperature of 5–10 °C in a hermetic dark glass bottle. Shelf life — 45 days. After opening — use within 21 days. Store away from light and heat.

Toxicity and biosafety of Pulmonaria officinalis

Pulmonaria officinalis demonstrates a high biosafety profile with traditional routes of use (oral, external) in therapeutic doses. According to available preclinical data, extracts of Pulmonaria officinalis do not exhibit cytotoxic or carcinogenic effects under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Specific toxicity by the LD₅₀ indicator (lethal dose for 50% of experimental animals) for dry aqueous and alcohol extracts of the plant in laboratory animals has not been recorded when administered in doses up to 5000 mg/kg body weight orally, which corresponds to the criterion of "practically non-toxic substance" according to the Hodge and Sterner classification.

Studies of the phytochemical composition indicate the absence of alkaloids and glycosides with known acute toxic activity. Also, no negative effect on hematological parameters, liver and kidney function in animals was revealed with long-term intake in therapeutic and subtoxic doses. External use in the form of ointments, creams and lotions based on aqueous and oil extracts does not cause skin irritation and sensitization, confirmed in tests on sensitive skin of volunteers.

The plant does not have teratogenic, embryotoxic or mutagenic effects. However, due to the lack of targeted studies confirming safety during pregnancy, lactation and in pediatrics under 3 years of age, use in these groups should be carried out with caution.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Pharmacodynamics — Pulmonaria officinalis

Pulmonaria officinalis demonstrates a wide spectrum of pharmacodynamic activity due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), triterpene saponins, mucilage, tannins and silicon compounds. These components interact with various physiological systems of the body, exerting both local and systemic biological effects.

At the level of the immune system, a modulating effect of plant polyphenols and saponins is observed, manifested through stimulation of phagocytic activity of macrophages and modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α. This effect is partially realized through inhibition of the transcription factor NF-κB, involved in the initiation of the inflammatory cascade. Some components of lungwort demonstrate similarity in pharmacological activity to known natural immunomodulators, supporting nonspecific cellular immunity.

The mucous polysaccharides present in lungwort cause a pronounced enveloping and protective effect on epithelial tissues. These compounds create a semi-permeable biofilm that reduces the irritating effect of exogenous factors and supports the regeneration of mucous membranes. At the biochemical level, they contribute to the restoration of intercellular connections, protect membranes and inhibit the activity of proteolytic enzymes.

The flavonoids of lungwort, especially quercetin and its derivatives, have the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation and restore the activity of antioxidant enzymes — superoxide dismutase and catalase. Thus, the antioxidant effect is realized, important for stabilizing cell membranes and preventing oxidative stress. In addition, they affect the expression of genes regulating phase II detoxification in the liver.

In the area of the central and autonomic nervous system, weak sedative and anxiolytic effects have been identified, due to the interaction of some phenolic components with GABA receptors, as well as regulation of the activity of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). These effects may be realized at the level of the limbic system, exerting a mild stabilizing influence on the emotional state.

In the skin, lungwort preparations exhibit keratoplastic and anti-inflammatory properties, especially under conditions of local application. Tannins and silicon compounds interact with epidermal proteins, forming strong complexes that promote accelerated tissue healing, reduced exudation and normalization of the skin barrier. Due to moderate antiseptic activity, inhibition of the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms is observed in areas of inflammation.

On the part of the gastrointestinal tract, activity is noted that is associated with suppression of inflammatory reactions of the mucosa and stimulation of mucus secretion in the stomach and intestines. Mucilages and polyphenols reduce the aggression of proteolytic enzymes, creating a protective layer on the surface of the epithelium. Polyphenolic compounds also regulate gastrointestinal motility through a moderate effect on muscarinic receptors and smooth muscle tone.

At the systemic level, Pulmonaria officinalis exhibits a complex anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, membrane-stabilizing, mildly sedative and reparative effect. This is realized through multiple biochemical targets: cytokine receptors, enzymes of redox cascades, epithelial barrier proteins and neuroreceptors. Biopharmacological effects are maintained both with systemic and local application.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://link.springer.com/arti...
https://www.semanticscholar.or...

Pharmacokinetics — Pulmonaria officinalis

The pharmacokinetic features of Pulmonaria officinalis are determined mainly by the natural groups of compounds included in its chemical composition, as well as by the medicinal forms used: powder, dry and alcohol extract, oil infusion, aqueous solutions and forms for external use.

With oral intake of extracts and powder, the active substances — mainly polyphenols, flavonoids and triterpenoids — undergo partial absorption in the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Water-soluble fractions, such as mucilages and water-soluble polysaccharides, are poorly absorbed systemically and act mainly locally on the gastrointestinal mucosa. Flavonoids and organic acids undergo an active process of absorption in the small intestine with the participation of transport proteins and enzymatic transformation, including hydrolysis and conjugation phases.

Lipophilic components present in oil forms and alcohol extracts penetrate through enterocytes into the lymphatic system and further into the systemic circulation. Most of these substances undergo primary metabolism in the liver, including oxidation, glucuronidation and sulfation phases. Enzyme systems of cytochrome P450 actively participate in this process. Some polyphenols are partially metabolized by the microflora of the colon, forming active metabolites with a modulating effect.

The distribution of active substances occurs mainly in organs with developed microcirculation: liver, kidneys, lungs, mucous membranes and skin. With systemic exposure, substances have the ability to accumulate in the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract, which explains the prolonged local effect. The mucilages included in aqueous infusions are practically not absorbed and exert a protective effect exclusively at the sites of direct contact with tissues.

The transdermal route (when using ointments, creams, salves) provides limited penetration of active components through the stratum corneum of the epidermis. In this case, the effect is manifested mainly locally, due to stabilization of the epidermal barrier, antioxidant protection of cell membranes and suppression of local pro-inflammatory mediators. The participation of the liver and kidneys in the metabolism of transdermally delivered substances is minimal. The volume of penetration increases with skin damage or the use of occlusive dressings.

Most metabolites are excreted by the kidneys in the form of water-soluble compounds with urine. An insignificant part — with bile and further through the intestine. Salts of silicon compounds and undigested polysaccharides are excreted through the intestine unchanged. Peripheral accumulation in tissues is not pronounced, which reduces the risk of cumulation with prolonged use.

Thus, the pharmacokinetics of Pulmonaria officinalis is characterized by local activity of water-soluble fractions, systemic metabolism of flavonoids and lipophilic substances, metabolic transformation in the liver, participation of microflora in biotransformation and a predominantly renal route of excretion.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://link.springer.com/arti...
https://www.semanticscholar.or...

Mechanisms of action and scientific rationale — Pulmonaria officinalis

Механизмы действия медуницы лекарственной формируются на основе совокупного The mechanisms of action of Pulmonaria officinalis are formed on the basis of the combined effect of biologically active substances, among which flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), polyphenolic acids (including chlorogenic, rosmarinic), silicon compounds, mucilages, saponins and tannins predominate. It has been established that flavonoids influence the activity of enzyme systems, including suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (5-LOX), which leads to a decrease in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Such inhibition contributes to the weakening of the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including interleukins IL-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), which is realized mainly through blockade of nuclear factor NF-κB.

References: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Saponins and tannins present in the plant exhibit a modifying effect on cell membranes and intercellular interactions. These compounds stabilize capillary permeability, strengthen the connective tissue structure of vascular walls and suppress enzymatic degradation of the extracellular matrix by interacting with metalloproteinases. Antioxidant activity is realized through a direct neutralizing effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and restoration of the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase. At the same time, a decrease in lipid peroxidation and protection of phospholipid structures of cell membranes are observed.

References: https://link.springer.com/arti...; https://www.semanticscholar.or...

The mucilages contained in aqueous forms of lungwort form a protective biofilm on the surface of mucous membranes. This film prevents the action of irritating agents, reduces mechanical and chemical damage to the epithelium and promotes the restoration of intercellular connections. At the cellular level, this is realized through inhibition of mast cell degranulation and a decrease in the expression of inflammation markers on the epithelial surface, including ICAM-1.

References: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Flavonoids and phenolic acids interact with endothelial and immune system cells, in particular with macrophages and neutrophils, suppressing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting the activation of NADPH oxidase. This leads to a decrease in the production of superoxide anion and secondary nitrogen metabolites, thereby reducing tissue damage. There are indications of the ability of some components of lungwort to indirectly influence the MAPK and JAK/STAT signaling cascades, which enhances their regulatory effect on cell proliferation, apoptosis and restoration of barrier function.

References: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S094471131730305X; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7929917/

With external application, the active substances of lungwort exhibit a mild keratolytic, reparative and antiseptic effect. Polyphenols suppress the activity of bacterial enzymes and disrupt the synthesis of bacterial proteins through inhibition of DNA gyrase. Silicon compounds participate in collagen synthesis and restoration of the epidermal structure, stimulating keratinocyte division and skin cell differentiation. Such mechanisms ensure accelerated restoration of damaged areas while maintaining normal tissue architectonics.

References: https://www.tandfonline.com/do...; https://www.worldscientific.co...

Synergy — Pulmonaria officinalis

The pharmacological synergy of Pulmonaria officinalis with other plant and natural substances has been confirmed in a number of preclinical and laboratory studies. Synergistic interactions are most clearly manifested when lungwort is combined with plants containing flavonoids, saponins and mucous polysaccharides, as well as with adaptogens and antiseptic agents of plant origin. The predominant forms of synergy are potentiation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action, enhancement of local reparative activity, modulation of the immune response and barrier function of mucous membranes.

The combination of Pulmonaria officinalis with other flavonoid-rich plants, such as Plantago major and Tilia cordata, demonstrates an additive and potentiating effect with respect to suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity, reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1β, TNF-α) and activation of antioxidant enzyme cascades. The joint action on the transcription factor NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 MAPK contributes to a more pronounced inhibition of inflammatory reactions at both systemic and local levels.

References: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...; https://link.springer.com/arti...

The synergy between lungwort and plants rich in mucous substances (for example, Althaea officinalis, Malva sylvestris) is realized at the level of epithelial protection of mucous membranes. The polysaccharide complex of these plants forms an enhanced barrier effect due to additional production of mucin and enhanced expression of protective proteins of intercellular contacts, such as claudins and occludins. This provides a prolonged enveloping effect and a decrease in tissue sensitivity to the action of aggressive factors.

References: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...; https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

In combination with adaptogenic plants such as Eleutherococcus senticosus or Rhodiola rosea, Pulmonaria officinalis demonstrates a modulating influence on the parameters of the nonspecific immune response and stress reactivity. These interactions are tissue-specific in nature, aimed at restoring cellular resistance to oxidative and inflammatory stress and are accompanied by normalization of cortisol levels, Hsp70 expression and NK cell activity. Such synergy is protective and systemic in nature.

References: https://www.semanticscholar.or...; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

With local application of lungwort with antiseptic and keratoplastic agents such as essential oils (Melaleuca alternifolia, Lavandula angustifolia) and extracts of Calendula officinalis, potentiation of the antibacterial and wound-healing effect is observed. Such combinations provide synchronous suppression of microbial colonization (through inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase) and enhancement of epidermal regeneration due to stimulation of fibronectin and type I collagen synthesis.

References: https://www.worldscientific.co...; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Thus, the synergy of Pulmonaria officinalis with various natural compounds can be additive, potentiating or modulating in nature, covering a wide range of targets — from inflammatory cascades and immune regulation to cellular repair and protection of skin integuments. These data are confirmed experimentally and form the basis for the development of multi-purpose phytocomplexes.

Geography of Application and Traditional Medicine — Pulmonaria officinalis

Pulmonaria officinalis is traditionally used in folk medicine of a number of European and Eurasian regions, primarily in Central and Eastern Europe. The deepest and most stable tradition of using this plant is traced in the culture of Slavic peoples — Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Poles, as well as Czechs, Slovaks and Hungarians. The plant is found in the forest and forest-steppe zones of Europe, as well as in the Caucasus and the European part of Russia, which contributed to its wide distribution as a wild medicinal remedy.

In Slavic folk healing, lungwort was part of home preparations used mainly in the form of decoctions, infusions and powders. Juice was squeezed from fresh herb, which in a number of traditions was used externally — to soften and protect the skin. Steam wrapping with the addition of crushed plant was also practiced, especially in bathhouses or after bath procedures. Among Russian and Belarusian herbalists, the plant was considered "warm" and "calming" and was often combined with linden, plantain and mint in herbal preparations. In folk symbolism, it was associated with lungs and breathing, for which it received the name "legochnitsa" or "grass for breathing."

In the Hungarian and Czech tradition, the plant was used mainly in warm infusions, sometimes also used as compresses or in the form of rinses. Among Western Slavic and Balkan peoples, lungwort was regarded as a "women's herb," used also in rites associated with cleansing of space and body, especially in spring. In some regions of Slovakia and the Carpathians, there was a belief that the plant is collected only before dawn, "while the forest breath has not exhaled."

In the German herbal tradition, reflected in collections of the 15th–16th centuries, Pulmonaria officinalis appeared under the name "Echtes Lungenkraut" and was included in the list of plants recommended by Benedictine monks as part of "pulmonary" mixtures. In sources from Swabia and Thuringia, the plant is mentioned as part of phytocompositions used in preparations for wound healing and skin soothing. It was also used in the form of ointments and compresses based on extracts in oil or milk.

In the British Isles during the Tudor era, lungwort appeared in the so-called "doctrine of signatures," according to which the appearance of the plant indicated its medicinal purpose. The spotted leaves symbolized affected lung tissue, which cemented the plant's reputation as a "herb for breathing."

In non-medical practices, lungwort was used as a protective plant. Among the Slavs, it was placed at the head of the sick or hung in bundles in barns and attics, where "one should not walk heavily." In some regions, the plant was added to sachets for drying clothes or bed linen — it was believed that it drives away "damp disease" and "fog in the chest." In some regions of the Carpathians, lungwort was part of smoking preparations for cleansing the house of "unhealthy spirit" after illness.

Information on the use of lungwort in Eastern medicine, including Tibetan, Chinese or Thai traditions, is absent. Its use in ritual and medical systems of Africa, Southeast Asia and Central America has also not been recorded. Thus, the geography of traditional use of Pulmonaria officinalis is mainly limited to European regions with strong phytotherapeutic traditions.