Cyperus rotundus

Cyperus rotundus

Product Name: Курчавка пальчатая, Cyperus rotundus, Zwergsimse, Naranja, Souchet, قنب الهندي, กำลังวัวเผือก, Qursun, Кырпыс, Çöpotu, Кулчи, Kedras, Cūce, Круглолист, קיפרוס

Synonyms: Nutgrass, Java grass, Musta, Mutha, Nagarmotha, Yellow nut sedge, Zwergsimse, Juncus rotundus, Cyperus aromaticus, Cyperus scariosus, قنب الهندي, กำลังวัวเผือก

Parts Used: rhizomes, roots, aerial parts, leaves

Main Indications for the Use of Cyperus rotundus: chronic inflammatory process, dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea, menstrual disorders, pain of various origins, neuralgia, colds, skin inflammations.

Use of Cyperus rotundus in Mixtures and Complexes: chronic liver diseases, functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, gynecological inflammatory diseases, chronic pain of various origins.

Pharmacological Properties of Cyperus rotundus: spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, sedative, hepatoprotective, immunostimulating, antibacterial, analgesic, antidiarrheal, regenerating.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Cyperus rotundus

Powder — Cyperus rotundus

Indications (Powder): chronic inflammatory process, dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea, menstrual disorders, neuralgia.

Standard Dosage (Powder): take orally, 1–3 g 2 times a day with water or milk.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 3–5 g 3 times a day for chronic inflammatory processes of the gastrointestinal tract and pronounced diarrhea.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): up to 6 g 3 times a day for severe dyspepsia and spastic pain.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.5–1 g once a day for chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, for adults, course 14–21 days, 2–3 courses per year.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): prescribed from 12 years of age, 0.5–1 g 2 times a day, minimum child weight 30 kg.

Contraindications (Powder): contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation with caution, in case of individual intolerance. Data on contraindications in childhood are limited.

Side Effects (Powder): Cyperus rotundus powder in case of overdose may cause dyspeptic symptoms, nausea, allergic reactions.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): for patients weighing less than 60 kg, doses are reduced by 20%; for patients over 60 kg, doses are not adjusted.

Preparation Method (Powder): prepared from thoroughly cleaned and dried plant rhizomes, ground into a fine powder. For 100 g of powder, use 100 g of dry rhizome, grind in a mill with a 0.2 mm sieve. Store in an airtight container, away from moisture and light.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): store at a temperature of 15–25 °C, in a dry, dark place, in a tightly closed container; shelf life 24 months. After opening the package, use within 3 months.

Dry Extract — Cyperus rotundus

Indications (Dry Extract): chronic inflammatory process, dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea, menstrual disorders, skin inflammations.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): take orally, 0.2–0.5 g 2 times a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 0.5–1 g 3 times a day for severe chronic inflammatory processes and menstrual disorders.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): up to 1.5 g 3 times a day for severe forms of dyspepsia and dermatitis.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 0.1–0.2 g once a day for chronic inflammations of the gastrointestinal tract and skin, course 14 days, 2 courses per year.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): prescribed from 14 years of age, 0.1–0.2 g 2 times a day.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): contraindicated during pregnancy, lactation, and in case of individual intolerance. Data on children are limited.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): in case of overdose, dyspepsia and allergic reactions are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): for body weight less than 60 kg, doses are reduced by 15–20%; for weight over 60 kg — no changes.

Preparation Method (Dry Extract): to prepare 100 g of dry extract, use 500 g of crushed rhizomes. Extraction is carried out with 70% ethanol at a temperature of 50 °C for 3 hours, then evaporated to dryness at 40 °C under vacuum. The resulting extract is dried and ground to a powdery state. Store in an airtight container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): store Cyperus rotundus dry extract at a temperature of 10–20 °C, in a dry, light-protected place; shelf life 36 months. After opening — use within 6 months.

Tincture — Cyperus rotundus

Indications (Tincture): chronic inflammatory process, menstrual disorders, dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, skin inflammations.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): take orally, 20–30 drops 2 times a day, diluted in 50 ml of water.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 30–50 drops 3 times a day for pronounced inflammatory processes and menstrual pain.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): up to 60 drops 3 times a day for severe forms of dyspepsia and dermatitis.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10–15 drops once a day for chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, course 14 days, repeat 2 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): prescribed from 16 years of age, 10–15 drops 2 times a day.

Contraindications (Tincture): contraindicated during pregnancy, lactation, in children under 16 years of age, and in case of individual intolerance.

Side Effects (Tincture): allergic reactions and dyspepsia in case of overdose are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tincture): for body weight below 60 kg, reduce the dose by 20%; above 60 kg — no changes.

Preparation Method (Tincture): for 100 ml of alcohol tincture, take 10 g of crushed dry rhizomes, pour 70% ethanol, infuse for 14 days in a dark place at 20–25 °C with daily shaking, strain. Store in a dark glass container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): store the alcohol tincture at a temperature of 15–25 °C, in a dark place, away from direct sunlight; shelf life 24 months. After opening, use within 6 months.

Oil Infusion — Cyperus rotundus

Indications (Oil Infusion): skin inflammations, wounds, neuralgia, chronic pain syndrome, local inflammation.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): apply externally 2–3 times a day to the affected areas of the skin.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): apply 3–4 times a day for pronounced skin inflammations and neuralgia.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): not limited, local application as needed is allowed, with monitoring of skin condition.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): application once a day for chronic skin conditions, course 14 days, 2–3 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): applied externally in children over 3 years of age with caution.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): individual intolerance to components, open purulent wounds (only after medical examination). Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): in case of overdose, an allergic reaction on the skin is possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): dose adjustment is not required, as it is applied locally.

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion): to prepare 100 g of oil infusion, use 10 g of crushed dry rhizomes and 90 g of coconut oil. Pour oil over the rhizomes, infuse for 14 days at a temperature of 40 °C in a dark place, stirring periodically. After infusion, strain through cheesecloth. Store in a sterile jar.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): store at a temperature of 10–20 °C in a dark place; shelf life 6 months. After opening, use within 3 months.

Vaginal Suppositories — Cyperus rotundus

Indications (Vaginal Suppository): bacterial vaginosis, vaginitis, inflammatory diseases of the female reproductive system.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): insert 1 suppository once a day at night for 7–10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day for pronounced inflammatory processes, course 10–14 days.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): it is not recommended to exceed 2 suppositories per day, course up to 14 days.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository once a week for 1 month for those prone to recurrent inflammations.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): not used.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppository): allergy to suppository components, acute inflammatory processes with purulent discharge. Data on use during pregnancy are limited.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppository): local allergic reactions, itching, burning are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Vaginal Suppository): not required.

Preparation Method (Vaginal Suppository): for 100 g of suppositories, use 10 g of dry extract of Cyperus rotundus, 60 g of solid fats (coconut oil, cocoa butter), 30 g of excipients (beeswax, lanolin). Melt the components at a temperature of 40–45 °C, dissolve the extract in the oil phase, pour into molds and cool at 4–8 °C until solidified.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppository): store at a temperature of 2–8 °C, away from light and moisture; shelf life 12 months. After opening the package, use within 1 month.

Rectal Suppositories — Cyperus rotundus

Indications (Rectal Suppository): hemorrhoids, proctitis, inflammatory diseases of the rectum.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppository): insert 1 suppository once a day at night for 7–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day for severe inflammatory processes, course 14 days.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppository): no more than 2 suppositories per day, course no more than 14 days.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository once every 2–3 days for those prone to recurrent inflammations.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppository): not used.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppository): allergy to components, acute fissures and purulent processes without medical consultation. Data on use during pregnancy are limited.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppository): allergic reactions, itching, burning are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Rectal Suppository): not required.

Preparation Method (Rectal Suppository): similar to vaginal suppositories, using 10 g of dry extract, 60 g of coconut oil and solid fats, 30 g of excipients. The same melting, mixing, and molding technology.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Rectal Suppository): store at a temperature of 2–8 °C, in a dark place; shelf life 12 months. After opening the package, use within 1 month.

Nasal Drops — Cyperus rotundus

Indications (Nasal Drops): rhinitis, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, inflammatory diseases of the nasal cavity.

Standard Dosage (Nasal Drops): instill 2–3 drops into each nostril 2 times a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Nasal Drops): 3–4 drops 3 times a day for acute inflammatory processes.

Maximum Dosage (Nasal Drops): no more than 4 drops 3 times a day, course no more than 7 days.

Preventive Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1–2 drops once a day for chronic rhinitis, course 14 days.

Pediatric Dosage (Nasal Drops): use possible from 12 years of age, 1–2 drops 2 times a day.

Contraindications (Nasal Drops): allergy to components, acute damage to the nasal mucosa. Data on use during pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Nasal Drops): burning, mucosal irritation in case of overdose are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Nasal Drops): not required.

Preparation Method (Nasal Drops): for 100 ml of nasal drops, use 5 g of dry extract of Cyperus rotundus, 10 g of 70% ethanol, 85 ml of saline solution. Dissolve the extract in ethanol, then mix with the solution. Filter through a sterile filter. Store in a dark glass container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Nasal Drops): store at a temperature of 4–8 °C, in a dark place; shelf life 12 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Ear Drops — Cyperus rotundus

Indications (Ear Drops): otitis, inflammatory ear diseases, ear pain.

Standard Dosage (Ear Drops): instill 3–5 drops 2 times a day into the ear.

Enhanced Dosage (Ear Drops): 5–7 drops 3 times a day for pronounced inflammations.

Maximum Dosage (Ear Drops): no more than 7 drops 3 times a day, course up to 7 days.

Preventive Dosage (Ear Drops): 2–3 drops once a day for those prone to otitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Ear Drops): use from 6 years of age, 2–3 drops 2 times a day.

Contraindications (Ear Drops): perforation of the eardrum, allergy to components. Data on use during pregnancy are absent.

Side Effects (Ear Drops): burning, irritation in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ear Drops): not required.

Preparation Method (Ear Drops): for 100 ml of ear drops, use 5 g of dry extract of Cyperus rotundus, 10 g of coconut oil, 85 ml of saline solution. Mix the components, filter sterilely, and package in dark vials.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ear Drops): store at 4–8 °C, in a dark place; shelf life 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Ointment — Cyperus rotundus

Indications (Ointment): skin inflammations, wounds, dermatitis, neuralgia, chronic pain.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): apply externally in a thin layer 2–3 times a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): apply 3–4 times a day for pronounced inflammatory and painful conditions.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): local application as needed with monitoring of skin condition.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): once a day for chronic skin inflammations, course 14–21 days, 2–3 courses per year.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): used from 3 years of age with caution.

Contraindications (Ointment): individual intolerance to components, open purulent wounds (after medical consultation). Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Ointment): allergic reactions, skin irritation in case of overdose are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ointment): not required.

Preparation Method (Ointment): for 100 g of ointment, use 10 g of dry extract of Cyperus rotundus, 80 g of coconut oil, 10 g of beeswax. Melt the components at 40–45 °C, mix until homogeneous, pour into sterile tubes or jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): store at 10–20 °C, in a dark place; shelf life 12 months. After opening, use within 3 months.

Cream — Cyperus rotundus

Indications (Cream): skin inflammations, irritations, dermatitis, local analgesia.

Standard Dosage (Cream): apply 2 times a day in a thin layer to the affected areas.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): 3 times a day for pronounced symptoms.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): application as needed with monitoring of skin reaction.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): once a day for chronic inflammatory skin diseases, course 2–3 weeks.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): allowed from 5 years of age with caution.

Contraindications (Cream): allergy to components. Data on pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Cream): irritation and allergy in case of overdose are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cream): not required.

Preparation Method (Cream): for 100 g of cream, use 8 g of dry extract of Cyperus rotundus, 60 g of coconut oil, 25 g of emulsifier, 7 g of purified water. Melt the oil phase at 45 °C, heat the water to 40 °C, mix with the emulsifier, combine with the oil phase, whip until an emulsion forms. Add the extract, mix.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): store at 5–25 °C, in a dark place; shelf life 12 months. After opening, use within 2 months.

Cosmetics — Cyperus rotundus

Indications (Cosmetics): care for skin with inflammations, antioxidant protection, improvement of skin condition, reduction of redness.

Standard Dosage (Cosmetics): apply to the skin 1–2 times a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Cosmetics): use 2–3 times a day for pronounced inflammations and irritations.

Maximum Dosage (Cosmetics): as needed, monitoring skin reaction.

Preventive Dosage (Cosmetics): once a day to maintain skin health and prevent inflammation.

Pediatric Dosage (Cosmetics): use possible from 5 years of age, considering skin sensitivity.

Contraindications (Cosmetics): individual intolerance to components. No data on use during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Cosmetics): allergic reactions and skin irritation in case of overdose are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cosmetics): not applicable.

Preparation Method (Cosmetics): for 100 g of cosmetic product, use 5 g of dry extract of Cyperus rotundus, 50 g of coconut oil, 30 g of emulsifiers and stabilizers, 15 g of purified water. The process is similar to cream preparation with additional stability and safety tests.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cosmetics): store at 5–25 °C, in an airtight container, protected from light; shelf life 12 months. After opening, use within 2–3 months.

Serum — Cyperus rotundus

Indications (Serum): anti-aging care, improvement of skin regeneration, reduction of inflammation.

Standard Dosage (Serum): apply the serum 1–2 times a day to clean facial skin.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): use 2–3 times a day for pronounced signs of inflammation and aging.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): as needed, with monitoring of skin condition.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): once a day to maintain skin elasticity and health.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): use is not recommended.

Contraindications (Serum): allergy to components. No data on pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Serum): allergic reactions in case of overdose are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Serum): not applicable.

Preparation Method (Serum): for 100 ml of serum, use 4 g of dry extract of Cyperus rotundus, 60 ml of purified water, 35 ml of coconut oil with emulsifier, stabilizers, and preservatives according to cosmetic industry standards. Mixing at a controlled temperature of 25–30 °C followed by filtration.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): store at 4–10 °C, in a dark place; shelf life 6–9 months. After opening, use within 2 months.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Cyperus rotundus

Toxicity studies show that the LD50 for Cyperus rotundus extract upon oral administration in rats is more than 5000 mg/kg, which indicates low acute toxicity and high biosafety. When used in therapeutic doses, the plant is well tolerated, side effects are minimal. Data on chronic toxicity are limited, but available studies do not reveal significant risks when used according to recommended dosages. Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity studies show no carcinogenic potential.

Reference: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Pharmacodynamics — Cyperus rotundus

The pharmacodynamics of Cyperus rotundus are due to the complex action of numerous biologically active substances present in the plant. The main classes of active compounds are essential oils, flavonoids, terpenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, and saponins. These components provide a wide range of pharmacological effects manifested at the systemic and local levels.

At the level of the central and peripheral nervous system, the active substances have a sedative and analgesic effect, which is associated with the modulation of nerve receptors and inhibition of pain impulse transmission. In particular, essential oils help reduce nervous excitability, and flavonoids have the ability to modulate the activity of neurotransmitters such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These effects determine the sedative and spasmolytic action of the taxon.

Regarding the immune system, the studied compounds exhibit immunostimulating and anti-inflammatory properties. Flavonoids and terpenoids contribute to reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators, and also activate antioxidant mechanisms at the cellular level. The antioxidant potential of the plant is associated with neutralizing free radicals and protecting cell membranes from oxidative stress.

In the gastrointestinal tract, active substances stimulate motility, help regulate gastric juice secretion, and have an antispasmodic effect on smooth muscles. These properties ensure the normalization of digestion and reduction of discomfort associated with functional disorders. In addition, the antimicrobial action of the components helps suppress pathogenic microflora, which favorably affects the intestinal microbiocenosis.

Local effects on the skin are associated with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and regenerating activity. Extracts of the taxon reduce inflammation, promote wound healing, and have a protective effect against microbial infections. The structure of active substances allows interaction with cellular receptors, stimulating regeneration processes and reducing skin hyperreactivity.

Thus, the pharmacodynamic profile of Cyperus rotundus is characterized by a multi-target action on the nervous, immune, digestive systems, and skin with pronounced anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, sedative, and antimicrobial effects. These effects are mediated by the interaction of active components with enzymes, receptors, and mediators, which is confirmed by the structure and biochemistry of the plant material components.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Pharmacokinetics — Cyperus rotundus

The pharmacokinetics of Cyperus rotundus are largely determined by the chemical composition of the active substances and the form of administration. Upon oral administration (powder, extract, tincture), the active components undergo absorption processes in the gastrointestinal tract, where they are partially metabolized by the intestinal microflora, which may contribute to the formation of biologically active metabolites. Absorption occurs mainly in the small intestine, after which the substances enter the systemic circulation.

The distribution of active compounds is characterized by moderate lipophilicity, which ensures penetration both into the systemic circulation and into tissues, including the nervous system and skin during local application. Due to this, the manifestation of systemic and local pharmacological effects is possible.

The metabolism of Cyperus rotundus active substances occurs in the liver with the participation of cytochrome P450 enzyme systems, leading to the formation of hydroxylated and conjugated forms of metabolites with low toxicity and capable of further excretion. Metabolites actively participate in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory processes.

Excretion occurs primarily by the kidneys with excretion in the urine, as well as through bile. Some metabolites may be excreted through the lungs and skin, especially with local application of forms (cream, ointment, oil infusion). With transdermal and inhalation administration, absorption may be slower, providing a prolonged effect.

Routes of administration include oral (powders, extracts), transdermal (creams, ointments), through mucous membranes (nasal, ear drops, suppositories), which provides wide possibilities for therapeutic use. Interaction with the intestinal microflora helps maintain normal balance and potentiates the therapeutic effect.

The overall pharmacokinetics are characterized by good tolerability, absence of accumulation at recommended doses, and rapid elimination of active components from the body.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Cyperus rotundus

The mechanisms of action of Cyperus rotundus are based on the multicomponent action of biologically active substances, among which essential oils, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and polyphenols dominate. Essential oils, including cineole and camphor, have a spasmolytic and analgesic effect due to the inhibition of enzyme systems such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX), which reduces the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, key mediators of inflammation. In addition, they interact with nervous system receptors, affecting the transmission of pain signals.

Flavonoids, including quercetin and kaempferol, exhibit pronounced antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals and regulating signaling pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK, which helps reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decrease oxidative stress. These compounds also interact with the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), exerting a modulating effect on neurotransmitters, which may explain the sedative properties of the taxon.

Terpenoids and saponins are involved in the regulation of the immune response through modulation of macrophage and neutrophil activity, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory molecules and stimulating phagocytic activity. Saponins additionally have a membrane-stabilizing effect, improving cell barrier functions. These effects provide a complex anti-inflammatory and immunostimulating action at the systemic and tissue levels.

In general, the pharmacological activity of Cyperus rotundus is associated with a multi-level influence on cellular and molecular targets: nervous system receptors, inflammation enzymes, cytokines, and signaling cascades, which is confirmed by modern biochemical and pharmacological studies.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Synergy — Cyperus rotundus

Scientific evidence indicates the pharmacological synergy of Cyperus rotundus with other plant components, enhancing its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. In particular, combined use with plants containing flavonoids and polyphenols (e.g., Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza glabra) contributes to an additive and potentiating effect at the level of inhibition of COX and LOX enzymes, as well as reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Combination with components that have neuroprotective and sedative effects (e.g., Withania somnifera) can modulate nerve impulse transmission through influence on GABA and acetylcholine receptors, which enhances the analgesic and calming effects. Such interactions manifest both at the systemic and cellular levels, through joint action on NF-κB and MAPK signaling cascades.

Additionally, Cyperus rotundus compounds can enhance the effect of plant-derived immunomodulators, which is expressed in increased macrophage activity and improved phagocytic functions, providing a complex protective and regenerating effect. The interaction mechanisms are based on the combined influence on receptor and enzyme systems, which is confirmed by experimental in vitro and in vivo data.

Thus, the pharmacological synergy of Cyperus rotundus with other plant substances is justified from the perspective of modern biomedical research and can be used for the development of complex phytotherapeutic agents.

References: 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Cyperus rotundus

Cyperus rotundus is traditionally used in a wide range covering South and Southeast Asia, India, China, the Middle East, North Africa, as well as parts of Europe and America. In these regions, the plant occupies a significant place in folk medicine and ethnobotanical traditions. In Indian Ayurveda, Cyperus rotundus is known as "Musti" and is used to prepare infusions and powders used for regulating digestion and alleviating various conditions. In traditional Chinese medicine, the plant is used in the form of dry rhizome for preparing decoctions with spasmolytic and anti-inflammatory effects.

In Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines, Cyperus rotundus is traditionally used in the form of infusions, extracts, and oil tinctures, used to treat skin diseases, pain syndromes, and as a component of complex phytotherapeutic mixtures. In Arab culture, the plant is often included in purification rituals and used as an amulet, considered a symbol of strength and protection. In North Africa and the Middle East, the plant was used as a remedy for reducing inflammation and improving digestion, as well as for cosmetic purposes.

Historical mentions of the use of Cyperus rotundus date back several millennia; finds of its rhizomes in archaeological layers confirm its use in traditional practices as early as Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. In European medieval herbalists and pharmacopoeias, the plant was described as a remedy for pain and spasms, as well as a valuable raw material for aromatherapy.

Methods of use include taking decoctions and infusions internally, using oil tinctures and ointments externally, wraps and compresses, as well as incense blends and aromatic sachets. In some cultures, the juice from fresh rhizomes was used to treat wounds and inflamed skin areas. The plant is often part of complex herbal mixtures and concoctions, combined with other medicinal herbs.

In the ethnocultural context, Cyperus rotundus is considered a plant of strength, purification, and protection. In the traditions of the peoples of South Asia and the East, the plant is associated with strengthening vital energy and harmonizing internal processes. In rituals and ceremonies, the plant was used to cleanse space, ward off evil spirits, and attract good luck.

Thus, Cyperus rotundus possesses a rich ethnobotanical heritage covering various regions and cultural traditions, which confirms its significance in folk practices and the sustainability of its use over many centuries.