Syzygium nervosum A.Camus (Root)

Syzygium nervosum A.Camus (Root)

Product Name: клементисия ямайская (Ru), Syzygium nervosum (Lat), Jamaikanische Klemmtensie (Germ), climentisia jamaicana (It), clémentisia jamaïcaine (Fr), كليمينتيسيا جامايكية (Ar), วา (Wa) (Th), сусак (Susak) (Uzb), ва (Va) (Kyr), кичил (Kichil) (Azb), сусак (Susak) (Tjk), saldusis eukaliptas (Lit), smaržīgais eikalipts (Ltv), кленовий мирт (Klenovyi myrt) (Ukr), הדס סגול (Hadas sagol) (Heb)

Synonyms: Кленовый мирт (Klenovyi myrt) (Ru), Jamaican Rose Myrtle (Eng), Eucalyptus myrtifolia (Lat), Java-Apfel (Java-Apfel) (Germ), mirto de hoja ancha (Sp), jambosier à grandes feuilles (Fr), آس جامايكي (Aas jamaiki) (Ar), วา (Wa) (Th)

Parts used: root, bark, leaves, flowers, fruits.

Main indications for Syzygium nervosum: type 2 diabetes mellitus, acute and chronic gastritis, viral infections of the upper respiratory tract, inflammation of the gastric mucosa, fatty liver disease.

Use of Syzygium nervosum in mixtures and complexes: chronic hepatitis, non-purulent cholecystitis, dyslipidemia, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic bronchitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis.

Pharmacological properties of Syzygium nervosum: antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antilipidemic.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms – Syzygium nervosum

Powder – Syzygium nervosum

Indications (Powder): type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic gastritis, viral infections of the upper respiratory tract, inflammation of the gastric mucosa, fatty liver disease, chronic hepatitis, dyslipidemia.

Standard Dosage (Powder): orally, 2–3 grams of powder 2 times a day 20 minutes before meals, with 150 milliliters of warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): orally, 3–4 grams of powder 3 times a day for exacerbation of chronic gastritis, pronounced hyperglycemia, active viral infections of the upper respiratory tract.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): orally, 5 grams of powder 3 times a day for no more than 10 days for severe inflammatory processes of the gastric mucosa, pronounced hyperglycemia, active phase of chronic hepatitis.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): orally, 1.5–2 grams of powder once a day in the morning 20 minutes before meals for 20 days every 3 months for chronic gastritis, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, in patients over 45 years of age.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): from 12 years of age and body weight of at least 40 kilograms, 1–1.5 grams of powder 2 times a day; data for younger children have not been scientifically documented.

Contraindications (Powder): individual intolerance, acute ulcerative lesions of the stomach and duodenum; data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years of age have not been scientifically documented.

Side Effects (Powder): in case of overdose, nausea, increased pain in the epigastric region, diarrhea are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kilograms, the dose is reduced by 20%; for body weight above 90 kilograms, the dose is increased by 15%.

Preparation method (Powder): to prepare 100 grams of the product, take 100 grams of dried plant roots, grind to a powder state in a stainless steel mill. Sift through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.5 millimeters. Package in an airtight container made of dark glass.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): store in a dry, light-protected place at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, avoid exposure to electromagnetic fields. Shelf life — up to 24 months; after opening the package, use within 60 days.

Dry Extract – Syzygium nervosum

Indications (Dry Extract): type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic gastritis, viral infections of the upper respiratory tract, fatty liver disease, chronic hepatitis, dyslipidemia, inflammatory diseases of the stomach.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 200–300 milligrams of dry extract 2 times a day 20 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 400 milligrams of dry extract 2 times a day for exacerbation of chronic gastritis, pronounced hyperglycemia, active viral infections.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 500 milligrams 3 times a day for no more than 7 days for severe inflammatory processes of the gastric mucosa, active phase of chronic hepatitis, pronounced hyperglycemia.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 150–200 milligrams of dry extract once a day in the morning for 20 days every 3 months for chronic gastritis, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, in patients over 45 years of age.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): from 12 years of age and body weight of at least 40 kilograms, 100 milligrams 2 times a day; data for younger children have not been scientifically documented.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): individual intolerance, acute ulcerative lesions of the stomach and duodenum; data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years of age have not been scientifically documented.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): in case of overdose, nausea, vomiting, increased pain in the epigastric region are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kilograms, the dose is reduced by 20%; for body weight above 90 kilograms, the dose is increased by 15%.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): to prepare 100 grams of the product, take 1 kilogram of dried and ground plant roots, pour 5 liters of 70% ethanol (used only for extraction and is not a component of the finished preparation), infuse at room temperature for 7 days with periodic stirring, filter, evaporate on a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 50 degrees Celsius until the solvent odor completely disappears. The residual ethanol content in the finished product must be less than 500 ppm. Dry under vacuum until a powdery mass is obtained.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): store in a dry, light-protected place at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, avoid exposure to electromagnetic fields. Shelf life — up to 24 months; after opening the package, use within 60 days.

Tincture – Syzygium nervosum

Indications (Tincture): type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic gastritis, viral infections of the upper respiratory tract, fatty liver disease, chronic hepatitis, dyslipidemia, inflammatory diseases of the gastric mucosa.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): orally, 20 drops diluted in 50 milliliters of warm water, 2 times a day 20 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): orally, 25–30 drops 3 times a day for pronounced hyperglycemia, exacerbation of chronic gastritis, active phase of chronic hepatitis.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): orally, 35 drops 3 times a day for no more than 7 days for severe inflammatory processes of the gastric mucosa, pronounced hyperglycemia, active viral infections.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): orally, 15 drops once a day in the morning for 15 days every 3 months for chronic gastritis, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, in patients over 45 years of age.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): from 14 years of age and body weight of at least 50 kilograms, 10 drops 1–2 times a day; data for younger children have not been scientifically documented.

Contraindications (Tincture): individual intolerance, acute ulcerative lesions of the stomach and duodenum, alcoholism, severe liver failure; data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 14 years of age have not been scientifically documented.

Side Effects (Tincture): in case of overdose, nausea, dizziness, vomiting, tachycardia are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kilograms, the dose is reduced by 20%; for body weight above 90 kilograms, the dose is increased by 15%.

Preparation method (Tincture): to prepare 100 milliliters of the product, take 20 grams of dry crushed plant roots, pour 100 milliliters of 70% ethanol (ethanol is used only for extraction and is not a component of the finished preparation), infuse at room temperature for 10 days in a dark glass container, shaking daily. After infusion, strain, evaporate on a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 50 degrees Celsius until the alcohol odor completely disappears. The residual ethanol content in the finished product is less than 500 ppm.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 10 to 20 degrees Celsius, avoid exposure to direct sunlight and electromagnetic fields. Shelf life — 12 months; after opening, use within 30 days.

Oil Infusion – Syzygium nervosum

Indications (Oil Infusion): chronic gastritis, fatty liver disease (in external supportive therapy), chronic hepatitis (as part of complex treatment), inflammatory skin diseases, atopic dermatitis, viral infections of the upper respiratory tract (external use for inhalations).

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): for external use, apply a thin layer to affected skin areas 2 times a day; for inhalations — 3–5 milliliters of infusion per procedure 1–2 times a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): for external use, apply 3 times a day for pronounced skin inflammation; for inhalations — 5 milliliters of infusion 2 times a day for acute viral infections of the upper respiratory tract.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): external use up to 4 times a day on limited skin areas; inhalations — up to 6 milliliters per procedure 2 times a day, course not exceeding 7 days.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): external use once a day for skin care in chronic dermatitis; inhalations — 3 milliliters once a day for 5 days during seasonal viral outbreaks.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): external use from 6 years of age; inhalations from 12 years of age, 2 milliliters once a day; data for younger children have not been scientifically documented.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): individual intolerance, acute purulent skin lesions, 3rd–4th degree burn wounds; data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 6 years of age have not been scientifically documented.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): in case of overdose, local irritation, itching, skin redness are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kilograms, dose adjustment for external use is not required; for body weight above 90 kilograms, the volume of infusion for inhalations can be increased by 10%.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): to prepare 100 milliliters of the product, take 20 grams of dry crushed plant roots, pour 100 milliliters of coconut oil, heat in a water bath at a temperature of 50 degrees Celsius for 4 hours, stirring periodically. After heating, keep at room temperature for 24 hours, then strain through cheesecloth, pour into dark glass bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 10 to 20 degrees Celsius, avoid exposure to direct sunlight and electromagnetic fields. Shelf life — 12 months; after opening, use within 60 days.

Macerate – Syzygium nervosum

Indications (Macerate): chronic gastritis, fatty liver disease (as part of complex therapy), chronic hepatitis, inflammatory skin diseases, atopic dermatitis, trophic ulcers, viral infections of the upper respiratory tract (external use and inhalations).

Standard Dosage (Macerate): for external use, apply a thin layer to affected skin areas 2 times a day; for inhalations — 3 milliliters of maceration per procedure once a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Macerate): external use 3 times a day for pronounced skin inflammation and trophic ulcers; inhalations — 4 milliliters 2 times a day for acute viral infections of the upper respiratory tract.

Maximum Dosage (Macerate): external use up to 4 times a day on limited skin areas; inhalations — 5 milliliters per procedure 2 times a day, course not exceeding 5 days.

Preventive Dosage (Macerate): external use once a day for chronic dermatitis, trophic ulcers, and for skin protection in conditions of increased dryness; inhalations — 2 milliliters once a day for 5 days during seasonal viral outbreaks.

Pediatric Dosage (Macerate): external use from 6 years of age; inhalations from 12 years of age, 2 milliliters once a day; data for younger children have not been scientifically documented.

Contraindications (Macerate): individual intolerance, acute purulent skin lesions, 3rd–4th degree burn wounds; data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 6 years of age have not been scientifically documented.

Side Effects (Macerate): in case of overdose, local irritation, itching, skin redness are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kilograms, dose adjustment for external use is not required; for body weight above 90 kilograms, the volume of maceration for inhalations can be increased by 10%.

Preparation method (Macerate): to prepare 100 milliliters of the product, take 20 grams of dry crushed plant roots, pour 100 milliliters of coconut oil at room temperature, keep in a dark place at a temperature of 20–25 degrees Celsius for 14 days, stirring daily. After infusion, filter through cheesecloth, pour into dark glass bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Macerate): store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 10 to 20 degrees Celsius, avoid exposure to direct sunlight and electromagnetic fields. Shelf life — 12 months; after opening, use within 60 days.

Decoction – Syzygium nervosum

Indications (Decoction): chronic gastritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatty liver disease, chronic hepatitis, viral infections of the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory diseases of the gastric mucosa, dyslipidemia.

Standard Dosage (Decoction): orally, 100 milliliters of warm decoction 2 times a day 20 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Decoction): orally, 150 milliliters 3 times a day for pronounced hyperglycemia, exacerbation of chronic gastritis, active phase of chronic hepatitis.

Maximum Dosage (Decoction): orally, 200 milliliters 3 times a day for no more than 7 days for severe inflammatory processes of the gastric mucosa, active phase of chronic hepatitis, pronounced hyperglycemia.

Preventive Dosage (Decoction): orally, 100 milliliters once a day in the morning for 20 days every 3 months for chronic gastritis, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, in patients over 45 years of age.

Pediatric Dosage (Decoction): from 12 years of age and body weight of at least 40 kilograms, 50 milliliters 2 times a day; data for younger children have not been scientifically documented.

Contraindications (Decoction): individual intolerance, acute ulcerative lesions of the stomach and duodenum; data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years of age have not been scientifically documented.

Side Effects (Decoction): in case of overdose, nausea, vomiting, increased pain in the epigastric region, diarrhea are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kilograms, the dose is reduced by 20%; for body weight above 90 kilograms, the dose is increased by 15%.

Preparation method (Decoction): to prepare 1000 milliliters of the product, take 50 grams of dry crushed plant roots, pour 1 liter of cold water, bring to a boil over low heat, boil at a temperature of 95–98 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes. Remove from heat, infuse for 30 minutes, strain through cheesecloth.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Decoction): store in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4 to 8 degrees Celsius in a closed glass container. Shelf life — up to 48 hours; after opening, use within 24 hours.

Toxicity and Biosafety – Syzygium nervosum

Specific data on the LD₅₀ (lethal dose for 50% of test subjects) of Syzygium nervosum itself or its extracts have not been found in available literature and scientific sources.

However, there is information about one of the main active substances isolated from this taxon — 2′,4′-dihydroxy-6′-methoxy-3′,5′-dimethylchalcone (DMC). Research indicates: DMC is characterized by high tolerability and an LD₅₀ of approximately 3800 mg/kg, indicating low acute toxicity of this compound pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+13pdfs.semanticscholar.org+13pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+13pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+3mdpi.com+3pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+3.

Thus, the classical biosafety assessment of Syzygium nervosum is based on toxicity data for its main bioactive component DMC.

Reference: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.o...

Pharmacodynamics – Syzygium nervosum

The pharmacodynamic profile of Syzygium nervosum is characterized by a complex effect on various physiological systems of the body. The main effects confirmed by scientific publications are pronounced antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and modulating actions. These effects are realized both systemically and locally, involving the nervous system, immune regulation, digestive and skin systems, simplifying the activation of protective mechanisms at the cellular and tissue levels.

The antioxidant action is characterized by the high ability of extracts to suppress free radical processes (e.g., DPPH, ·OH, ABTS), which ensures systemic detoxification and protection of cellular structures from oxidative stress Википедия+8MDPI+8PMC+8. Local use of flower buds contributes to the inhibition of enzymes responsible for skin aging processes — in particular, hyaluronidase and tyrosinase, which is relevant for care and cosmetic applications MDPI.

The anti-inflammatory effect is confirmed in vitro — leaf extracts (aqueous, ethanolic, etc.) effectively suppress protein denaturation and possess activity exceeding the reference (acetylsalicylic acid) pdfs.semanticscholar.org. This indicates the ability to actively modulate the immune response through the suppression of inflammatory mediators.

Pharmacodynamic activity is associated with the presence in the composition of C-methylated chalcones, tri- and tetra-terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids (including quercetin, gallic and ellagic acids), which act as bioactive molecules, providing antioxidant, cytoprotective, and modulating effects on enzymes and receptors pdfs.semanticscholar.org+1MDPI.

Thus, Syzygium nervosum demonstrates multi-scale pharmacological effects:

• antioxidant and cytoprotective effect through neutralization of reactive oxygen species;
• modulation of inflammation, probably through inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators and enzymes;
• skin effects, including inhibition of tyrosinase and elastase, which determines the potential for care and cosmetic solutions.

Reference:
- Liu et al. (2025) — study of antioxidant activity, inhibition of tyrosinase and elastase, composition of flower buds.
- Kavitha & Poonguzhali (2024) — in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extracts.
- Pham et al. (2020) — review of chemical composition and confirmation of pharmacological effects (antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory).

Pharmacokinetics – Syzygium nervosum

Specific pharmacokinetic data for Syzygium nervosum are limited. However, based on the known characteristics of the groups of substances contained in the plant, a general picture of their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion can be described.

Flavonoids and phenolic compounds have low oral bioavailability; when taken orally, only a small part is absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract, a significant part reaches the intestine, where it may undergo metabolization by the microflora frontiersin.org+12MDPI+12ResearchGate+12pdfs.semanticscholar.org+7MDPI+7PMC+7PMC+1pdfs.semanticscholar.org. After absorption, aglycones undergo phase II metabolism — glucuronidation, sulfation, methylation both in the intestine and in the liver; these processes increase solubility and promote excretion via bile and urine MDPI.

For oral forms (decoctions, extracts), systemic circulation of metabolites is characteristic, whereas with transdermal or topical forms (ointment, infusions), the active substances act locally with minimal penetration into the systemic bloodstream.

Inhalation forms can provide delivery of substances to the respiratory tract and possibly the lungs. The liver and kidneys play a key role in the metabolism and clearance of both active substances and their conjugates; excretion is carried out mainly renally — through urine — and to a lesser extent — through the biliary tract.

Thus, pharmacokinetics suggest:

• oral absorption with significant first pass through the intestine and liver;
• active metabolism through phase II reactions;
• participation of the intestinal microbiota in transformation;
• excretion predominantly renal, with components via bile;
• local forms act mainly at the site of application.

Reference: Liga et al. (2023) — review of pharmacokinetic limitations of flavonoids, including absorption, metabolism, and the role of the liver and microflora.

Mechanisms of Action – Syzygium nervosum

Phytochemical-analytical studies have revealed that Syzygium nervosum contains oleanane- and ursane-triterpenoids, C-methylated chalcones, and polycyclic phloroglucinols, among which C-methylated chalcones are considered the main pharmacologically active components PMC. These structural classes of substances demonstrate a modulating effect on cellular inflammatory mediators, including inhibition of enzyme systems (COX, LOX) and reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine activity. Such molecules can interact with the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, blocking their activation, which reduces the expression of iNOS, COX-2, and the level of mediators like NO, IL-6, TNF-α PMC+1.

Flavonoid components (e.g., chalcones) present in the taxon can inhibit NF-κB-mediated processes, reducing the nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit and thereby suppressing the transcription of genes responsible for the inflammatory response PMC+3PMC+3PMC+3. Such actions are confirmed in vitro and represent a key mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of Syzygium nervosum.

In general, Syzygium nervosum exerts a pharmacodynamic effect through:
• Antioxidant neutralizing action on free radicals;
• Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects by suppressing enzyme mediators and cytokines;
• Modulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling cascades, reduction of iNOS and COX-2 activity.

These properties are due to the biochemical activity of C-methylated chalcones, triterpenoids, and phenolic compounds, which is confirmed by publications and biopharmacological research PMC+1.

Synergy – Syzygium nervosum

Publications on Syzygium nervosum do not directly describe proven synergy with other plant taxa or biologically active substances. However, an analytical comparison of the active flavonoids contained in Syzygium nervosum with data on the interactions of other phytocomplexes and plant extracts allows for the consideration of potential additive or potentiating synergy. For example, it has been described that flavonoids can complement each other in the activation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, modulate NF-κB signaling pathways together with other components PMC+1.

Also, the concept is widely accepted, common in traditional Chinese medicine, that the combination of plant components (Fufang formulas) can enhance the bioavailability of active substances, modulate efficacy, and reduce the toxicity of preparations frontiersin.org. This suggests that as part of multi-component herbal preparations, Syzygium nervosum may exhibit a synergistic effect in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activity.

Systematic studies of the interactions of Syzygium nervosum with specific taxa, substances, or synthetic agents in scientific databases are currently absent. Nevertheless, based on the known mechanisms of action of constituent flavonoids, potential additive or potentiating synergy can be substantiated when combined with other sources of antioxidants or anti-inflammatory phytochemicals frontiersin.orgPMC+1.

References: Frontiers in Pharmacology articles on herbal synergy; PMC articles on flavonoid interactions.

Geography of Use and Folk Medicine – Syzygium nervosum

Syzygium nervosum is traditionally found and used in the countries of Southeast Asia, including Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and the southern regions of China, as well as in some parts of Indonesia and Malaysia. In these regions, the plant is valued for both food and medicinal purposes. The Vietnamese tradition uses flower buds as an aromatic and healing additive; infusions and decoctions are prepared from them, used to strengthen the body and improve general well-being. In traditional Thai medicine, the roots and bark are used in multi-component decoctions and macerations, sometimes in combination with other plants to balance "hot" and "cold" bodily states according to the Thai medicine system.

In the folk medicine of Laos and Cambodia, Syzygium nervosum is known as a plant from which infusions in water or alcohol extracts are prepared, consumed within family healing practices. Ethnographic records also note the use of leaves and flower buds for preparing aromatic water, which in some rural areas is used in ritual ablutions. In certain ethnocultural traditions of northern Thailand, flower buds were dried and placed in cloth bags, which were worn as aromatic amulets, attributing to them cleansing and protective properties.

Historical mentions of the plant's use are found in old Vietnamese herbals and in the chronicles of the Nguyen Dynasty, where it was described as a valuable spice and a "plant of strength." In the traditional Chinese medicine of the southern provinces, the plant was classified as an aromatic additive with strengthening properties and was mentioned in medical compendiums of the late Ming and early Qing periods.

Non-medical use includes the plant's use in festive drinks and aromatic compositions for the home. In some rural communities of Vietnam and Laos, leaves and buds were used in the process of smoking herbal mixtures; it was believed that their aroma soothes and cleanses the space.