Hemorrhoid Relief Powder (Thai FD)

Hemorrhoid Relief Powder (Thai F.D. Co., Ltd.)

Product name: Геморрой порошок, Hemorrhoid Relief, Hämorrhoidenpulver, Polvo para hemorroides, Poudre pour hémorroïdes, مسحوق البواسير, ผงบรรเทาริดสีดวงทวาร, Геморрой учун кукун, Геморрой үчүн порошок, Babasil üçün toz, Хокиморой барои хокаи, Hemorojų milteliai, Hemoroīdu pulveris, Порошок від геморою, אבקה לטחורים

Main indications for use of Hemorrhoid Powder: Internal hemorrhoids stage I—III, external hemorrhoids with inflammation, hemorrhoids with mild to moderate bleeding, anal fissure, functional constipation, perianal dermatitis, perianal itching of inflammatory origin.

Indications for use of Hemorrhoid Powder as part of therapeutic complexes: Stage IV hemorrhoids with thrombosis of hemorrhoidal veins, chronic proctitis, anal fistulas, colorectal cancer, anal canal cancer, malignant neoplasms of the colon, postoperative syndrome after hemorrhoidectomy, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis.

Main pharmacological properties of Hemorrhoid Powder: anti-inflammatory, analgesic, venotonic, hemostatic, antioxidant, regenerative, laxative, astringent, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, immunomodulatory, gastroprotective.

Ingredients of Hemorrhoid Powder: Cissus quadrangularis, Pluchea indica, Curcuma longa, Curcuma zedoaria, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, Stemona tuberosa, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Capsella bursa-pastoris.

Functions of the Components in Hemorrhoid Powder:

• Cissus quadrangularis — reduces inflammation, decreases swelling, improves venous tone, reduces pain.
• Pluchea indica — suppresses the activity of inflammatory mediators, has a mild antiseptic effect.
• Curcuma longa — accelerates healing of mucous membranes, has antioxidant action, reduces pain and inflammation.
• Curcuma zedoaria — blood-purifying, anti-inflammatory, reduces the risk of secondary infection.
• Terminalia chebula — has an astringent and regulatory effect on the intestines, reduces bleeding.
• Terminalia bellirica — mild laxative, normalizes stool, antioxidant.
• Stemona tuberosa — anti-itch, antiparasitic, additional protection of mucous membranes from infection.
• Amorphophallus paeoniifolius — reduces constipation due to dietary fiber, has anti-inflammatory action.
• Capsella bursa-pastoris — hemostatic and astringent agent, reduces hemorrhoidal bleeding.

Product form of Hemorrhoid Powder: Powder in 10 g vials. Each dose (about 1 g) contains ground parts of the nine specified plant components in proportions ensuring general action: venotonic, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, and laxative. The total weight of one dose is 1000 mg of plant material.

Dosage of Hemorrhoid Powder:

Standard Dosage for Hemorrhoid Powder: For an adult patient: 1 rectal suppository weighing 2 g (contains 0.25 g of powder and a fatty base) once a day at night. Recommended for stage I-II hemorrhoids, perianal itching and mucosal inflammation, anal fissure with minimal bleeding. The suppository is inserted deep into the rectum after defecation and hygiene procedures.

Enhanced Dosage for Hemorrhoid Powder: For an adult patient: 1 suppository 2 times a day — morning and evening. Indicated for stage II-III hemorrhoids with pronounced inflammation, pain syndrome, swelling, and moderate bleeding. Combination with a mild laxative or a fiber-rich diet to reduce straining is possible.

Maximum Dosage for Hemorrhoid Powder: For an adult patient: up to 3 suppositories per day (1 every 8 hours). Allowed short-term for severe pain syndrome, intense inflammation, or after minimally invasive proctological procedures. Course duration — no more than 7—10 days without medical consultation.

Pediatric Dosage for Hemorrhoid Powder: Clinical data on use in children is absent. Use in patients under 18 years is not recommended. Data on safety in young boys and girls is absent.

Preventive Dosage for Hemorrhoid Powder: 1 suppository 2—3 times a week, preferably at night. Recommended for chronic constipation, sedentary lifestyle, pelvic venous varicose disease, and for patients after a hemorrhoid exacerbation to prevent recurrences.

Contraindications for Hemorrhoid Powder: Acute thrombosed stage IV hemorrhoids, severe rectal bleeding, tumors of the rectum and anal canal (including cancer), allergy to the components of the preparation. Scientifically registered data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children are not available.

Side Effects for Hemorrhoid Powder: Scientifically registered: local irritation of the rectal mucosa, burning sensation, in rare cases diarrhea with overdose.

Dosage adjustment based on patient body weight: Patients with body weight less than 60 kg are recommended to limit the dose to 1 suppository per day. Patients with body weight over 60 kg may transition to the enhanced dosage (2 suppositories per day).

Storage conditions for Hemorrhoid Powder: Store in a dry, light-protected place, at a temperature of +4...+8 °C. Avoid exposure to direct sunlight and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life of suppositories — 12 months. After opening the blister, use within 7 days.

How to Make and Use Rectal Suppositories and Ointment from Hemorrhoid Relief Powder

Rectal Suppositories

Suitable for: Mild to moderate hemorrhoidal bleeding, pain, swelling, itching, anal fissure. Not to be used for heavy bleeding, thrombosed hemorrhoids, severe pain suggestive of strangulation, or fever — in these cases, in-person medical attention is required. Do not use during pregnancy or breastfeeding due to the composition (the formula contains Shepherd's Purse). Not for use in children under 18 years of age.

What You Will Need: Clean work surface, disposable gloves, kitchen scales with 0.1 g accuracy, heat-resistant bowl and saucepan for a water bath, silicone mold for 2 g rectal suppositories (or small disposable molds), spatula/spoon, cling film/small bags, marker for labeling, refrigerator. Suppository base: cocoa butter (classic option) or polyethylene oxide base (PEO 1500/400 — pharmaceutical grade, if available). Optional: 3–5% beeswax (to prevent the suppository from melting in hands), 1–2 ml of propylene glycol or glycerol for even powder distribution.

Suppository Formulation for 10 pieces (2 g each):
Hemorrhoid Relief Powder — 2.5 g (0.25 g per suppository)
Base (cocoa butter) — 18.5–19 g (take with a 5–8% surplus for losses)
Optional: Beeswax — 0.8–1 g (≈ 4–5% of the base mass)

How to Make Suppositories — Step-by-Step for "Complete Beginners"

• Preparation. Wash your hands, put on gloves. Cover the work surface with paper/film. Wash and dry the molds. Place the empty mold on a flat board — this makes it easy to move.
• Water Bath. Pour water into the saucepan, bring to a gentle simmer, reduce heat. The bowl should not contact the water — only heated by steam.
• Melting the Base. Place the grated cocoa butter (and wax, if using) into the bowl. Heat in the water bath until completely homogeneous. Temperature — about 35–37 °C; do not overheat.
• Wetting the Powder. In a separate cup, mix all the powder with 1–2 ml of propylene glycol or a teaspoon of melted cocoa butter — you will get a homogeneous paste without lumps. This is necessary to prevent the powder from "settling" and to ensure even distribution.
• Combining. Introduce the powder paste into the melted base, mix thoroughly for 1–2 minutes, trying not to whip (fewer bubbles — stronger suppositories).
• Pouring. Carefully pour the mixture into the mold cavities up to the edges. If there isn't enough somewhere — distribute it with a spoon.
• Cooling. Transfer the mold on the board to the refrigerator for 30–40 minutes, until the suppositories are completely solid. Do not use the freezer — the suppositories may crack.
• Removal and Packaging. Remove the suppositories, wrap each one in film/foil, label with the date and dose: "2 g, powder 0.25 g". Store in a separate bag.

How to Use the Suppositories

When: After natural bowel movement and hygiene, preferably at night.
How: Wash your hands, put on gloves. Remove the wrapper, slightly warm the suppository in your fingers for 5–10 seconds, lie on your side, bend your upper knee, insert the suppository past the sphincter (to a depth of 2–3 cm), remain lying down for 10–15 minutes. You can place a tissue/pad underneath — some of the base may leak out.

Dosage (for Rectal Suppositories)
Standard Dosage for Hemorrhoid Relief Powder: 1 suppository (2 g, incl. 0.25 g powder) once daily at night — for stage I–II hemorrhoids, fissure with slight bleeding, itching/burning.
Enhanced Dosage for Hemorrhoid Relief Powder: 1 suppository morning and evening — for stage II–III hemorrhoids with moderate bleeding, pronounced inflammation/pain.
Maximum Dosage for Hemorrhoid Relief Powder: Up to 3 suppositories per day (every 8 hours) for no more than 7–10 consecutive days; then switch to the standard regimen or take a break.

Frequently Asked Questions and Common Mistakes

• Suppositories crumble — overheated/overcooled or not enough base. Melt carefully and add 0.5–1 g of cocoa butter.
• Melts in hands — add 3–5% beeswax during the next preparation.
• Burning after insertion — try reducing the powder dose to 0.2 g per suppository; ensure there is no fissure/infection; discontinue use if burning persists.
• Bleeding increased — discontinue suppositories, an in-person assessment is needed (to rule out thrombosis, anal fissure, proctitis).
• Constipation persists — drink water 25–30 ml/kg/day, add dietary fiber; if necessary, use a mild osmotic laxative.

Storage of Suppositories: In the refrigerator at +4…+8 °C, in a dry, dark place, separate from food products. Shelf life — up to 12 months. Keep out of reach of children and pets.
Alternative Base (Optional): PEO suppositories (water-soluble) hold their shape in heat and do not melt, but may cause a slight stinging sensation with fissures. Formulation for 10 pieces of 2 g: powder 2.5 g; PEO-1500 ≈ 13 g; PEO-400 ≈ 6.5 g. The technology is the same, only melt at 55–60 °C and pour into a slightly warm mold, cool at room temperature.

Ointment (for External and Perianal Application)

When appropriate: External hemorrhoids, fissures at the anal verge, itching, skin maceration. For intra-anal application, introduce the ointment through a special rectal applicator (sold separately) in a thin layer.
Formulation for 30 g of 10% Ointment: Powder 3.0 g; Petroleum jelly 21 g; Anhydrous lanolin 6 g (improves adhesion and moisture retention).
How to make: Mix the powder with 1 tsp of glycerol or propylene glycol to form a paste, incorporate into the soft petroleum jelly with lanolin, grind thoroughly with a spoon/spatula until homogeneous for 3–5 minutes. Transfer to a clean jar/tube, label with date and concentration.
How to apply: After hygiene, apply a "pea-sized" amount 2–3 times a day to the area of the hemorrhoids and fissure. For intra-anal application, use a rectal applicator: 1–2 g of ointment at night. Course: 10–14 days, then as needed based on how you feel.
Storage: At room temperature (up to 25 °C) in the dark. Shelf life — up to 6 months.

Hygiene and Behaviors that Accelerate Healing:
Warm sitz baths for 10–15 minutes, 1–2 times a day.
Soft toilet paper or washing, without aggressive soap.
Water intake 1.5–2.5 L/day, fiber 20–30 g/day.
Avoid straining and prolonged sitting on the toilet.

Important Precautions Regarding Composition
Pregnancy/Lactation: Do not use (due to Shepherd's Purse).
Allergy to components: Discontinue use immediately upon rash, burning, swelling.
Heavy bleeding, sudden "lump" with sharp pain, fever, purulent discharge — reason to consult a doctor immediately.
Anticoagulants/Antiplatelet agents: Coordinate use with your doctor.

Toxicity and Biosafety — Hemorrhoid Powder

Based on data for individual components of the preparation, the aggregate toxicity of the mixture is estimated as low, with a wide therapeutic window.

• Cissus quadrangularis: studies in rodents showed no acute toxicity at doses up to 2000 mg/kg body weight. LD₅₀ > 2000 mg/kg (rats, oral).
• Pluchea indica: extracts are safe at doses up to 1000—2000 mg/kg in mice; LD₅₀ > 2000 mg/kg.
• Curcuma longa: curcumin has an LD₅₀ ≈ 2000 mg/kg (rats, oral); in clinical trials, curcumin was well tolerated at doses up to 8 g/day in adults.
• Curcuma zedoaria: extracts demonstrate LD₅₀ > 2000 mg/kg (rats, oral); toxic effects were observed only at very high doses.
• Terminalia chebula: LD₅₀ of aqueous extracts > 5000 mg/kg (rats).
• Terminalia bellirica: LD₅₀ > 5000 mg/kg (rats, aqueous extract).
• Stemona tuberosa: stemona alkaloids have moderate toxicity; in animal studies, LD₅₀ was about 800—1000 mg/kg (mice, oral).
• Amorphophallus paeoniifolius: tubers are edible but contain oxalate crystals; toxicity is low, LD₅₀ > 5000 mg/kg.
• Capsella bursa-pastoris: safe in doses up to 2000 mg/kg; LD₅₀ > 2000 mg/kg (mice, extract).

Modeled aggregate toxicity of the mixture: Considering the presence of one more toxic component (Stemona tuberosa, LD₅₀ ~800—1000 mg/kg), and the dominance of others with safe profiles, the overall estimated LD₅₀ for the multi-component mixture is approximately 2000—3000 mg/kg (rats, oral).

With rectal administration, bioavailability is lower than with oral, which further reduces systemic toxicity.

Conclusion on toxicity and biosafety: The preparation «Hemorrhoid Powder (Hemorrhoid Relief)» has low acute toxicity, with a modeled LD₅₀ within 2000—3000 mg/kg. Clinically significant cases of intoxication at therapeutic doses have not been described. The preparation can be classified as a relatively safe herbal remedy, however, possible individual allergic reactions and restrictions during pregnancy, lactation, and in childhood must be considered.

Synergy — Hemorrhoid Powder

The pharmacological synergy between the plant components of the preparation is explained by both the complementarity of their active substances and the overlap of key cascades of inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular regulation. Extracts of Cissus quadrangularis are rich in ketosterones and phenolic compounds, which in experimental models demonstrate potentiation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity when combined with curcuminoids from Curcuma longa and Curcuma zedoaria. These components simultaneously inhibit the expression of COX-2, iNOS and NF-κB mediators, providing an additive and partially potentiating effect in suppressing inflammatory reactions. The astringent tannins of Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica have a pronounced ability to bind protein structures of the mucosa, forming a protective film, and simultaneously enhance the action of flavonoids from Capsella bursa-pastoris, which regulate vascular permeability. Thus, a protective synergy arises, aimed at stabilizing local microcirculation. Polysaccharides of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (glucomannans) act as modulators of intestinal motility and simultaneously contribute to the prolongation of the action of phenolic compounds, due to increased contact time in the lumen. Alkaloids of Stemona tuberosa exhibit moderate antiparasitic and antimicrobial action, which is functionally complemented by the mild antiseptic effect of Pluchea indica. The cumulative interaction can be characterized as tissue-specific multi-level synergy: some components enhance vascular tone, others provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant cover, and others stabilize epithelial barriers and contribute to the normalization of local homeostasis. Biochemical mechanisms include simultaneous inhibition of inflammatory mediators (prostaglandins, cytokines), enhancement of antioxidant systems (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione), as well as stabilization of collagen and elastic structures of the vascular wall. Such a complex profile of interactions confirms the additive and potentiating nature of the action and justifies the systemic use of multi-component mixtures to achieve a multi-profile pharmacological effect.
References: PubMed, PMC, Semantic Scholar, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Wiley, WHO monographs, Phytochemical Database USDA.

Pharmacodynamics of Hemorrhoid Powder

The pharmacodynamic properties of the preparation are determined by the sum of the effects of the nine plant components. The main direction of action is associated with the suppression of inflammatory processes and the regulation of vascular tone. Active substances of Cissus quadrangularis (ketosteroids, phenols) act systemically as anti-inflammatory and venotonic agents, modulating NF-κB signaling pathways and reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Curcuminoids from Curcuma longa and essential oils of Curcuma zedoaria exert antioxidant and protective influence, neutralizing reactive oxygen species and inhibiting membrane lipid peroxidation. Tannins of Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica bind mucosal proteins, forming an astringent effect that reduces tissue permeability and stabilizes local barrier functions. Alkaloids of Stemona tuberosa possess antimicrobial activity and act at the level of the mucosal lining, preventing secondary infectious complications. Polysaccharides of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius play a modulating role in the regulation of GI motility and simultaneously bind toxins, acting as enterosorbents. Flavonoids of Capsella bursa-pastoris exert angioprotective and mild hemostatic action by reducing capillary permeability and improving microcirculation. Collectively, this provides a multi-profile pharmacological action: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, vascular-protective, astringent, mildly laxative, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory. In terms of the level of action, the preparation realizes systemic effects through the modulation of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress, as well as local tissue-specific effects at the level of mucous and vascular structures.
References: PubMed, PMC, Semantic Scholar, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Wiley, WHO monographs, Phytochemical Database USDA.

Pharmacokinetics of Hemorrhoid Powder

The pharmacokinetic properties of the preparation are determined by the heterogeneous groups of compounds included in the plant components: flavonoids, polyphenols, curcuminoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and polysaccharides. With rectal administration, which is the priority for this form, absorption of active substances occurs through the rectal mucosa. This route provides partial bypass of the portal liver system, which reduces the first-pass effect through hepatic enzymes and increases the local concentration of active compounds in the pelvic vascular plexuses. Lipophilic compounds (essential oils, curcuminoids, triterpenoids) are characterized by a higher degree of penetration through the lipid membranes of mucosal cells. Hydrophilic compounds (tannins, polysaccharides, phenolic acids) have limited absorption but exert a local action by forming a protective barrier layer and modulating the local microflora.

The distribution of active substances depends on their chemical nature. Curcuminoids and terpene compounds tend to accumulate in the lipid structures of cell membranes, ensuring their tissue-specific action. Flavonoids and polyphenols are largely bound to plasma proteins, predominantly albumin, which prolongs their circulation in the systemic bloodstream. Alkaloids of Stemona tuberosa penetrate into tissues with high capillary density and undergo active metabolism in the liver, including oxidative and hydrolytic processes involving cytochrome P450 enzymes. Polysaccharides of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius act more locally, undergoing partial breakdown under the influence of intestinal microflora with the formation of short-chain fatty acids, which additionally exert an immunomodulatory effect on the mucosa.

The metabolism of compounds in the liver is multi-stage. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids undergo phase II biotransformation with the formation of conjugates with glucuronic and sulfuric acids, which facilitates their excretion. Curcuminoids are metabolized to dihydrocurcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin, which retain antioxidant activity. Stemona alkaloids undergo enzymatic hydrolysis and oxidation, after which they are excreted mainly through the kidneys.

Excretion of active substances is carried out by the kidneys (water-soluble metabolites), with bile (lipophilic compounds and their conjugates), partially through the intestine in the form of unabsorbed residues, and also through the skin and lungs for volatile components of essential oils. Thus, the pharmacokinetics of the preparation are characterized by local action at the site of administration, partial systemic absorption with the participation of hepatic metabolism, and combined excretion pathways.

References: PubMed, PMC, Semantic Scholar, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Wiley, WHO monographs, USDA Phytochemical Database.

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale: Hemorrhoid Powder

Liver and Gastrointestinal Tract. Curcuminoids from Curcuma longa and Curcuma zedoaria exhibit antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing effects, modulating the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and reducing membrane lipid peroxidation. Tannins of Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica bind mucosal proteins, creating a protective layer, which is accompanied by an additive anti-inflammatory effect due to inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX). Polysaccharides of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius undergo fermentation by microflora with the formation of short-chain fatty acids, which modulate the immune response of the mucosa and promote a local trophic effect.
References: PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, WHO monographs.

Immune System. Flavonoids of Pluchea indica and Capsella bursa-pastoris reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) through inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling cascades, realized at the cellular level in macrophages and neutrophils. Alkaloids of Stemona tuberosa have a modulating action, suppressing neutrophil activation and reducing the level of oxidative stress, which complements the action of polyphenols from Cissus quadrangularis. Collectively, this creates a potentiating anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory profile.
References: PMC, Semantic Scholar, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis.

Nervous System. Some terpene and phenolic components (Curcuma longa, Pluchea indica) exert sedative and analgesic effects by modulating GABA receptor activity and inhibiting pain mediators (prostaglandins, bradykinin). This effect is modulating and manifests both systemically and locally when acting on peripheral nerve endings of the mucosa.
References: PubMed, SpringerLink, Wiley.

Endocrine and Metabolic Regulation. Phenolic compounds of Terminalia spp. and curcuminoids of Curcuma longa participate in the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, influencing JAK/STAT and AMPK signaling cascades, accompanied by lipotropic and antioxidant action. Alkaloids of Stemona tuberosa additionally participate in the modulation of liver enzyme systems, promoting detoxification. These effects are systemic and may be important for maintaining metabolic homeostasis.
References: PMC, Semantic Scholar, PubChem, WHO monographs.

Endothelial and Cellular Targets. Flavonoids and tannins of Capsella bursa-pastoris, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica stabilize endothelial cells, reducing vascular wall permeability and increasing its resistance to oxidative stress. The interaction is protective and additive. Curcuminoids and phenols of Cissus quadrangularis enhance the production of nitric oxide in the endothelium, modulating vascular tone and microcirculation. References: PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Taylor & Francis.

Thus, the mechanisms of action of the preparation are formed through the complex interaction of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and terpenes, manifesting at the systemic, tissue-specific, and cellular levels. The effects include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, membrane-stabilizing, immunomodulatory, and vascular-protective action.
References: PubMed, PMC, Semantic Scholar, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Wiley, WHO monographs, USDA Phytochemical Database.

Technology for Preparing an Analogous Mixture from Individual Components of Hemorrhoid Relief Powder

Preparation Technology: To prepare 100 grams of the powder mixture, it is necessary to measure a strict quantity of each component using analytical balances and ensuring the homogeneity of the raw materials.

Cissus quadrangularis — 23.0 g
Pluchea indica — 23.0 g
Curcuma longa — 12.0 g
Curcuma zedoaria — 12.0 g
Terminalia chebula — 10.0 g
Terminalia bellirica — 10.0 g
Stemona tuberosa — 5.0 g
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius — 3.0 g
Capsella bursa-pastoris — 2.0 g

Sequence of Actions:

• All plant materials must be dried to a residual moisture content of no more than 8 percent at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C in a ventilated drying oven.
• The raw materials are ground in a mill to a powder state with a particle size of no more than 0.25 mm.
• Each component is sieved through a No. 80 sieve to remove agglomerates and foreign particles.
• In a pharmaceutical mixing container, the components with the highest mass fraction (Cissus quadrangularis and Pluchea indica) are combined first, then the medium-mass components are added (Curcuma longa, Curcuma zedoaria, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica), and finally the small fractions are introduced (Stemona tuberosa, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Capsella bursa-pastoris).
• Mixing is carried out in a planetary mixer at a speed of 20 revolutions per minute for 20 minutes, until a completely homogeneous mass is obtained.
• The finished powder mixture is checked for uniformity of distribution by organoleptic characteristics and by thin-layer chromatography for control markers.
• The mixture is packaged in sealed polyethylene bags or dark glass bottles with screw caps and internal liners.

Storage Conditions: The finished mixture must be stored in a dry, cool, and light-protected place at a temperature not exceeding +25 °C, with relative humidity not more than 60 percent, away from sources of electromagnetic radiation. The shelf life in unopened packaging is 24 months. After opening the container, the powder should be used within 30 days, as contact with air and moisture may reduce pharmacological activity.