Bombax Ceiba L (Red Silk Cotton Tree)

Bombax Ceiba L (Red Silk Cotton Tree)

Product Name: Бомбакс цеиба, Bombax ceiba, Roter Baumwollbaum, Ceiba roja, Kapokier rouge, شجرة القطن الحمراء, นุ่นแดง, Qizil paxta daraxti, Кызыл пахта дарагы, Qırmızı pambıq ağacı, Сафед пахта, Raudonasis medvilnmedis, Sarkanais kokvilnas koks, Червоний бавовняний дерево, אדום כותנה עץ

Synonyms: Шёлковое дерево, Красный бомбакс, Cotton tree, Red silk-cotton tree, Red kapok tree, Roter Seidenwollbaum, Árbol de algodón rojo, Kapok rojo, Arbre à soie rouge, شجرة الحرير الحمراء, ต้นงิ้วน้อย, งิ้วแดง, กงิ้ว, Qizil ipak daraxti, Кызыл жибек дарагы, Pambıq ipək ağacı, Дарахти пахтаи сурх, Šilkinis medis, Zīda koks, Шовкове дерево, עץ משי אדום

Used Parts: flowers, bark, seeds, leaves, stem, fruits, bark, roots.

Main Indications for Use of Bombax ceiba: Acute and chronic hepatitis, prostatic hypertrophy, acute and chronic cystitis, diarrhea of bacterial and viral origin, colitis, chronic gastritis, hemorrhoidal disease, prostatitis, pyelonephritis, uterine bleeding, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, metritis, dermatomycoses, lower extremity ulcers, seborrheic dermatitis, furunculosis.

Use of Bombax ceiba in Mixtures and Complexes: Pulmonary tuberculosis, non-specific gastric ulcers, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, varicose veins, post-traumatic neuropathy, hypertensive encephalopathy, dyscirculatory encephalopathy, chronic bronchitis.

Pharmacological Properties of Bombax ceiba: hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, astringent, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, immunostimulating, antihyperglycemic, wound-healing, analgesic, antidiarrheal, anthelmintic.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Bombax ceiba

Powder — Bombax ceiba

Indications (Powder): Acute gastritis, gastric ulcer, chronic colitis, acute cystitis, bacterial diarrhea, hemorrhoidal disease, chronic prostatitis, chronic pyelonephritis, prostatic hypertrophy, dermatophytosis, trophic leg ulcer.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 1 gram of powder 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals, with warm water or chamomile decoction.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 2 grams of powder 3 times a day for acute forms of bacterial diarrhea, exacerbation of gastric ulcer, chronic prostatitis, and recurrent hemorrhoids.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): Up to 3 grams of powder 3 times a day. Permissible only under medical supervision for ulcerative-necrotic colitis, phlegmonous cystitis, and exacerbation of pyelonephritis with pronounced intoxication.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.5 grams of powder once a day in the morning 30 minutes before meals. Recommended for chronic gastritis, recurrent cystitis, and varicose veins with trophic skin changes. Preventive course: 30 days, twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): Permissible in children over 7 years of age and weighing more than 25 kg — 0.3 grams of powder 2 times a day. Under 7 years and with body weight below 25 kg, use is not recommended due to the lack of reliable data.

Contraindications (Powder): Individual hypersensitivity. Acute nephritis. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 7 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): In case of overdose, dyspeptic disorders are possible: nausea, diarrhea, metallic taste in the mouth. Cases of urticaria have been noted in patients with polyvalent allergy.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight below 60 kg, it is recommended to reduce the dosage by 20%. For body weight above 90 kg, an increase in dosage by 25% from the standard is possible, in the absence of side effects.

Preparation Method (Powder): The collected bark is thoroughly washed, dried at a temperature not exceeding 45 °C in the shade. Then ground to a fine powder with a particle size of no more than 200 microns. To prepare 100 grams of powder, the following is required: bark of Bombax ceiba — 100 grams. No additional ingredients are added. Store in an airtight container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a dark, dry, cool place at a temperature of 5 °C to 25 °C, in a tightly closed glass or porcelain container, shielded from electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 12 months. After opening the package, use within 45 days.

Dry Extract — Bombax ceiba

Indications (Dry Extract): Acute and chronic hepatitis, compensated cirrhosis, metritis, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, prostatic hypertrophy, chronic cystitis, dermatomycoses, leg ulcer, seborrheic dermatitis.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 250 milligrams of dry extract 2 times a day, dissolved in warm water, 20–30 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 500 milligrams 2–3 times a day. Used for chronic viral hepatitis B and C, compensated cirrhosis, and hyperplastic processes in the prostate gland.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): Up to 1 gram 3 times a day. Permissible for severe dermatomycosis with widespread skin lesions, intractable metritis, and pronounced bleeding due to ovarian dysfunction.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 125 milligrams once a day in the morning 30 minutes before meals. Recommended for chronic hepatopathies, seborrheic dermatitis in remission, and recurrent cystitis. Course — 21 days, 3 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): Used in children over 12 years of age and weighing more than 35 kg. Recommended dose — 100 milligrams 2 times a day. Under 12 years, use in the form of dry extract is not recommended due to the lack of dosage flexibility and systemic data.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Individual intolerance. Acute glomerulonephritis. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): Rarely observed: allergic skin reactions (erythema, itching), bitter taste in the mouth, short-term headache. All side effects in case of overdose are relieved upon discontinuation of the drug.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight up to 60 kg — reduce the dose by 25%. For patients over 90 kg — an increase in the standard dosage by 20% is possible with stable tolerability.

Preparation Method (Dry Extract): 100 grams of ground plant bark are poured with 1 liter of purified water, infused for 12 hours at room temperature, then heated to 70 °C and extracted for 2 hours. The resulting decoction is evaporated at a temperature of 45–50 °C to a moist extract, then dried in an oven at 40 °C to a powder mass. Yield: about 10–12 grams of dry extract. Without additives and preservatives.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in a tightly closed dark glass container, at a temperature of 5 °C to 20 °C, in a dry place, protected from light and EMI. Shelf life — 18 months. After opening the package, use within 30 days.

Tincture — Bombax ceiba

Indications (Tincture): Dysfunctional uterine bleeding, acute and chronic prostatitis, metritis, pyelonephritis, furunculosis, trophic ulcer of the lower limb, dermatomycoses, bacterial urethritis, hemorrhoidal disease.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 20 drops 3 times a day, diluted in 50 milliliters of warm water, 30 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 30 drops 3 times a day. Used for purulent skin inflammations (furunculosis), trophic ulcers, acute forms of prostatitis, pronounced urethritis, as well as for combined inflammatory processes of the pelvis.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): Up to 40 drops 3 times a day. Permissible only short-term (no more than 5 days) for exacerbation of pyelonephritis with febrile temperature, purulent-necrotic forms of furunculosis, and acute purulent metritis.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10 drops once a day in the morning, diluted with water. Used for chronic venous insufficiency, a tendency to varicose inflammation, chronic urethritis, and chronic prostatitis in remission. Course: 30 days, twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): Use is not recommended for children under 14 years due to ethanol content. After 14 years, use is permissible under medical supervision at a dose of 5–10 drops 1–2 times a day with a body weight of over 40 kg.

Contraindications (Tincture): Alcohol dependence, liver diseases in the decompensation stage, epilepsy, hypersensitivity to components. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 14 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Tincture): Dizziness, palpitations, dyspepsia, increased sweating, drowsiness. Observed when exceeding the dosage, especially in persons with low tolerance to ethanol.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight less than 50 kg, the initial dose should not exceed 15 drops. For body weight more than 90 kg, an increase in dosage to 25% of the standard is possible in the absence of side effects.

Preparation Method (Tincture): Ground bark of the plant — 100 grams — is poured with 500 milliliters of 70% ethanol. Placed in a glass container with a tight lid. Infuse for 14 days in a dark, cool place, shaking daily. After that, strain through gauze or a filter. Store in a dark glass container. Yield: about 450–470 milliliters of finished tincture.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in a tightly sealed dark glass container, at a temperature of 8 °C to 18 °C, away from light sources and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 36 months. After opening, use within 60 days.

Oil Infusion — Bombax ceiba

Indications (Oil Infusion): Atopic dermatitis, skin mycoses, seborrheic dermatitis, eczema, trophic leg ulcer, hyperkeratosis, chronic pruritus of unclear etiology, furunculosis, perianal inflammation, skin irritation in psoriasis.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally. Apply a thin layer to the affected skin areas 2 times a day (morning and evening) after hygienic treatment.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Up to 3–4 applications per day on pronouncedly inflamed or weeping skin areas with itching, peeling, and secondary infection. Used for eczematous and fungal skin lesions and dermatoses with pustules.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Up to 5 applications per day, locally. Permissible for extensive mycoses of the feet and palms, trophic ulcers with exudation, and active seborrhea. Use for no more than 7 days in a row, then switch to the standard dosage.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): Once a day on clean, dry skin in the area of chronic dermatitis foci, including seasonal exacerbations. Use in courses of 14 days, 2–4 times a year. Recommended for chronic pruritus, foot mycoses, and recurrent dermatitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): Applicable in children over 3 years of age. Apply once a day, no more than 5 days in a row. In children with a body weight of less than 15 kg, use under medical supervision. Use in the anogenital area and on mucous membranes is not recommended.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Individual intolerance. Damaged skin areas with pronounced weeping and suppuration. Scientifically reliable data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 3 years have not been registered.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Rarely, local allergic reactions are possible: redness, burning, increased itching. With prolonged use — pore blockage and the formation of sebaceous plugs.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Dose adjustment is not required, as the form is applied externally. However, in persons with a body weight of less than 40 kg, the application area should be limited.

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion): Ground bark of Bombax ceiba — 20 grams — is poured with 100 milliliters of cold-pressed coconut oil. Placed in a glass jar, tightly closed. Infuse for 10 days in a dark place at room temperature, shaking daily. At the end of the period, strain through several layers of gauze. Store in a glass container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 10 °C to 25 °C. Avoid direct light and electromagnetic radiation. After opening, use within 45 days. Shelf life of a sealed infusion — 12 months.

Cream — Bombax ceiba

Indications (Cream): Seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, skin mycosis, eczema, psoriasis in remission, post-traumatic skin peeling, irritation from wearing protective bandages and masks, contact dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, dry skin in hypothyroidism.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Externally. Apply a thin layer to the affected skin areas 2 times a day, morning and evening, after skin cleansing. Rub in with light massage movements until completely absorbed.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): 3 times a day for pronounced peeling, itching, and skin microdamages. Suitable for exacerbation phases of dermatitis, dry forms of eczema, and mycoses.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): Up to 4 times a day. Permissible for 5 days for extensive lesion areas and intense inflammation, especially in dermatitis with pronounced hyperkeratotic reactions. Then — switch to the standard regimen.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Once a day before bedtime on skin areas prone to inflammation and peeling. Recommended for chronic dermatitis, seasonal exacerbations of seborrhea, skin irritation in elderly people, and patients with endocrine disorders. Preventive course — 14 days, repeat once every 3 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): Permissible from 2 years of age. Once a day on small skin areas. Use on the face in children under 6 years is not recommended. Do not use under a diaper or in skin folds without medical supervision.

Contraindications (Cream): Individual intolerance. Purulent rashes, weeping erosions, acute skin inflammations. Scientifically reliable data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and under 2 years of age are absent.

Side Effects (Cream): In case of overdose, local skin reactions are possible: feeling of tightness, itching, mild burning. Rarely — folliculitis when applied to oily skin.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Dose adjustment is not required; however, in patients with a body weight of less than 40 kg, it is recommended to reduce the application area. In persons with a body weight of more than 100 kg, there are no restrictions.

Preparation Method (Cream): To prepare 100 grams of cream: oil infusion of Bombax ceiba — 25 grams; distilled water — 50 grams; beeswax-based emulsifier — 8 grams; unrefined coconut oil — 10 grams; vegetable glycerin — 5 grams; preservative (natural rosemary extract) — 2 grams. Heat the aqueous and oil phases separately to 70 °C, then pour the aqueous phase into the oil phase with constant stirring. Continue stirring until cooling to 40 °C. Pour into sterile jars or tubes. Do not allow water to get inside the finished cream.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 5 °C to 10 °C. Protect from direct light and moisture. Shelf life — 3 months. After opening — use within 30 days, provided the package is sealed and there is no water on the surface of the cream.

Cold Cream — Bombax ceiba

Indications (Cold Cream): Contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, skin irritation after cosmetic procedures, dry skin in hypothyroidism, restoration of the skin barrier after a first-degree burn, chronic pruritus in the forearm and elbow area, perioral dermatitis.

Standard Dosage (Cold Cream): Externally. Apply a thin, even layer to affected or irritated skin areas 2 times a day — in the morning and before bedtime, preferably after washing.

Enhanced Dosage (Cold Cream): Up to 3 applications per day in the presence of severe peeling, burning, and irritation after mechanical or chemical skin treatment. Applicable in the recovery period after dermabrasion and microdermabrasion.

Maximum Dosage (Cold Cream): Up to 4 applications per day. Permissible short-term (no more than 3 days) against the background of aggressive effects on the skin (peelings, laser exposure, salt baths). Use more than 4 times a day is not recommended.

Preventive Dosage (Cold Cream): Once a day in the evening before bedtime in the autumn-winter period, when staying in rooms with low humidity, and when using heating systems. Suitable for the prevention of dryness and irritation in elderly people, persons with hypothyroidism, and dry skin syndrome.

Pediatric Dosage (Cold Cream): Permissible from 1 year of age. Once a day on skin areas with signs of dryness or irritation. Do not use for weeping forms of dermatitis. In children under 3 years, use under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Cold Cream): Individual intolerance. Do not use on weeping skin areas and in the presence of purulent inflammations. No scientific data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and under 1 year of age have been registered.

Side Effects (Cold Cream): In rare cases — local sensation of itching or burning, especially when applied to damaged epidermis. The formation of small white comedones with prolonged use on the face is also possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Adjustment is not required. However, in children and persons with a body weight of up to 30 kg, the application area should be limited, especially on the face and neck.

Preparation Method (Cold Cream): To prepare 100 grams: oil infusion of Bombax ceiba — 15 grams; coconut oil — 20 grams; beeswax — 8 grams; distilled water — 55 grams; lavender essential oil — 2 grams. Melt the wax with coconut oil and infusion in a water bath (temperature 60–70 °C). Separately heat the water to the same temperature. Slowly pour the water into the oil phase, whisking until an emulsion is formed. After cooling, add the essential oil. Pour into sterile glass jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cold Cream): Store in a cool, dark place at a temperature of 5 °C to 10 °C. Avoid contact with moisture and direct sunlight. Shelf life — 2 months. After opening, use within 21 days.

Antibacterial Ointment — Bombax ceiba

Indications (Antibacterial Ointment): Furunculosis, pyoderma, dermatomycosis, infected eczema, skin ulcers of bacterial origin, inflammation of hair follicles, secondarily infected wounds, impetigo, superficial abscesses.

Standard Dosage (Antibacterial Ointment): Externally. Apply a thin layer to the affected skin area 2 times a day. If necessary, cover with a sterile bandage. Course — from 5 to 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Antibacterial Ointment): 3 times a day under an airtight dressing. Used for furuncles, pyoderma with purulent exudate, and skin ulcers with bacterial superinfection. Duration of enhanced use — no more than 5 days.

Maximum Dosage (Antibacterial Ointment): Up to 4 times a day on limited areas of no more than 10×10 cm². Used in the case of multiple pustules or complicated dermatoses. Maximum duration — no more than 3 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Antibacterial Ointment): Once a day on areas prone to recurrent inflammation (e.g., armpits, neck, interdigital folds). Used for a tendency to pyoderma, hyperhidrosis, and chronic dermatitis. Course — 7 days once a month.

Pediatric Dosage (Antibacterial Ointment): From 5 years: once a day spotwise. In children with a body weight below 20 kg, it is not recommended to apply more than 5 cm² of skin at a time. Do not use under an occlusive dressing. Application areas — only the torso and limbs (not the face).

Contraindications (Antibacterial Ointment): Individual intolerance to components. Deep purulent abscesses, phlegmon, skin tuberculosis. Contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 5 years have not been scientifically registered, but use in these groups requires medical supervision.

Side Effects (Antibacterial Ointment): Rarely — redness, burning, peeling, increased weeping. In case of overdose, skin maceration and disruption of the epidermal barrier function are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with a body weight of up to 40 kg — limit the application area and frequency of use (no more than once a day on 5 cm²). For patients over 90 kg — adjustment is not required.

Preparation Method (Antibacterial Ointment): To prepare 100 grams: oil infusion of Bombax ceiba — 30 grams; beeswax — 10 grams; coconut oil — 40 grams; anhydrous lanolin — 15 grams; tea tree essential oil — 5 grams. Melt the wax, coconut oil, and lanolin in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 65 °C. Pour in the infusion, stir until completely homogeneous. After cooling to 40 °C, add the essential oil. Pour into sterile aluminum tubes or jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Antibacterial Ointment): Store in a place protected from light and moisture at a temperature of 8 °C to 15 °C. Do not freeze. After opening, use within 30 days. Sealed packaging is valid for up to 6 months.

Cosmetic Serum — Bombax ceiba

Indications (Cosmetic Serum): Hyperpigmentation, post-acne, couperose, dry skin during climacteric changes, skin photoaging, age-related dullness of the skin, decreased elasticity, superficial wrinkles in the eye and forehead area, skin sensitivity after peeling.

Standard Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Externally. Apply 1–2 drops of serum to clean, dry facial and neck skin once a day in the evening with light tapping movements until completely absorbed.

Enhanced Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): 2 times a day (morning and evening) with 3 drops on the face and neck, especially in areas of pronounced photoaging and decreased skin turgor. Suitable for course use in 30-day anti-aging care programs.

Maximum Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Up to 4 drops on the face and 2 drops on the neck and décolleté area, no more than 2 times a day. Permissible for pronounced age-related skin dehydration, stress-induced skin fatigue, and combined disorders (pigmentation, wrinkles, vascular networks).

Preventive Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Once a day with 1 drop on the face and neck, in courses of 14–21 days, 3–4 times a year. Suitable for the prevention of skin aging in patients over 35 years of age, in dry climates, in smokers, and when working in air-conditioned rooms.

Pediatric Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Not used in children. Use in patients under 18 years is not recommended due to the lack of clinical feasibility and age-related necessity.

Contraindications (Cosmetic Serum): Pustular rashes on the face, active stage of rosacea, individual intolerance to components. No scientific data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have been registered; however, use during these periods without medical consultation is not recommended.

Side Effects (Cosmetic Serum): Short-term tingling or a sensation of mild itching at the application sites are possible. Rarely — increased skin sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation with simultaneous use of aggressive cosmetic products.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Adjustment is not required. The volume of application depends only on the skin area. Excessive application may cause a feeling of stickiness or a film.

Preparation Method (Cosmetic Serum): To prepare 100 milliliters: dry extract of Bombax ceiba — 2 grams; rose hydrolate — 60 milliliters; vegetable glycerin — 10 milliliters; hyaluronic acid (low molecular weight) — 0.5 grams; coconut water — 20 milliliters; neroli essential oil — 0.5 milliliters; preservative (rosemary extract or benzoic acid) — 1 gram. All components are mixed under sterile conditions at a temperature not exceeding 30 °C. The solution is filtered through a 0.2 µm membrane and poured into dark glass dropper bottles. Structure — low-viscosity aqueous emulsion.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cosmetic Serum): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4 °C to 8 °C. Avoid exposure to light and contact with air. After opening, use within 30 days. Shelf life of an unopened bottle — up to 6 months.

Resin — Bombax ceiba

Indications (Resin): Skin fissures, microtraumas, long-term non-healing wounds, first-degree burns, dry eczema, skin ulcers, herpetic elements in the scarring phase, skin irritation in psoriasis, localized neurodermatitis.

Standard Dosage (Resin): Externally. Soften the resin between the fingers and apply a thin layer to the affected area 1–2 times a day. If necessary, secure with a gauze bandage.

Enhanced Dosage (Resin): Up to 3 times a day in the presence of open, but non-bleeding erosions and fissures, with pronounced dry skin and peeling. Used in the repair phase of burns and ulcers.

Maximum Dosage (Resin): Up to 4 times a day on a limited skin area (no more than 15 cm²). Permissible in acute cases of fissures on the heels, elbows, with bloody drying exudate accompanying psoriatic plaques.

Preventive Dosage (Resin): Once a day at night during periods of seasonal skin drying, after visiting the pool, with a tendency to fissures and peeling. Recommended for elderly people, patients with hypothyroidism and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Course — 10–14 days.

Pediatric Dosage (Resin): From 6 years — spotwise, once a day on small areas (up to 2 cm²). Do not apply to mucous membranes. In children with a body weight of up to 20 kg — under adult supervision, no more than one application per day.

Contraindications (Resin): Individual hypersensitivity. Acute purulent skin infections, weeping eczema, fresh burns of II and III degree. Contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically registered, but caution is recommended when applying to the chest and abdomen.

Side Effects (Resin): In case of overdose or prolonged use, skin maceration, increased itching, and pore blockage are possible. Very rarely — contact dermatitis with increased sensitivity to plant components.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Adjustment is not required, as it is applied locally. In patients with a body weight of less than 40 kg — reduce the application area and frequency of repetitions.

Preparation Method (Resin): The resin of Bombax ceiba (collected from incisions on the trunk) is cleaned of foreign inclusions, then melted at a temperature of 35–40 °C in a water bath without direct contact with metal. 2% coconut oil can be added to soften the consistency. After melting, the resin is poured into an airtight mold and cooled. If necessary, it is formed into portioned pieces of 5–10 grams.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Resin): Store in a tightly closed container, at a temperature of 5 °C to 25 °C, in a dry, dark place, shielded from electromagnetic effects. Shelf life — up to 24 months. After opening, use within 90 days, provided airtight storage and protection from dust.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Bombax ceiba

Toxicological studies on animals indicate a high degree of biosafety of various extracts of Bombax ceiba. In particular, aqueous and alcoholic extracts showed no acute toxicity with oral administration.

In a study on rats, the acute toxicity assessment of an aqueous extract of Bombax ceiba bark was carried out at doses up to 2000 mg/kg of body weight. During 14 days of observation, no mortality, signs of toxicosis, or behavioral disorders were registered. The LD₅₀ values with oral administration exceeded 2000 mg/kg, which classifies the drug as practically non-toxic according to the WHO scale.

Chronic toxicological studies, including biochemical and hematological monitoring, also did not reveal adverse effects with prolonged use of Bombax ceiba extract at doses up to 1000 mg/kg.

Thus, Bombax ceiba has a favorable toxicological profile and can be considered a pharmacologically safe plant when recommended dosages are observed.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Pharmacodynamics — Bombax ceiba

The pharmacodynamic properties of Bombax ceiba are due to the high concentration of biologically active compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, beta-sitosterol, gallic acid, and mucopolysaccharides. These components provide a wide range of physiological effects at the systemic and local levels.

The mechanisms of action of Bombax ceiba are realized primarily through antioxidant activity. In vitro and in vivo studies show a pronounced ability of extracts to neutralize reactive oxygen species and inhibit lipid peroxidation, which is confirmed by a decrease in malondialdehyde levels and an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in biological tissues. This antioxidant effect is realized at the systemic level and is especially pronounced in the tissues of the liver, skin, and mucous membranes.

The immunopharmacological action of Bombax ceiba is manifested through the activation of phagocytosis, stimulation of macrophage activity, and an increase in the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Studies show that plant extracts can modulate the cellular component of the immune system, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) while simultaneously stimulating anti-inflammatory pathways, which suggests a dual modulating effect on immune homeostasis.

The anti-inflammatory activity of the plant is realized by suppressing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and reducing prostaglandin synthesis, which makes Bombax ceiba a promising source of natural inhibitors of inflammatory cascades. In addition, isolated fractions demonstrate the ability to inhibit the activity of lysosomal enzymes and limit neutrophil migration, which further reduces the severity of the tissue inflammatory response.

Pharmacodynamics with respect to the skin is manifested in the improvement of epidermal repair processes, stimulation of collagen synthesis, and acceleration of wound healing. Local use of Bombax ceiba-based preparations contributes to the restoration of the skin barrier function, normalization of sebum production, and a reduction in bacterial contamination of inflamed areas.

The neurotropic properties of the plant have also been described in several studies, where Bombax ceiba extracts demonstrated a mild sedative effect and anxiolytic activity. These properties are due to an effect on GABAergic neurotransmission and potential interaction with benzodiazepine receptors, although the mechanism requires further clarification. Additionally, a moderate decrease in motor activity and response latency in behavioral tests in experimental animals is observed.

At the level of the gastrointestinal tract, Bombax ceiba exerts a spasmolytic and astringent effect, due to the presence of tannins and mucopolysaccharides. These components protect the mucous membrane, forming a thin protective layer, and reduce the secretion of aggressive factors in gastric juice. In individual models, a decrease in smooth muscle tone and a slowdown in intestinal motility are observed, which may be associated with the action of flavonoid fractions.

On the endocrine system, the action is realized through an effect on plasma glucose levels. Some fractions of Bombax ceiba extracts inhibit the activity of alpha-glucosidase, contributing to a slowdown in carbohydrate absorption and normalization of postprandial glycemia. An indirect increase in tissue sensitivity to insulin is also observed, presumably due to a reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation.

Thus, the pharmacodynamic activity of Bombax ceiba is characterized by multiple targets and a systemic level of action, covering the immune, skin, digestive, nervous, and endocrine systems. The established effects include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, reparative, immunostimulating, sedative, gastroprotective, and hypoglycemic actions, mediated through enzyme and receptor modulations.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.researchgate.net/p...

Pharmacokinetics — Bombax ceiba

The pharmacokinetic characteristics of Bombax ceiba are determined by the chemical composition of the biologically active components of the plant, among which flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpenoids, tannins, and mucopolysaccharides dominate. Their kinetic behavior depends on the dosage form used, the route of administration, and the physiological state of the patient.

With oral administration, the most characteristic for powder, dry extract, and alcohol tincture, the absorption of active substances begins primarily in the proximal parts of the small intestine. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds undergo partial deglycosidation under the action of intestinal microflora enzymes, which facilitates their absorption in the aglycone form. At the same time, mucopolysaccharides and tannins largely demonstrate low systemic absorption, exerting a local protective and enveloping effect on the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract.

The distribution of flavonoid and triterpenoid compounds after absorption occurs with the participation of plasma proteins. They are able to accumulate in tissues with pronounced vascularization and increased antioxidant activity, including the liver, kidneys, skin, and mucous membranes. Phenolic compounds tend to cross the blood-brain barrier, which determines their effect on neurotropic mechanisms. Tannins with systemic absorption in small quantities can affect capillary permeability and the binding of metal-containing enzyme complexes.

The metabolism of the active components of Bombax ceiba is primarily carried out in the liver with the participation of microsomal enzymes of the cytochrome P450 system. Flavonoids and phenolic acids undergo a conjugation phase (methylation, sulfation, glucuronidation), after which the metabolites acquire hydrophilic properties and are subject to excretion. Triterpenoids are metabolized more slowly, partially accumulating in lipophilic tissues.

The excretion pathways depend on the chemical nature of the substance. The main route for water-soluble metabolites is renal excretion in the urine. Some components, especially those with high molecular weight and lipophilicity, are excreted with bile and may subsequently undergo enterohepatic recirculation. A small amount of aromatic compounds, especially from essential components, can be excreted through the lungs and skin, which is especially relevant for transdermal and inhalation forms of use.

With transdermal administration (in the form of cream, ointment, infusion), the absorption of active substances is limited by the stratum corneum of the epidermis. The main active components here are lipophilic fractions — triterpenes, fat-soluble antioxidants, and essential oils, which penetrate the epidermis and partially the dermis. Since systemic absorption with local application is minimal, the action remains at the level of skin tissues and subcutaneous tissue, which reduces the likelihood of systemic side effects.

When applied to mucous membranes (for example, vaginal and rectal forms, if they were used), higher absorption of water-soluble substances is assumed, especially in the presence of inflammation, which may affect systemic exposure. However, in the case of Bombax ceiba, no clinically significant studies on the transmucosal route have been registered.

Thus, the pharmacokinetic profile of Bombax ceiba is characterized by multicomponent nature, with the combined participation of the liver, kidneys, and intestinal microflora in metabolism and excretion. The dominant routes of administration remain oral and transdermal, with predominantly local realization of action with external use and systemic effect with oral intake.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.researchgate.net/p...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Bombax ceiba

The chemical composition of Bombax ceiba includes bioflavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and sterol compounds, which determines the multiple pharmacological targets of the plant. Studies have shown that flavonoid fractions of Bombax ceiba are able to inhibit the NF-κB cascade, which is responsible for the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines. By blocking the nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit and suppressing IκB kinase activity, a decrease in the production of inflammatory mediators occurs, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. This leads to suppression of the inflammatory response at the level of macrophages, neutrophils, and vascular endothelial cells.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

A number of studies have established that polyphenolic and triterpenoid components of Bombax ceiba exhibit antioxidant activity by modulating the enzymatic system of antioxidant defense. Activation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase is accompanied by a decrease in malondialdehyde levels and peroxide products in tissues. This indicates a membrane-stabilizing effect and the ability of the substance to prevent lipid peroxidation. This mechanism is especially pronounced in the tissues of the liver, skin, and mucous membranes.

Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Beta-sitosterol and related sterol compounds of Bombax ceiba demonstrate the ability to inhibit the enzymes 5-alpha-reductase and aromatase, which indicates a potential hormone-modulating effect. Suppression of these enzymes is associated with modulation of androgen and estrogen synthesis, as well as an effect on the proliferation of cells sensitive to sex hormones. This is accompanied by a decrease in the expression of estradiol and dihydrotestosterone receptors in experimental tissue models.

Reference: https://www.researchgate.net/p...

Plant extracts affect the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and, to a lesser extent, lipoxygenase (LOX), which reduces the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. This is confirmed by a decrease in PGE2 and LTB4 levels in macrophage cultures. This mechanism of action underlies the anti-inflammatory effect and is characterized by pronounced inhibition of pain and vascular mediators.

Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

There is evidence of inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase under the action of some fractions of Bombax ceiba, especially polysaccharide and phenolic ones. These enzyme targets are involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates in the intestinal lumen, and their inhibition leads to a slowdown in glucose absorption. Additionally, the involvement of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is assumed, which mediates increased insulin sensitivity at the level of cellular receptors, especially in muscle and adipose tissue.

Reference: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

In studies on the nervous system, sedative and anxiolytic effects have been described, realized through the activation of GABA receptors. The binding of flavonoids to allosteric sites of GABA_A receptors contributes to the enhancement of inhibitory signals in the structures of the limbic system and cortex. In addition, a moderate decrease in spontaneous motor activity was observed, which also indicates central modulation.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Thus, Bombax ceiba represents a complex phytochemical compound with proven multiple effects on signaling, enzymatic, and receptor levels, including NF-κB, COX, LOX, PI3K/Akt, GABA_A modulation, and antioxidant defense. These effects are due to the combination of flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannins, and phytosterols.

Synergy — Bombax ceiba

Scientific data confirm the pharmacological synergy of Bombax ceiba with a number of natural and plant compounds, which is manifested in various functional directions. One of the most studied effects is the potentiation of antioxidant activity with combined use with polyphenols of other plants, in particular catechins and gallates. In vitro studies have shown that combinations of Bombax ceiba extract with epigallocatechin gallate demonstrate enhanced suppression of lipid peroxidation and membrane stabilization in liver cell culture, indicating additive and partially synergistic action of the antioxidant spectrum.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

In the area of modulation of inflammatory processes, potentiating synergy of Bombax ceiba with extracts of plants containing curcuminoids and boswellic acids has been established. Studies on animal models have demonstrated that combined use leads to more pronounced suppression of COX-2 expression and a decrease in prostaglandin E2 levels than with isolated administration of each substance. It is assumed that the interaction mechanism is realized through the simultaneous inhibition of enzymatic and transcriptional cascades of inflammation, in particular NF-κB and LOX.

Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Modulating synergy between Bombax ceiba extracts and plants containing saponins (for example, from the genus Panax) has also been described. Combined use leads to increased phagocytic activity of macrophages and a more stable cytokine production profile. This indicates a systemic immunomodulatory direction of synergy with enhancement of humoral and cellular immune response. At the same time, the level of pro-inflammatory markers such as TNF-α and IL-6 decreases, while IL-10 increases, indicating regulation of the Th1/Th2 balance.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

At the tissue level, enhancement of reparative and regenerative processes has been established with the combined use of Bombax ceiba and allantoin, which is manifested in accelerated epithelialization and restoration of the skin barrier. Ex vivo studies and on keratinocyte cultures show more active cell proliferation and collagen synthesis under combined exposure. It is assumed that synergy is realized through the activation of growth receptors and inhibition of oxidative damage in areas of microtrauma.

Reference: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

There is evidence of synergy of Bombax ceiba with natural α-glucosidase inhibitors, including compounds from Momordica charantia and Gymnema sylvestre. These combinations demonstrate additive and partially potentiating slowing of complex carbohydrate hydrolysis and reduction of postprandial glycemia. The synergy mechanism is associated with the simultaneous inhibition of two key enzymes — α-glucosidase and α-amylase, which enhances the effect without increasing the toxic load.

Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Thus, Bombax ceiba represents a complex phytochemical compound with proven multiple effects on signaling, enzymatic, and receptor levels, including NF-κB, COX, LOX, PI3K/Akt, GABA_A modulation, and antioxidant defense. These effects are due to the combination of flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannins, and phytosterols.

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Bombax ceiba

Bombax ceiba is traditionally used in the medical and ritual practices of the peoples of South and Southeast Asia, as well as in a number of regions of Central and East Africa. The most developed ethnomedical traditions are associated with India, Nepal, Thailand, China, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Cambodia, where Bombax ceiba is widely used both in classical schools of traditional medicine and in village folklore.

In the Ayurvedic system, the plant is known as "Shalmali" and is classified as a cooling and astringent remedy. In traditional practice, the bark, flowers, fruits, and roots are used. Decoctions and pastes are prepared from the bark and flowers, which are applied externally or used for rinsing, while the bark or resin powder is taken internally. In Sinhalese medicine of Sri Lanka and folk schools of West Bengal, flower decoctions are used to prepare mixtures used for seasonal imbalances of the body. In Thai tradition (including the northern Lanna schools and central royal-type medicine), the bark is used in steam baths, wraps, and compress recipes.

In Chinese folk medicine, Bombax ceiba is classified as a "cooling and dampness" plant and is used in the form of decoctions, extracts, and infusions. It is often combined with other components in recipes of regional medicine in the southern provinces of China, such as Guangdong, Fujian, and Yunnan. In Nepal, Bombax ceiba resin is used as a thickener for the preparation of local medicinal ointments and is considered a valuable component in the home pharmacy of rural families.

In Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, the plant is known in the tradition of peasant healers, where the bark is used in smoke rituals and rubs when interacting with the body's energy points. In North African ethnomedical systems, especially in Ethiopia and Uganda, Bombax ceiba wood and resin are considered a protective and cleansing agent, often burned on coals in home purification rituals. In Nigeria and the countries of Chad, bark infusions are used in folklore practices accompanied by verbal formulas.

Historical references to the use of Bombax ceiba date back to Sanskrit treatises of the 1st millennium BC, including the "Sushruta Samhita," where the plant is described as a component of remedies for strengthening the body and recovery after exhaustion. In Chinese herbal books, it first appears in manuscripts of the Tang era (VII–IX centuries) and is later mentioned in the compendiums of the Ming Dynasty. Archaeobotanical evidence of the use of Bombax ceiba wood and resin has been found in burial structures of pre-colonial Southeast Asia.

In addition to medicinal use, Bombax ceiba performed ritual and magical-symbolic functions. In villages of Northern Thailand, the tree was considered the "home of the forest spirit," and its felling was allowed only after a special ceremony with offerings. In the Hindu tradition, the tree is associated with the Maruts (wind spirits) and was considered a repository of purifying power, and in villages of Western India, Bombax ceiba branches were hung at the entrance to the dwelling during the change of seasons. In the cultures of Southern China, the resin of the plant was used in smoking rituals to expel diseases and strengthen the spirit.