Mammea siamensis

Mammea siamensis

Product Name: Маммея сиамская, Mammea siamensis, Siam-Mammea, mammea siamesa, mamée siamoise, ماميا سيامنسيس, สารภีดอย, Маммея сиам, Маммея сиам, Маммея сиам, Маммея сиам, Маммея сиам, Маммея сиам, Маммея сиам, Маммея сиам, ממיאה סיאמנסיס

Synonyms: маммея ароматная, siamesische Mammee, Siamese mammee, mammea aromática, mamée aromatique, ماميا عطرية, สารภี, Saraphi

Parts Used: flowers, fruits, leaves, bark, seeds.

Main indications for use of Mammea siamensis: inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, bacterial infections of the oral cavity, candidiasis of the mucous membranes, helminthiasis, dyspepsia, flatulence, fever, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, liver diseases of toxic etiology, bacterial and fungal skin infections, chronic dermatitis.

Use of Mammea siamensis in mixtures and complexes: chronic bronchitis, viral infections of the upper respiratory tract, type 2 diabetes mellitus, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic skin diseases of mixed etiology, gastritis with low acidity, inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract.

Pharmacological properties of Mammea siamensis: antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiparasitic, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, spasmolytic, wound healing, astringent.

Dosage of pharmaceutical forms — Mammea siamensis

Powder — Mammea siamensis

Indications (Powder): candidiasis of the mucous membranes, helminthiasis, dyspepsia, flatulence, hyperglycemia, bacterial skin infections, chronic dermatitis.

Standard Dosage (Powder): orally, 1–2 grams of powder 2 times a day after meals, with warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): orally, 2–3 grams of powder 2–3 times a day for oxidative stress, bacterial infections of the oral cavity, fungal skin infections.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): orally, 4 grams of powder 3 times a day for severe forms of bacterial and fungal skin infections; course not more than 10 days.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): orally, 1 gram of powder 1 time a day for 5 days per month for chronic dermatitis, hyperglycemia, history of helminthiasis; recommended for adult patients with body weight from 60 kg.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): orally, 0.5–1 gram of powder 1 time a day for children over 7 years of age with body weight from 25 kg; use only as prescribed by a physician.

Contraindications (Powder): individual intolerance, acute inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract; no scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 7 years of age.

Side Effects (Powder): in case of overdose, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): for body weight below 60 kg, reduce dose by 20%; for body weight above 90 kg, increase by 15%.

Preparation method (Powder): take dry plant bark — 100 grams; chop with a knife into small pieces, dry at a temperature of 40 °C in a drying oven to a residual moisture of less than 10%; grind into powder in a mill to a fraction of 0.1–0.2 mm; sieve through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.2 mm; package in airtight containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): store in a dry place at a temperature not exceeding 25 °C, in tightly closed containers, protected from light and electromagnetic radiation; shelf life — 2 years; after opening, use within 3 months.

Dry Extract — Mammea siamensis

Indications (Dry Extract): inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, bacterial infections of the oral cavity, helminthiasis, hyperglycemia, liver diseases of toxic etiology.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 300–500 milligrams of extract 2 times a day after meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 500–800 milligrams of extract 2–3 times a day for severe bacterial infections and oxidative stress.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 1 gram of extract 3 times a day for pronounced inflammatory processes of the respiratory tract; course not more than 14 days.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 200 milligrams of extract 1 time a day for 10 days per month for chronic liver diseases of toxic etiology and hyperglycemia; recommended for adults with body weight from 60 kg.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 100–200 milligrams of extract 1 time a day for children over 10 years of age with body weight from 30 kg; use only under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): individual intolerance; no scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 10 years of age.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): in case of overdose, nausea, bitterness in the mouth, abdominal discomfort are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): for body weight below 60 kg, reduce dose by 25%; for body weight above 90 kg, increase by 10%.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): take dry plant bark — 500 grams, grind to a fraction of 3–5 mm; perform maceration with 70% ethanol (the organic solvent is used for extraction only and is absent in the finished product) in a raw material/solvent ratio of 1:10 at a temperature of 25 °C for 72 hours; filter, evaporate in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C until the ethanol smell completely disappears; perform vacuum drying to obtain a dry extract; permissible residual ethanol content in the finished product — not more than 500 ppm; grind the dry extract into powder, package in airtight containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): store in a dry, dark place at a temperature of 5 to 20 °C; shelf life — 3 years; after opening the package, use within 6 months.

Tincture — Mammea siamensis

Indications (Tincture): bacterial infections of the oral cavity, candidiasis of the mucous membranes, inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, bacterial skin infections, chronic dermatitis, liver diseases of toxic etiology.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): orally, 15–20 drops of tincture 2 times a day after meals, first diluted in 50 ml of water.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): orally, 25–30 drops of tincture 3 times a day for pronounced bacterial skin infections, candidiasis of the mucous membranes, inflammation of the upper respiratory tract.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): orally, 35 drops 3 times a day for severe forms of bacterial infections of the oral cavity; course not more than 10 days.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): orally, 10 drops 1 time a day for 7 days per month for chronic dermatitis, liver diseases of toxic etiology; recommended for adults with body weight from 60 kg.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): orally, 5–10 drops 1 time a day for children over 12 years of age with body weight from 35 kg; use only under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Tincture): individual intolerance, liver diseases in the stage of decompensation, chronic alcoholism; no scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years of age.

Side Effects (Tincture): in case of overdose, dizziness, nausea, tachycardia are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tincture): for body weight below 60 kg, reduce dose by 20%; for body weight above 90 kg, increase by 10%.

Preparation method (Tincture): take dry plant bark — 100 grams, grind to a fraction of 2–3 mm; pour 70% ethanol (the organic solvent is used for extraction only and is absent in the finished product) in a ratio of 1:5; infuse in a dark place at a temperature of 20–25 °C for 10 days, shaking daily; filter, evaporate in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C until the ethanol smell completely disappears; dilute to the original volume with pure 40% ethanol; permissible residual ethanol content — not more than 5000 ppm.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): store in a dark place at a temperature of 5 to 20 °C, in tightly closed containers; shelf life — 2 years; after opening, use within 60 days.

Oil Infusion — Mammea siamensis

Indications (Oil Infusion): bacterial skin infections, chronic dermatitis, inflammatory skin diseases of fungal etiology, wound injuries of the skin, oxidative stress of the skin.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): external use — apply a thin layer to the affected area 2 times a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): external use — apply 3–4 times a day for pronounced inflammatory changes of the skin and fungal infections.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): external use — up to 5 times a day on limited skin areas for severe bacterial-fungal lesions; course not more than 14 days.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): external use — 1 time a day on problem skin areas for chronic dermatitis, seasonal exacerbation of fungal skin diseases; course 7–10 days monthly.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): external use — 1 time a day for children over 5 years of age; apply only to small areas of the skin under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): individual intolerance; no scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 5 years of age.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): in case of overdose, local irritation, hyperemia, skin peeling are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): not required.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): take dry plant bark — 50 grams, grind to a fraction of 3–5 mm; pour 100 grams of cold-pressed coconut oil; place in a glass container and infuse in a water bath at a temperature of 40–45 °C for 6 hours; filter through cheesecloth; pour into dark glass vials.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): store in a dark cool place at a temperature of 5 to 15 °C, protected from direct light and sources of electromagnetic radiation; shelf life — 1 year; after opening, use within 3 months.

Decoction — Mammea siamensis

Indications (Decoction): inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, dyspepsia, flatulence, fever, helminthiasis, bacterial skin infections.

Standard Dosage (Decoction): orally, 100 ml of decoction 2 times a day after meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Decoction): orally, 150 ml of decoction 3 times a day for acute inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, fever, helminthiasis.

Maximum Dosage (Decoction): orally, 200 ml of decoction 3 times a day for severe helminthiasis and febrile conditions; course not more than 7 days.

Preventive Dosage (Decoction): orally, 100 ml of decoction 1 time a day for 5 days monthly for chronic skin diseases, hyperglycemia, dyspepsia.

Pediatric Dosage (Decoction): orally, 50 ml of decoction 1 time a day for children over 6 years of age with body weight from 20 kg; use only under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Decoction): individual intolerance; no scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 6 years of age.

Side Effects (Decoction): in case of overdose, loose stools, nausea, weakness are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Decoction): for body weight below 60 kg, reduce dose by 20%; for body weight above 90 kg, increase by 15%.

Preparation method (Decoction): take dry plant bark — 20 grams, pour 500 ml of purified water, bring to a boil, boil over low heat at a temperature of 90–95 °C for 15 minutes; infuse under a lid for 30 minutes; filter; if necessary, bring to the original volume with boiled water.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Decoction): store in a refrigerator at a temperature of +4…+8 °C for no more than 48 hours; do not freeze; after opening, consume within 24 hours.

Macerate — Mammea siamensis

Indications (Macerate): bacterial infections of the oral cavity, candidiasis of the mucous membranes, bacterial skin infections, chronic dermatitis, liver diseases of toxic etiology.

Standard Dosage (Macerate): orally, 50 ml of macerate 2 times a day 30 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Macerate): orally, 70 ml 2–3 times a day for bacterial skin infections, candidiasis of the mucous membranes, inflammatory liver diseases of toxic etiology.

Maximum Dosage (Macerate): orally, 100 ml 3 times a day for severe skin lesions of bacterial or fungal etiology; course not more than 10 days.

Preventive Dosage (Macerate): orally, 50 ml 1 time a day for 7 days per month for chronic dermatitis, liver diseases of toxic etiology.

Pediatric Dosage (Macerate): orally, 20–30 ml 1 time a day for children over 10 years of age; use only under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Macerate): individual intolerance; no scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 10 years of age.

Side Effects (Macerate): in case of overdose, stool disorder, mild nausea are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Macerate): for body weight below 60 kg, reduce dose by 20%; for body weight above 90 kg, increase by 10%.

Preparation method (Macerate): take dry plant bark — 50 grams, pour 500 ml of 40% ethanol (the organic solvent is used for extraction only and is absent in the finished product); infuse in a dark place at a temperature of 20–25 °C for 7 days, shaking daily; after maceration, filter the liquid, evaporate in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C until the ethanol smell completely disappears; dilute with purified water to the original volume; permissible residual ethanol content — not more than 500 ppm.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Macerate): store in a dark place at a temperature of 5 to 20 °C; shelf life — 12 months; after opening, consume within 14 days.

Essential Oil — Mammea siamensis

Indications (Essential Oil): bacterial skin infections, fungal skin diseases, chronic dermatitis, wound injuries of the skin, inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity of bacterial etiology, oxidative stress of the skin.

Standard Dosage (Essential Oil): external use — apply in a dilution of 1–2% to the affected area of skin 2 times a day; for rinsing — 1–2 drops per 100 ml of warm water 2 times a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Essential Oil): external use — apply in a dilution of 3–5% to the affected areas of skin 3 times a day for pronounced bacterial-fungal infections and chronic dermatitis.

Maximum Dosage (Essential Oil): external use — 5% solution up to 4 times a day on limited skin areas for severe fungal infections and deep bacterial lesions; course not more than 14 days.

Preventive Dosage (Essential Oil): external use — 1% solution 1 time a day on risk areas for chronic dermatitis, recurrent bacterial and fungal skin lesions; course 5–7 days monthly.

Pediatric Dosage (Essential Oil): external use — 0.5–1% solution 1 time a day for children over 6 years of age; apply only to small areas of the skin and under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Essential Oil): individual intolerance; no scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 6 years of age.

Side Effects (Essential Oil): in case of overdose, local irritation, hyperemia, skin peeling, burning sensation are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Essential Oil): not required.

Preparation method (Essential Oil): take fresh plant flowers — 500 grams, grind; perform steam distillation for 4 hours at a steam temperature of about 100 °C; collect the essential oil, separate from the hydrolate; for stabilization, store in dark glass, if necessary, dilute with cold-pressed coconut oil to the required concentration for cosmetic or therapeutic use.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Essential Oil): store in a dark cool place at a temperature of 5 to 15 °C, in tightly closed dark glass containers, away from heat and light sources; shelf life — 2 years; after opening, use within 6 months.

Cream — Mammea siamensis

Indications (Cream): chronic dermatitis, bacterial skin infections, fungal skin diseases, wound injuries of the skin, inflammatory skin processes, oxidative stress of the skin.

Standard Dosage (Cream): external use — apply a thin layer to the affected area 2 times a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): external use — 3 times a day for pronounced inflammatory changes of the skin and fungal infections.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): external use — up to 4 times a day for severe bacterial-fungal skin lesions; course not more than 14 days.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): external use — 1 time a day on risk areas for chronic dermatitis and recurrent bacterial or fungal skin diseases; course 5–7 days monthly.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): external use — 1 time a day for children over 5 years of age; apply only to small areas of the skin under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Cream): individual intolerance; no scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 5 years of age.

Side Effects (Cream): in case of overdose, local irritation, itching, skin peeling are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cream): not required.

Preparation method (Cream): for 100 grams of finished product: cold-pressed coconut oil — 60 g, beeswax — 10 g, Mammea siamensis oil infusion — 25 g, Mammea siamensis essential oil — 3 g, vitamin E (oil solution) — 2 g; melt the wax with coconut oil in a water bath at a temperature of 45–50 °C, add the oil infusion and essential oil with constant stirring, add vitamin E, stir until homogeneous, pour into sterile jars and cool at room temperature.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): store in a dry cool place at a temperature of 5 to 15 °C, protected from light; shelf life — 12 months; after opening, use within 3 months.

Ointment — Mammea siamensis

Indications (Ointment): bacterial skin infections, chronic dermatitis, fungal skin diseases, wound injuries of the skin, inflammatory skin processes, trophic ulcers, oxidative stress of the skin.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): external use — apply a thin layer to the affected area of skin 2 times a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): external use — apply 3 times a day for pronounced bacterial-fungal infections and trophic ulcers.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): external use — up to 4 times a day on limited skin areas for severe bacterial-fungal lesions; course not more than 14 days.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): external use — 1 time a day on risk areas for chronic dermatitis, seasonal exacerbation of fungal skin diseases; course 5–7 days monthly.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): external use — 1 time a day for children over 5 years of age; apply only to small areas of the skin under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Ointment): individual intolerance; no scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 5 years of age.

Side Effects (Ointment): in case of overdose, local irritation, itching, skin peeling, hyperemia are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ointment): not required.

Preparation method (Ointment): for 100 grams of finished product: cold-pressed coconut oil — 50 g, beeswax — 15 g, Mammea siamensis oil infusion — 30 g, Mammea siamensis dry extract — 5 g; melt the wax and coconut oil in a water bath at a temperature of 45–50 °C, add the oil infusion, stir until homogeneous, add the dry extract, mix thoroughly until completely distributed; pour into sterile jars and cool at room temperature.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): store in a dry cool place at a temperature of 5 to 15 °C, protected from light; shelf life — 12 months; after opening, use within 3 months.

Toxicity and biosafety of Mammea siamensis

Studies of the acute oral toxic effect of Mammea siamensis flower and bark extract on laboratory rodents showed no lethal outcomes at doses up to 2000 mg/kg body weight, which indicates low acute toxicity and classifies the plant as relatively safe according to OECD criteria. LD₅₀ values with oral administration exceed 2000 mg/kg. With long-term use at doses close to therapeutic, no signs of cumulative toxicity were detected. No data on carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity have been found in published studies. When using high concentrations of extracts for external use, local irritant reactions are possible in sensitive patients.

Reference: https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/in...

Pharmacodynamics — Mammea siamensis

The pharmacodynamic properties of Mammea siamensis are determined by a complex of biologically active substances, including flavonoids, coumarins, triterpenoids, and phenolic compounds. These components demonstrate pronounced antioxidant activity associated with the neutralization of free radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation, which helps protect cell membranes. The anti-inflammatory effect is due to the suppression of the production of inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandins and cytokines, through the inhibition of the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. Antimicrobial and antifungal effects are associated with the disruption of the integrity of microbial cell membranes and the inhibition of pathogen enzyme systems.

Studies have shown that Mammea siamensis extracts can have a modulating effect on the immune system, enhancing the phagocytic activity of macrophages and helping to regulate the Th1/Th2 lymphocyte balance. At the skin level, the plant exhibits pronounced astringent, antiseptic, and reparative effects, accelerating epithelization processes. The hepatoprotective effect is associated with a membrane-stabilizing effect on hepatocytes and stimulation of the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes.

On the nervous system, Mammea siamensis has a mild sedative effect, probably due to its influence on GABAergic transmission. With respect to the gastrointestinal tract, spasmolytic activity is observed, due to the relaxation of smooth muscles and suppression of calcium current in cells. Compounds acting on cholinergic and serotonergic receptor systems have been found in the essential oil fractions of the plant, which may explain its local analgesic and vasodilatory properties.

The antiparasitic activity of Mammea siamensis is explained by the ability of active substances to bind to parasite cuticle proteins and disrupt their metabolism. Taken together, these effects are realized at the systemic and local levels, making the plant a pharmacologically significant source of complex action on the skin, mucous membranes, respiratory, and digestive systems.

Reference: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Pharmacokinetics — Mammea siamensis

The absorption of active substances of Mammea siamensis depends on the pharmaceutical form used. Following oral administration of powder and dry extracts, absorption of flavonoids and coumarins occurs in the proximal parts of the small intestine with the participation of passive diffusion and active transport. Polar glycoside forms undergo hydrolysis by intestinal microflora enzymes, followed by absorption of aglycones. Lipophilic triterpenoids and essential oils are better absorbed when taken with fatty foods.

With transdermal use (ointment, cream, oil infusion), the main lipophilic components penetrate the stratum corneum of the skin and accumulate in the epidermis and dermis, providing a local and prolonged effect. Hydrophilic fractions practically do not penetrate intact skin but can be absorbed through damaged epidermis or mucous membranes. With inhalation or aromatherapeutic use of the essential oil, volatile components quickly enter the systemic circulation through the alveolar surface of the lungs.

The distribution of active substances is characterized by their accumulation in the skin, liver, and adipose tissue, due to the high lipophilicity of a number of compounds. Metabolism occurs mainly in the liver with the participation of cytochrome P450 enzymes, resulting in the formation of more polar metabolites excreted by the kidneys. Some of the phenolic compounds are excreted with bile, and volatile fractions may be partially excreted by the lungs.

Excretion of metabolic products occurs through the kidneys (urine), intestines (bile and feces), lungs (volatile compounds), and to a negligible extent through the skin with the secretion of sweat and sebaceous glands. Cumulation with long-term use is possible in adipose tissue and skin, but no clinically significant accumulation is observed at therapeutic doses.

Reference: https://link.springer.com/arti...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Mammea siamensis

The pharmacological activity of Mammea siamensis is associated with a complex of flavonoids, coumarins, triterpenoids, and phenolic compounds that affect various signaling pathways and cellular targets. Plant coumarins inhibit the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX), reducing the formation of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Flavonoids modulate the activity of the nuclear factor NF-κB, which leads to a decrease in the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), and also suppress MAPK and JAK/STAT cascades, reducing the inflammatory reaction at the cellular level. Triterpenoids stabilize cell membranes, preventing damage to the endothelium and epithelial cells.

The antioxidant properties of Mammea siamensis are realized through the direct binding and neutralization of reactive oxygen species, as well as the induction of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Lipophilic components interact with the lipid bilayer of cell membranes, increasing their resistance to peroxidation. A number of studies have shown that the essential oil fractions of the plant have an inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which can modulate cholinergic transmission.

The antimicrobial effect is explained by the ability of lipophilic components to disrupt the integrity of microbial membranes and block their enzyme systems. Coumarin derivatives can bind to the cytoskeleton proteins of bacteria and fungi, which prevents their growth and reproduction. There is evidence of modulation of macrophage and neutrophil activity, including enhanced phagocytosis and regulation of the production of reactive oxygen species during the immune response.

Reference: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Synergy — Mammea siamensis

Pharmacological studies have revealed synergy of Mammea siamensis extracts with taxa having similar or complementary mechanisms of action. Co-administration with Curcuma longa showed potentiation of the anti-inflammatory effect due to simultaneous inhibition of NF-κB and COX-2, as well as enhanced antioxidant protection. In combination with Camellia sinensis, an additive enhancement of antioxidant activity is observed, due to a different spectrum of flavonoids, which expands the range of neutralized free radicals.

The combination with Azadirachta indica exhibits a potentiating antimicrobial effect against a wide range of bacterial strains, probably due to simultaneous damage to cell membranes and inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis of pathogens. When used together with Glycyrrhiza glabra, a modulating effect on the immune response is noted, expressed in the synchronous regulation of macrophage activity and a decrease in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

With essential oils of Melaleuca alternifolia and Cinnamomum verum, an additive antifungal effect has been recorded, realized through the combined destruction of the fungal cell wall and inhibition of key enzyme systems. Such interactions demonstrate the possibility of creating multi-purpose phytocompositions with an expanded spectrum of action and increased efficacy with local and systemic use.

Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Geography of use and traditional medicine — Mammea siamensis

Mammea siamensis has a strong ethnomedical tradition of use in the countries of Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. In Thai folk medicine, the plant is known under the name "สารภีดอย" and is highly valued for its fragrant flowers, which are used to prepare infusions and oil extracts. The flowers and bark are used in decoctions and alcohol tinctures, which are used in the traditional medical schools of Northern Thailand and Lanna. In Cambodia and Laos, in village medical practices, the bark and fruits of the plant are used in the form of aqueous decoctions and macerates. Vietnamese ethnic groups also use the aromatic parts of the plant, including the flowers, for cosmetic and ritual purposes.

Historical information on the use of Mammea siamensis dates back to ancient Thai medical treatises dating back at least to the 17th century, where the plant is mentioned as part of medicinal compositions and aromatic oils. In Thai culture, the scent of the flowers is associated with the purification and harmonization of space; they were often included in ritual incense for temple ceremonies. Among some hill tribes of Northern Thailand, the flowers were used as a component of protective amulets and in rituals aimed at protecting the home from evil spirits.

In the traditional cosmetology of Thailand, oil infusions from Mammea siamensis flowers were used for skin and hair care; it was believed that they impart shine and softness, and also maintain skin freshness in hot climates. In some areas, the plant was used in steam baths and aromatic baths. In the ethnobotanical context, Mammea siamensis also acts as a symbol of purity and comfort in the home, and planting it near the dwelling was considered a favorable omen.