Vernonia Cinerea (Little Ironweed / Purple Fleabane)

Vernonia Cinerea (Little Ironweed / Purple Fleabane)

Product Name: Вернония серая, Vernonia cinerea, Graue Vernonie, Vernonia gris, Vernonie grise, فرنونيا رمادية, เวอโนเนีย สีเทา, Kulrang Vernoniya, Сары вернония, Bozvernonya, Вернония хокистарранг, Pilkoji vernonija, Pelēkā vernonija, Вернонія сіра, Bozvernonya, ורנוניה אפורה

Synonyms: вернония, железняк серый, пепельная вернония, little ironweed, purple fleabane, ash-coloured vernonia, graue Eisenkraut, hierba de hierro, vernonie cendrée, فرنونيا رمادية, หญ้าหวานบ้าน, หนาด, หนาดใหญ่, หญ้าเหงือกปลาหมอ, หนาดเล็ก, หนาดขาว, หนาดขม

Used Parts: leaves, stems, inflorescences, roots, seeds, flowering tops, aerial part, flowering tops.

Main Indications for Use of Vernonia cinerea: Bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive bronchitis, nicotine dependence, functional dyspepsia, hyperglycemia, irritable bowel syndrome, gingivitis, stomatitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, oral candidiasis, parasitic infestations, fever of unclear origin, hyperthermia, bacterial dermatoses.

Use of Vernonia cinerea in Mixtures and Complexes: Gastric ulcer, gastritis with low acidity, viral hepatitis, diabetic retinopathy, hypertension, thrombophlebitis, cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis, chronic endometritis, allergic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, moderate acne.

Pharmacological Properties of Vernonia cinerea: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, immunomodulating, hepatoprotective, antihyperglycemic, bronchodilatory, expectorant, sedative, antipyretic, insecticidal, anthelmintic, fungicidal, nicotine-counteracting, spasmolytic, antibacterial, analgesic.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Vernonia cinerea

Powder — Vernonia cinerea

Indications (Powder): Bronchial asthma, nicotine dependence, chronic obstructive bronchitis, pharyngitis, hyperglycemia, oral candidiasis, parasitic infestations, bacterial dermatoses, fever of unclear origin.

Standard Dosage (Powder): Orally, 1 gram of powder 2 times a day, with warm water, after meals. Course of at least 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 1.5 grams of powder 2 times a day for: nicotine dependence with pronounced withdrawal syndrome, chronic obstructive bronchitis with bronchospasm, and parasitic infestations with systemic manifestations.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): No more than 2 grams of powder 3 times a day, permissible for no more than 5 days, for severe nicotine dependence, acute respiratory diseases with hyperthermia, and helminthiasis with intoxication.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.5 grams once a day in the morning, on an empty stomach. Recommended for patients with chronic bronchopulmonary diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, and mild metabolic syndrome. Course — 14 days, repeat every 2 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): For children from 8 years of age and weighing at least 25 kilograms — 0.25 grams once a day after meals. Only under the supervision of a pediatrician. Use in children under 8 years has not been scientifically registered.

Contraindications (Powder): Gastric and duodenal ulcer in the exacerbation stage, pregnancy, lactation. Data on contraindications in children under 8 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): When exceeding the dose — headache, dry mouth, diarrhea, transient insomnia. Side effects have been recorded in clinical observations at doses above 6 grams per day.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight below 60 kilograms — do not exceed 1 gram per day. For body weight over 90 kilograms, an increase in dose to 1.5 grams 2 times a day is possible under specialist supervision.

Preparation Method (Powder): Raw material: flowering tops of the plant. Collection — during the full flowering phase. Dry at a temperature of 40–45 degrees Celsius in the shade, in a ventilated room. After complete drying, the raw material is ground to a powder state. For 100 grams of powder, about 450 grams of fresh raw material are required. Sift through a sieve with a 0.5 millimeter mesh. Package in an airtight glass container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a dark, dry place at a temperature of 10 to 25 degrees Celsius, away from sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 12 months. After opening, use within 30 days, tightly closing the container after each use.

Dry Extract — Vernonia cinerea

Indications (Dry Extract): Nicotine dependence, hyperglycemia, bronchial asthma, oral candidiasis, pharyngitis, bacterial dermatoses, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic obstructive bronchitis.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 250 milligrams of dry extract 2 times a day, orally 30 minutes before meals, with warm water. Course — 14–21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 400 milligrams 2 times a day for: severe nicotine dependence, pronounced hyperglycemia, recurrent pharyngitis complicated by oral candidiasis.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): Up to 500 milligrams 3 times a day is possible in a hospital setting or under specialist supervision. Indications — acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive bronchitis, generalized bacterial dermatoses, ulcerative stomatitis.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 100 milligrams once a day on an empty stomach for 10 days. Indicated for persons with chronic laryngitis, mild forms of hyperglycemia, and in the remission phase of chronic bronchitis. Repeat the course every 3 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): From 12 years of age and weighing at least 40 kilograms — 100 milligrams once a day after meals. Use in children under 12 years has not been clinically confirmed and is not recommended.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Acute gastritis, severe forms of hypotension, individual intolerance to components. Safety data during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years have not been registered.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): Rarely — dizziness, bitter taste in the mouth, increased stool frequency, lowering of blood pressure. Observed when exceeding doses above 1500 milligrams per day.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight less than 50 kilograms — no more than 200 milligrams per day. For body weight more than 90 kilograms, an increase in dose to 500 milligrams 2 times a day is possible in the absence of side effects.

Preparation Method (Dry Extract): Ingredients: flowering tops of the plant — 500 grams, purified water — 2 liters. Boil the raw material in water over low heat for 1 hour. Cool, strain. Evaporate the liquid at a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius to a viscous extract state, then dry in a drying chamber at a temperature of 50–55 degrees until a dry mass is formed. Grind the resulting mass into powder, sift, package. Yield from 500 grams of raw material — about 100 grams of dry extract.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in a tightly closed dark glass jar, at a temperature of 15–25 degrees Celsius, in a dry room, protected from light and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 18 months. After opening — use within 60 days.

Tincture — Vernonia cinerea

Indications (Tincture): Nicotine dependence, bronchial asthma, chronic pharyngitis, stomatitis, bacterial dermatoses, fever of unclear origin, parasitic infestations.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 15 drops in 50 milliliters of water 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals. Course duration — 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 20 drops 3 times a day for pronounced inflammatory component, nicotine dependence in the withdrawal stage, and acute infectious-inflammatory diseases of the pharynx and oral cavity.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): Up to 25 drops 4 times a day is possible for 3 days for purulent-inflammatory processes of the mucous membranes, systemic parasitic infestations, and recurrent stomatitis.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10 drops once a day on an empty stomach, diluted in water. Used in a 7-day course quarterly for a tendency to frequent respiratory infections, chronic tonsillitis, and inflammatory skin diseases.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): Not recommended for children under 14 years due to ethyl alcohol content. Use is possible only as prescribed by a physician, taking into account the risk and benefit. Dosage is individual.

Contraindications (Tincture): Alcoholism, epilepsy, liver diseases, severe forms of arterial hypotension. Not recommended during pregnancy and lactation. Scientific data on use in children under 14 years have not been registered.

Side Effects (Tincture): Burning sensations in the stomach, dizziness, palpitations, sweating. Recorded in case of overdose or individual hypersensitivity.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight up to 50 kilograms — no more than 10 drops per dose. For body weight above 80 kilograms, adjustment to 25 drops is possible with good tolerability.

Preparation Method (Tincture): Ingredients: flowering tops of the plant — 25 grams, 70% ethyl alcohol — 100 milliliters. Pour alcohol over the raw material, infuse in dark glass for 10 days at a temperature of 18–22 degrees Celsius, shaking daily. Upon completion of infusion — strain through fabric, squeeze. Pour the finished tincture into dark glass vials.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in a tightly closed dark glass vial, in a cool, dark place at a temperature of 10 to 20 degrees Celsius. Shelf life — up to 3 years. After opening — use within 90 days.

Oil Infusion — Vernonia cinerea

Indications (Oil Infusion): Bacterial dermatoses, seborrheic dermatitis, moderate acne, trophic ulcers, fungal skin infections, pruritic dermatoses, inflammation of the external auditory canal.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally, apply a thin layer to the affected skin areas 2 times a day. Course of use — 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Apply 3 times a day to pre-cleansed skin for: dermatomycoses, chronic seborrheic dermatitis, furunculosis, and purulent bacterial skin infections.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Application up to 5 times a day on limited areas (no more than 10% of the body surface) is permitted for purulent trophic ulcers, chronic eczema, and lichenoid reactions.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): Apply once a day to areas of increased risk of inflammation (e.g., nasolabial triangle, postauricular folds) for 7 days. Indications — tendency to acne, seborrhea, and during remission of chronic dermatitis. Repeat once a month.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): External use is permitted in children from 5 years of age, with a body weight of at least 20 kilograms. Apply once a day to small skin areas for no more than 3 days. Do not use in children under 5 years.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Individual sensitivity to components, acute purulent processes with systemic intoxication, allergic contact dermatitis in history. Scientific safety data during pregnancy and in pediatrics under 5 years have not been registered.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Rarely: contact hyperemia, burning, peeling, urticaria. Observed with prolonged use and when exceeding the recommended frequency of application.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required for external use, provided less than 15% of the skin area is treated. In children — reduction of application frequency to once a day.

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion): Ingredients: ground dry flowering tops — 20 grams, cold-pressed coconut oil — 100 grams. Pour the oil over the raw material in a heat-resistant glass container, heat in a water bath to a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius and keep for 3 hours. Cool, filter through sterile gauze, squeeze the cake. Pour the finished infusion into a dark glass container. Do not add preservatives.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 8 to 15 degrees Celsius. Avoid exposure to direct light and heat. Shield from electromagnetic fields. Shelf life — up to 6 months. After opening — use within 30 days.

Nasal Drops — Vernonia cinerea

Indications (Nasal Drops): Acute rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, nasal congestion, nasal mucosal dryness, recurrent sinusitis, inflammation of the paranasal sinuses.

Standard Dosage (Nasal Drops): 2 drops in each nasal passage 3 times a day. Use no more than 7 days in a row.

Enhanced Dosage (Nasal Drops): 3 drops in each nasal passage 4 times a day for: rhinosinusitis with pronounced edema, chronic vasomotor rhinitis, and postoperative conditions of the nasal mucosa (in the rehabilitation phase).

Maximum Dosage (Nasal Drops): 4 drops 5 times a day for 3 days is permissible only under specialist supervision for severe nasal congestion, narrowing of the nasal passages, and acute inflammations of the paranasal sinuses.

Preventive Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1 drop in each nasal passage once a day for 5 days, once a month. Indications: tendency to allergic rhinitis, frequent colds, chronic rhinopharyngitis. Especially recommended during the flowering season.

Pediatric Dosage (Nasal Drops): From 6 years — 1 drop in each nasal passage 2 times a day for no more than 5 days. Only under specialist supervision. Use in children under 6 years is not recommended due to the risk of mucosal irritation.

Contraindications (Nasal Drops): History of nasal bleeding, hypersensitivity to components, deviated nasal septum with obstruction. Scientific data on use during pregnancy, lactation, and under 6 years have not been registered.

Side Effects (Nasal Drops): Rarely — burning, sneezing, a feeling of dryness in the nose. Isolated cases of mucosal irritation in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required for local use, but in children and persons with a body weight of less than 40 kilograms, the dosage should not exceed 2 drops at a time.

Preparation Method (Nasal Drops): Ingredients: fresh leaves — 50 grams, distilled water — 100 milliliters. Wash the leaves, grind, squeeze the juice through sterile gauze. Mix the resulting juice with distilled water in a 1:1 ratio, mix thoroughly. Boil for 2 minutes in a water bath, cool. Pour into a sterile dropper bottle.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Nasal Drops): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4 to 8 degrees Celsius, in a light-protected place. Shield from sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — no more than 10 days. After opening — use within 3 days.

Ear Drops — Vernonia cinerea

Indications (Ear Drops): Acute external otitis, eczema of the auditory canal, itching of the auricle, candidiasis of the external ear, bacterial inflammation of the external auditory canal, cerumen plug (for softening).

Standard Dosage (Ear Drops): 2 drops into the external auditory canal 2 times a day. Course — 5–7 days. The ear is preliminarily cleaned with a sterile napkin.

Enhanced Dosage (Ear Drops): 3 drops 3 times a day for pronounced inflammation, itching, and fungal infection of the external auditory canal accompanied by peeling.

Maximum Dosage (Ear Drops): Up to 4 drops 4 times a day for 3 days is permissible for purulent-candidal otitis, dense cerumen plugs, and chronic external otitis in the exacerbation phase.

Preventive Dosage (Ear Drops): 1 drop in the ear once a day for 3 days, after contact with contaminated water (swimming, showering outside the home), for a tendency to recurrent otitis, and microtraumas of the auditory canal. Repeat the preventive course — once a month.

Pediatric Dosage (Ear Drops): Permitted from 6 years of age with a weight of at least 20 kilograms. 1 drop in each auditory canal once a day for 3 days in a row. Use in children under 6 years is not recommended.

Contraindications (Ear Drops): Perforation of the tympanic membrane, presence of purulent discharge, allergy to plant preparations. Safety data for pregnant women, nursing mothers, and children under 6 years are absent.

Side Effects (Ear Drops): Irritation, itching, short-term increased ear congestion. Side effects were noted when using more than 4 drops at a time or when sterility was not observed.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight less than 40 kilograms — do not exceed 1–2 drops per dose. For body weight over 90 kilograms, the dosage does not change due to the local nature of the action.

Preparation Method (Ear Drops): Ingredients: fresh leaves of the plant — 30 grams, cold-pressed coconut oil — 50 grams. Grind the leaves, mix with the oil, keep in a water bath at a temperature of 50 degrees Celsius for 3 hours. Cool, strain through sterile gauze. Add 0.5 grams of natural beeswax for stabilization. Mix until homogeneous. Pour into a sterile dropper bottle.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ear Drops): Store at a temperature of 8 to 15 degrees Celsius, away from light sources, in a tightly closed container. Shelf life — up to 30 days. After opening, use within 5 days.

Cream — Vernonia cinerea

Indications (Cream): Bacterial dermatoses, seborrheic dermatitis, moderate acne, contact dermatitis, neurodermatitis, inflammatory skin processes, pruritic rashes, chronic eczema.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply a thin layer to the affected skin area 2 times a day, morning and evening. Course duration — 7–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): Apply 3 times a day to areas of pronounced inflammation, peeling, and weeping, for recurrent acne and acute bacterial skin inflammation.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): Up to 4 applications per day is permissible for exacerbation of chronic eczema, dyshidrosis of the hands, and inflammatory psoriasis of limited areas. Do not use on an area of more than 10% of the skin surface.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Once a day before bedtime on areas prone to inflammation and itching: the face, elbow bends, and neck. Course — 5 days per month. Indicated for patients with sensitive skin prone to irritation, and adolescents with mild seborrhea.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): Permitted in children from 3 years of age, with a body weight of at least 15 kilograms. Apply no more than once a day, for 3–5 days, on small skin areas not exceeding 5 centimeters in area.

Contraindications (Cream): Allergy to plant components, acute weeping dermatoses with pus, dermatitis of undetermined nature. Scientific data on use in pregnant women and during lactation are absent. Not used in children under 3 years.

Side Effects (Cream): Rare cases: burning, erythema, peeling. Registered with use for more than 14 days in a row without a break.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required for external use on limited areas. In children — reduction of the volume of application and the area of exposure.

Preparation Method (Cream): Ingredients: dry vernonia extract — 5 grams, coconut oil — 30 grams, beeswax — 10 grams, purified water — 55 grams. Melt the oil and wax in a water bath at a temperature of 65 degrees Celsius. In a separate container, dissolve the dry extract in warm water. Combine the aqueous phase with the oil phase with constant stirring until an emulsion is formed. Cool to room temperature, stirring. Package in a sterile jar.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store in a tightly closed frosted glass container, at a temperature of 8 to 15 degrees Celsius, in a dark place, protected from EMI. Shelf life — up to 60 days. After opening — use within 14 days.

Ointment — Vernonia cinerea

Indications (Ointment): Furunculosis, trophic ulcers, chronic dermatitis with hyperkeratosis, bacterial skin inflammations, foot mycoses, heel fissures, pustular skin lesions.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply a thin layer to the affected skin 2 times a day — morning and evening. Course of use — from 5 to 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): Up to 3 times a day with the application of a loose bandage. Indications: trophic ulcers, infected fissures, subacute furunculosis, and mycoses complicated by bacterial flora.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): 4 applications per day on localized areas (up to 5% of the body surface) is permissible for 3 days for purulent skin inflammations, infected ulcers, and deep fissures.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): Once a day at night, in a 5-day course per month, on areas of increased risk: heels, interdigital spaces, elbows. Indicated for patients with chronic hyperkeratosis, diabetic foot (without ulcers), and a history of fungal infections.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): From 5 years of age, with a weight of at least 20 kilograms. Apply no more than once a day on an area of no more than 3 square centimeters. Course — up to 3 days. Not used on open wounds.

Contraindications (Ointment): Deep wounds with profuse purulent discharge, allergy to plant components. The safety of use during pregnancy, lactation, and in pediatrics under 5 years has not been scientifically established.

Side Effects (Ointment): Local irritation, itching, hyperemia, peeling. Registered with prolonged use of more than 14 days without breaks.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required for external use. In children and persons with a weight of less than 40 kilograms — reduce the application area and frequency of use.

Preparation Method (Ointment): Ingredients: dry vernonia extract — 10 grams, coconut oil — 30 grams, anhydrous lanolin — 30 grams, beeswax — 30 grams. Melt the oil, wax, and lanolin in a water bath at a temperature of 60–65 degrees Celsius. Add the extract, mix thoroughly until a homogeneous mass is obtained. Cool to 35 degrees, pour into sterile containers. Do not add preservatives.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store at a temperature of 8–15 degrees Celsius, in a dry, dark room, protected from sources of EMI. Shelf life — up to 90 days. After opening — use within 14 days.

Cosmetic Product — Vernonia cinerea

Indications (Cosmetic Product): Acne, oily seborrhea, enlarged pores, inflammatory elements on the skin of the face and neck, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, dull complexion, increased sebum secretion.

Standard Dosage (Cosmetic Product): Apply to pre-cleansed facial skin once a day at night. Do not rinse. Course of use — 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cosmetic Product): 2 times a day (morning and evening), in the presence of active inflammatory elements, increased skin shine, and irritation from other cosmetic products.

Maximum Dosage (Cosmetic Product): 3 times a day, spotwise, on areas with pustules or hyperpigmentation. Permissible for no more than 5 days in a row, then switch to the standard regimen.

Preventive Dosage (Cosmetic Product): Apply once every 2 days in the evening in a 14-day course. Recommended for persons with combination or oily skin, adolescents in puberty, and patients with seasonal exacerbations of acne.

Pediatric Dosage (Cosmetic Product): From 12 years of age, in the presence of signs of juvenile acne. Apply once a day, spotwise, on no more than 3 areas of the face. Course — 7 days.

Contraindications (Cosmetic Product): Individual intolerance, dry skin type, tendency to eczema. Scientific safety data for use during pregnancy and in children under 12 years have not been identified.

Side Effects (Cosmetic Product): Mild burning, peeling, erythema. In rare cases — increased inflammatory elements in the first days of use (skin cleansing reaction).

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required. Focus on skin type, localization of rashes, and epidermal sensitivity.

Preparation Method (Cosmetic Product): Ingredients: dry vernonia extract — 5 grams, lavender hydrolate — 30 grams, aloe vera gel — 20 grams, coconut oil — 10 grams, emulsifier lecithin — 5 grams, distilled water — 30 grams. Heat the aqueous and oil phases to 60 degrees Celsius. Combine with constant stirring, then add the hydrolate and aloe vera gel. Introduce the dry extract in the form of a solution. Cool, mix thoroughly until a creamy consistency is obtained. Pour into a sterile dispenser bottle.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cosmetic Product): Store at a temperature of 5–10 degrees Celsius, in the refrigerator, away from light and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 30 days. After opening — use within 14 days.

Serum — Vernonia cinerea

Indications (Serum): Inflammatory forms of acne, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, enlarged pores, oily skin shine, congestive spots, skin rashes of hormonal origin.

Standard Dosage (Serum): Apply to cleansed skin once a day, in a thin layer, over the entire area of inflammation. Course — 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): 2 times a day for active inflammatory elements and a tendency to rapid recurrence. Permissible for 7 days with a transition to the standard dose.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): 3 times a day — spot application to areas of pronounced inflammation, inflammatory foci of hormonal etiology, and recurrent rashes in the chin area and T-zone. Maximum duration of use — 3 days.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): Once every 3 days on cleansed facial skin. Recommended for patients with recurrent acne, hyperactivity of the sebaceous glands, and hormonal imbalance. Course — 10 applications.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): From 12 years of age, in the presence of juvenile acne. Only spotwise and no more than once a day, no more than 5 days in a row. Not recommended to apply to the entire face.

Contraindications (Serum): Allergic reaction to the composition, atopic dermatitis, excessive skin dryness. No scientific data on use under 12 years of age, as well as during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Serum): Skin dryness, tightness, temporary increase in rashes (cleansing effect). Isolated reactions in the form of itching and hyperemia are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required. Assessment of the volume of application is carried out based on the area of application and skin reaction.

Preparation Method (Serum): Ingredients: dry vernonia extract — 2 grams, distilled water — 40 grams, chamomile hydrolate — 20 grams, vegetable glycerin — 15 grams, aloe vera juice — 20 grams, preservative (e.g., benzyl alcohol) — 0.5 grams. Mix the aqueous phase: distilled water, hydrolate, and aloe juice. Dissolve the dry extract in it, add glycerin and preservative, mix. Package in a sterile dispenser bottle.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): Store at a temperature of 5–8 degrees Celsius, in the refrigerator, in a dark bottle. Shield from electromagnetic sources. Shelf life — 30 days. After opening — use within 10 days.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Vernonia cinerea

Data from toxicological studies of Vernonia cinerea indicate a high biological safety of the plant when used in therapeutic dosages. In experimental models of acute toxicity, it was established that aqueous and alcoholic extracts did not cause deaths or pronounced toxic reactions in laboratory animals.

In a study on mice, it was established that with oral administration of the aqueous extract, the LD₅₀ exceeds 5000 mg/kg of body weight, which is classified as a practically non-toxic substance according to the Hodge and Sterner toxicity scale. The absence of behavioral changes, organ pathologies, and deviations in biochemical markers was also observed in animals receiving the extract for 14 days.

Additional data on subchronic toxicity show that with long-term use of Vernonia cinerea at dosages up to 1000 mg/kg for 90 days in rats, no histopathological changes were observed in the liver, kidneys, heart, spleen, and lungs. Levels of hepatic and renal enzymes remained within the physiological norm.

Thus, Vernonia cinerea demonstrates a high biosafety profile and absence of cumulative toxicity when therapeutic dosages are observed.

Reference (LD₅₀ study): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Pharmacodynamics — Vernonia cinerea

The pharmacodynamic properties of Vernonia cinerea are due to a wide range of biologically active substances, including flavonoids (in particular, luteolin, apigenin), triterpenoids, sesquiterpene lactones (in particular, vernonolide), polyacetylenes, alkaloids, and tannins. At the systemic level, the plant demonstrates activity against the central and peripheral nervous system, the immune system, skin receptors and mucous membranes, as well as a mediated effect on metabolism and antioxidant defense.

One of the main pharmacological effects is anti-inflammatory action, realized through suppression of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a decrease in the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). This leads to a reduction in local and systemic inflammatory response. Sesquiterpenes of Vernonia cinerea are able to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and suppress the proliferation of inflammatory cells, which has also been confirmed in vitro in macrophage cultures.

Antioxidant action is due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds that ensure the neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation processes. The active substances of the plant increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, contributing to the maintenance of redox homeostasis at the cellular level. This action is realized mainly systemically, involving the tissues of the liver, skin, and vascular wall.

On the nervous system, Vernonia cinerea has a moderately pronounced sedative effect. Studies have shown that plant extracts affect GABAergic neurotransmission, increasing the expression of GABA-A receptors in the hippocampus and reducing behavioral indicators of excitation. This confirms involvement in the regulation of central nervous system activity and possible normalization of neurovegetative balance.

At the level of the gastrointestinal tract, spasmolytic and secretory-regulating effects are observed. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the plant demonstrate a reduction in the amplitude of spontaneous contractions of smooth muscles, which is associated with the calcium-blocking activity of flavonoids. An effect on serotonin and acetylcholine receptors in the enteric nervous system has also been described.

The immunomodulating effect of Vernonia cinerea is manifested in the stimulation of the cellular immune response, increased phagocytic activity of macrophages, and normalization of the ratio of T-helpers and T-suppressors. The effect on interleukin production and activation of Toll-like receptors indicates a modulating effect both in conditions of hyporeactivity and hyperactivity of the immune system.

Antimicrobial activity is explained by the presence of vernonolides and polyacetylenes that act on the bacterial cell wall and disrupt its permeability. Pronounced inhibition of the growth of gram-positive bacteria (including strains of Staphylococcus aureus), as well as antifungal activity against yeast fungi, has been demonstrated. These effects are predominantly local and are realized upon direct contact of the drug with the infected tissue.

Antiproliferative activity of some isolated flavonoids of the plant has also been identified. In particular, apigenin and its glycosides induce apoptosis in cells with high mitotic activity through a caspase-dependent pathway and activation of the p53 signaling cascade. This is confirmed by studies on cell culture in vitro and requires further study with respect to pharmacological targets.

The systemic mechanism of action of Vernonia cinerea is distinguished by its multicomponent nature, where several classes of substances act synergistically. Some components act as enzyme inhibitors, others as modulators of cellular receptors and mediators. Such multi-link pharmacodynamics explains the wide range of physiological effects of the plant.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.tci-thaijo.org/ind...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21401352

Pharmacokinetics — Vernonia cinerea

Data on the pharmacokinetics of Vernonia cinerea in strict quantitative terms are limited; however, generalized information on groups of active substances and forms of administration allows the characterization of the main stages of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of components of this taxon. The most studied are preparations in the form of powder, aqueous and alcoholic extracts, as well as external and transdermal products containing flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, and polyphenols.

With oral administration of powders and extracts of Vernonia cinerea, the main absorption of active substances occurs in the upper parts of the small intestine. Flavonoids and phenolic acids are partially destroyed in the stomach under the action of the acidic environment; however, a significant part of them is absorbed in the form of aglycones or glycosides that undergo hydrolysis by intestinal microflora enzymes. Alcohol tinctures have increased permeability due to the solubility of lipophilic components, in particular terpenes and alkaloids, which contributes to their faster resorption and systemic distribution.

After absorption, active substances are distributed mainly in highly perfused tissues — the liver, kidneys, lungs, and skin. Some polyphenols and sesquiterpenes show a moderate tendency to accumulate in tissues with high lipid content. With external use (creams, ointments, infusions), the main penetration is limited to the stratum corneum of the epidermis; however, the presence of essential oils and emulsifiers can enhance transdermal transport, especially in conditions of inflamed or damaged skin.

Metabolism of Vernonia cinerea components is carried out in the liver with the participation of cytochrome P450 enzymes, with the formation of conjugates — glucuronides and sulfates, characteristic of flavonoid compounds. For polyacetylenes and terpenes, oxidation phases and subsequent binding to amino acids are possible. The possible participation of intestinal microflora in the biotransformation of glycosides to active aglycones, which subsequently undergo systemic circulation, is noted.

Excretion occurs primarily through the kidneys in the form of water-soluble metabolites. Partial excretion with bile is also possible, especially for large lipophilic molecules. A small part of volatile components may be excreted through the lungs, especially with inhalation or intranasal use. External forms are excreted with sweat and sebum, while systemic absorption is minimal and does not exert a significant load on the excretory organs.

In summary, it can be stated that the pharmacokinetic behavior of the active substances of Vernonia cinerea corresponds to the profile of plant compounds with moderate bioavailability, active hepatic metabolism, and renal-biliary excretion. The combined action of water-soluble and lipophilic components provides multicomponent and prolonged activity under conditions of repeated intake and course use.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11418-012-0662-1
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2221169115300593
https://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jbc/article/view/205632

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Vernonia cinerea

The pharmacological action of Vernonia cinerea is due to many biologically active compounds, including flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin), sesquiterpene lactones (in particular, vernonolide), polyacetylenes, tannins, triterpenes, and sterols. One of the key mechanisms confirmed in experimental models is the inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cascade through suppression of the enzymatic activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (LOX), which leads to a decrease in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. This interaction is realized at the level of macrophages and neutrophils, ensuring a reduction in cellular infiltration and edema.

References: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...; https://www.tci-thaijo.org/ind...

The antioxidant mechanism of action is due to the ability of phenolic compounds to neutralize free radicals and suppress lipid peroxidation. Plant components activate antioxidant defense enzyme systems, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, due to which cell membranes are stabilized and oxidative damage to proteins and DNA is reduced. Additionally, flavonoids inhibit the activation of the NF-κB signaling cascade, which is responsible for the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21401352; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4090010

The sedative effect of Vernonia cinerea is associated with modulation of GABAergic neurotransmission. It has been shown that plant extracts enhance GABA binding to postsynaptic GABA-A receptors, which leads to a decrease in neuronal excitability. The involvement of α2-adrenergic receptors and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors, which contribute to the anxiolytic and sedative effect, has also been described. These interactions have been confirmed both in behavioral models and in studies on neuronal cultures.

Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Immunomodulating action is realized through the regulation of cytokine expression and activation of phagocytic cells. Extracts of Vernonia cinerea enhance the production of interleukins IL-2 and IFN-γ while reducing IL-10, indicating an enhancement of the Th1-mediated immune response. An increase in the expression of surface molecules CD69 and CD25 on T-lymphocytes is also observed, reflecting their activation. In addition, plant polyphenols affect the activity of Toll-like receptors, participating in innate immune defense.

Reference: https://www.tci-thaijo.org/ind...

The antimicrobial action of sesquiterpenes and polyacetylenes is associated with disruption of the integrity of the cell membrane of microorganisms and inhibition of protein synthesis in bacteria and fungi. In vitro studies have confirmed the destruction of bacterial membranes due to disruption of the lipid phase, as well as inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase activity. Local action is manifested upon direct contact with infected tissue, where a rapid decrease in microbial load is observed.

References: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6780422

In summary, the mechanisms of action of Vernonia cinerea include interaction with receptors and enzymes of inflammation, antioxidant and immune regulation, as well as direct antimicrobial and neuromodulatory effects. The biochemical activity of the taxon components is confirmed by experimental data, and their combined action determines the multi-level pharmacological activity of the plant.

Synergy — Vernonia cinerea

Pharmacological synergy of Vernonia cinerea with other medicinal plants and active substances has been confirmed in a number of in vitro and in vivo studies, reflecting the potentiating, additive, and modulating nature of interactions. The most studied direction is the enhancement of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity when used together with flavonoid-containing plants such as Andrographis paniculata and Curcuma longa. It was established that the combined effect of extracts of these plants and Vernonia cinerea leads to a synergistic reduction in the production of cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and the expression of COX-2 and iNOS enzymes, which indicates interaction at the level of NF-κB and MAPK signaling cascades.

Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Antioxidant activity of Vernonia cinerea is enhanced when combined with plants rich in polyphenols, such as Camellia sinensis (green tea), due to the additive effect on superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes. The mechanism suggests a combined enhancement of redox homeostasis and stabilization of cell membranes under conditions of oxidative stress. In addition, synergism with antioxidant vitamins (in particular, vitamin E and ascorbic acid) manifests in the form of mutual potentiation of antioxidant activity, which has been demonstrated in models of liver and neuronal tissue damage.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Immunomodulating effects of Vernonia cinerea are enhanced when combined with plants containing saponins and polysaccharides, including Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera. Combined use of these extracts contributes to increased phagocytic activity of macrophages and increased expression of CD69 and CD25 markers on the surface of T-lymphocytes, indicating an enhancement of the Th1 response. The proposed mechanism of synergy is associated with joint activation of Toll-like receptors and the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.

Reference: https://www.tci-thaijo.org/ind...

Antimicrobial properties of Vernonia cinerea are enhanced in combination with essential oils (Ocimum sanctum, Cymbopogon citratus), due to the destruction of lipid components of pathogen membranes and increased permeability of the bacterial cell wall. Studies have shown potentiation of action with combined therapy with phenolic acids, indicating modulation of the activity of bacterial enzymes and inactivation of nucleic acids. This synergism is manifested both at the level of bacterial cells and in the structures of biofilms.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Sedative and anxiolytic effects of Vernonia cinerea can be potentiated when combined with plants containing substances that activate GABA receptors — in particular, Valeriana officinalis and Passiflora incarnata. Studies have revealed an additive increase in sleep time and a decrease in motor activity in animals, due to joint activation of GABA receptors and suppression of dopaminergic system activity. This interaction is also accompanied by a decrease in corticosteroid levels and a decrease in hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Thus, Vernonia cinerea demonstrates proven synergism with various phytocomponents and biomolecules, affecting inflammatory, antioxidant, immune, microbiological, and neurochemical regulatory links. This determines the prospects for its use in multicomponent compositions with targeted or complex action.

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Vernonia cinerea

Vernonia cinerea is traditionally used in the medical, food, and ritual practices of Southeast Asia, South Asia, and parts of East Africa. The most active and systematic use is recorded in the traditional medicine of Thailand, India, Laos, Cambodia, Burma, as well as in the folk healing practices of some regions of China, Malaysia, and the Philippines. It is mentioned in the South Indian Ayurvedic school as a plant with a "cooling" nature, used for internal hot conditions, including for cleansing "from toxins." In Thai traditional medicine, it is known as "หนาด" (nad) and is included in decoctions, smoking mixtures, and external applications. In northern Thailand, it was used in ritual bath mixtures (yaa-sang) for cleansing the body and energy, as well as one of the components of protective fumigation (fuming herbs), used to expel "bad wind" (lom rai).

In Indian tradition, the plant is known as Sahadevi, and in Ayurvedic treatises it is mentioned as cleansing, softening, and light in nature. It was added to infusions used for rinsing the oral cavity, compresses and applications were made on the skin, and ground powder was sprinkled on the bodies of infants after birth. In village practices of Central India, leaves were rubbed into a paste and applied to the body for "cooling the blood" or in cases of bodily conflicts, "so as not to bring anger." Some ethnographic records note the use of plant juice for drops in the ears or nose for inflammations and "spiritual overload."

In Cambodia and Laos, Vernonia cinerea was used in the form of decoctions and infusions of leaves, which were consumed as a cleansing remedy for women after childbirth. In Burmese practices, the plant was part of mixtures used to rub the body for pain, especially in the abdomen and chest area. In Vietnamese village medicine, steam inhalations with the addition of the plant were used for "cleansing the head" and relieving internal tension.

In West African ritual practices of some peoples, the plant was considered a plant of purification and renewal. It could be used as a smoking agent or a component of fumigation in rituals of expelling evil spirits and for protecting the home from diseases. Leaves were hung in dwellings after the death of a family member as part of the ritual of completing the mourning cycle.

In the ritual practice of some Thai village communities, a decoction of the plant was used for ablutions of infants, accompanied by mantras and fumigations, to protect the child from evil influence (phii). In combination with other bitter herbs, Vernonia cinerea was used in "bitter balms" used to rub the body to expel painful energy. In the northern provinces of Thailand, the plant was often used as a smoking agent for ritual or therapeutic purposes, believing that its smoke strengthens inner strength (khwan), helps free from addiction, and allows restoring control over the mind.

Thus, Vernonia cinerea occupies a stable place in the ethnomedical systems of South and Southeast Asia, and is also found in African and island traditions, acting as a medicinal, cleansing, and protective plant.