​Valeriana officinalis (Valerian Root)

Valeriana officinalis (Valerian Root)

Product Name: Валериана лекарственная, Valeriana officinalis, Baldrian, Valeriana, Valériane, الناردين الطبي, วาเลอเรียนา, Valeriana dorivor, Валериана дарылык, Valeriana dərmanı, Валерианаи шифобахш, Valerijonamedis, Valerjānas sakne, Валеріана лікарська, Валериана dərmanı, ולריאנה רפואית

Synonyms: валериана, валерианов корень, кошачий корень, сонная трава, лекарственная валериана; valerian C, garden heliotrope, all-heal; Baldrianwurzel, Katzenkraut; raíz de valeriana, hierba de los gatos; valériane officinale, herbe aux chats; جذر الناردين, عشبة الهر; รากวาเลอเรียน, สมุนไพรวาเลอเรียน

Used Parts: roots, rhizome, root.

Main Indications for Use of Valeriana officinalis: Neurosis, anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, insomnia, irritable bowel syndrome, sinus tachycardia, grade 1 and 2 arterial hypertension, climacteric syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, withdrawal syndrome, functional dyspepsia, stress-induced sleep disorders, autonomic dystonia, emotional lability.

Use of Valeriana officinalis in Mixtures and Complexes: Neurasthenia, panic disorder, mild depressive episode, migraine, bronchial asthma with a psychosomatic component, gastroesophageal reflux disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, paroxysmal tachycardia, atopic dermatitis, chronic eczema, neurodermatitis, insomnia in oncopathology, psychotropic drug withdrawal syndrome, elevated blood pressure due to thyrotoxicosis.

Pharmacological Properties of Valeriana officinalis: sedative, anxiolytic, spasmolytic, anticonvulsant, cardiosedative, hypotensive, vegetocorrective, adaptogenic, muscle relaxant, anti-stress, gastroprotective, cholespasmolytic, moderately analgesic.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Valeriana officinalis

Powder — Valeriana officinalis

Indications (Powder): Neurosis, anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, insomnia, irritable bowel syndrome, sinus tachycardia, grade 1 arterial hypertension, climacteric syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 500 mg of powder 2 times a day orally, after meals, with warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 1000 mg of powder 2 times a day for generalized anxiety disorder, pronounced insomnia, climacteric syndrome with tachycardia, and autonomic dystonia with high sympathetic tone.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): Up to 1500 mg of powder 2 times a day for persistent insomnia, panic attacks, and persistent irritable bowel syndrome with a psycho-vegetative component.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 250 mg of powder once a day for 30 days. Recommended for patients with chronic autonomic dystonia, hypersensitivity to stress, labile blood pressure, and in preparation for exams or public speaking. Preventive course — 2 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): Permitted from 6 years of age and body weight of at least 20 kg: 50–100 mg of powder once a day, if necessary — up to 2 times. Only under medical supervision. The same for male and female children.

Contraindications (Powder): Hypersensitivity to the preparation, depression with psychomotor retardation, organic liver lesions with cholestasis. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 6 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): Fatigue, lethargy, decreased concentration, headache, rare cases of gastrointestinal discomfort. All side effects have been recorded when exceeding the dosage of more than 3 g per day.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight less than 60 kg — use a dosage 25% lower than recommended. For body weight more than 90 kg — an increase in dosage by 20% is permissible in the absence of side effects.

Preparation Method (Powder): To prepare 100 grams of powder, the following is required:

Valerian root — 100 grams.

The roots are washed, cleaned of impurities, dried at a temperature of 40–50 degrees Celsius until a constant mass is achieved. After drying, they are ground in a mill to a powder state with a particle size of no more than 0.5 mm. Packaged in an airtight dark container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a tightly closed glass or metallized container at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, in a light-protected place. Avoid exposure to electromagnetic fields. Shelf life — 2 years. After opening, use within 60 days.

Dry Extract — Valeriana officinalis

Indications (Dry Extract): Insomnia, anxiety disorder, irritable bowel syndrome, grade 1 and 2 arterial hypertension, sinus tachycardia, climacteric syndrome, emotional lability, premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 200 mg of dry extract 1–2 times a day, orally after meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 300 mg of dry extract 2 times a day for generalized anxiety disorder, persistent stress-induced tachycardia, pronounced insomnia, and climacteric neurovegetative symptoms.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): Up to 400 mg of dry extract 2 times a day. Used for panic attacks, persistent insomnia, and increased sympathetic tone in vascular dystonia.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 100 mg of dry extract once a day. Recommended for patients with chronic psycho-emotional tension, frequent episodes of anxiety, and increased heart rate due to stress. Frequency — daily for 21–28 days, repeat the course 2–3 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): Permitted from 7 years of age and body weight of at least 22 kg: 50 mg of dry extract once a day, if necessary — up to 2 times a day. Used only under the supervision of a pediatrician.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Hypersensitivity, severe depression, pronounced bradycardia, liver failure. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 7 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): Drowsiness, fatigue, decreased speed of psychomotor reactions. When exceeding the dose above 800 mg, headaches, a feeling of heaviness in the stomach, and sleep-wake rhythm disturbances are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients weighing less than 60 kg, it is recommended to reduce the dosage by 25%. For body weight above 90 kg, an increase in dosage by 20% is permissible, while maintaining control over side effects.

Preparation Method (Dry Extract): To obtain 100 grams of dry extract: valerian root — 500 grams, purified water — 1000 milliliters. The raw material is poured with water at a temperature of 85–90 degrees Celsius, infused for 6 hours, then extracted with stirring for 1 hour. The decoction is filtered, evaporated at a temperature not exceeding 50 degrees Celsius to a thick extract consistency, then dried to a dry residue. The powder is sifted and packaged.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in an airtight container in a dry place at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, in the shade, without access to light. Avoid exposure to moisture and electromagnetic fields. Shelf life — up to 24 months. After opening, use within 60 days.

Tincture — Valeriana officinalis

Indications (Tincture): Neurosis, insomnia, sinus tachycardia, anxiety disorder, functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, climacteric syndrome, grade 1 arterial hypertension.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 15–25 drops of alcohol tincture (1:5 in 70% alcohol) 2–3 times a day, diluted in 50 ml of warm water, 30 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 30 drops 3 times a day for pronounced anxiety, tachycardia, autonomic dystonia, and sleep disorders accompanied by muscle tension and psycho-emotional agitation.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): 40 drops up to 4 times a day. Used only short-term (up to 3 days) for panic attacks, nocturnal insomnia, and in a state of acute stress with sympathetic system hyperactivity.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10–15 drops of alcohol tincture once a day, diluted in water, for 14–21 days. Recommended for patients with chronic emotional lability, unstable blood pressure, increased heart rate due to stress, during the pre-exam period, and with chronic fatigue. Repeat the course 2 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): For children from 8 years of age, with a body weight of at least 25 kg: 5–10 drops 1–2 times a day, only in diluted form. Use is permissible under medical supervision, for no more than 10 days in a row.

Contraindications (Tincture): Alcoholism, organic liver lesions, epilepsy, pregnancy, lactation, age under 8 years. Do not use simultaneously with benzodiazepines or barbiturates. Contraindications during pregnancy and breastfeeding have been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Tincture): Drowsiness, lowering of blood pressure, fatigue, hand tremors, lethargy. When taking more than 120 drops per day, nausea, headache, insomnia, or conversely — sharp drowsiness are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight less than 60 kg, it is recommended to reduce the dosage by 25%. For patients with body weight over 90 kg, an increase in dose by 20% is permissible, in the absence of symptoms of overdose.

Preparation Method (Tincture): To prepare 100 ml of tincture: ground valerian root — 20 grams; 70% ethyl alcohol — 100 milliliters. The raw material is placed in a dark glass container, poured with alcohol, tightly sealed, and infused for 7 days at a temperature of 20–25 degrees Celsius in the shade. After infusion, it is filtered through gauze, squeezed, and the filtrate is stored in a tightly closed vial.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in a dark glass container at a temperature of 15–25 degrees Celsius, in a place protected from light and heat sources. Keep out of reach of children. Shelf life — 3 years. After opening, use within 90 days.

Oil Infusion — Valeriana officinalis

Indications (Oil Infusion): Insomnia, anxiety disorder, emotional lability, muscle spasms, autonomic dystonia, neurodermatitis, climacteric syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, functional cardialgia.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): 5 ml of oil infusion 1–2 times a day orally, or rub 2–3 ml into the neck and temples at night for sleep disorders. Also applied externally to the solar plexus area for anxiety.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): 7–10 ml orally once a day and additionally external application 2 times a day for persistent insomnia, anxiety disorder, and vegetative crises accompanied by muscle tension.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): 15 ml per day (orally and externally combined). Used in a short course (no more than 5 days) for stress-induced tachycardia, severe irritability, and acute emotional reactions.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): 3 ml orally in the evening or application to the temporal area before bedtime. Used for chronic emotional tension, stress instability, and mild anxiety. Preventive course — 21 days, 2–3 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): From 6 years of age with a body weight of at least 20 kg: 1 ml at night orally or locally (neck and shoulder area). Only as prescribed by a pediatrician, course no more than 7 days.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Individual intolerance, acute dermatoses (for external use), allergy to base oil components. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 6 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Headache, nausea, drowsiness, skin itching with external use, dizziness. Registered at dosages above 20 ml per day.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients up to 60 kg — reduce the dose by 30%. For weight over 90 kg, an increase in dosage by 20% is possible, in the absence of skin reaction and signs of hypotension.

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion): To prepare 100 grams of product: ground valerian root — 20 grams, unrefined coconut oil — 80 grams. The raw material is placed in a glass container, poured with warm oil (temperature 40 degrees Celsius), tightly closed, and kept in a water bath for 2 hours at a temperature of 50 degrees. After cooling, it is infused for an additional 3 days in the shade, then filtered and squeezed. The infusion is poured into dark glass vials.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in an airtight dark glass container at a temperature of 10 to 20 degrees Celsius, in a place protected from light and heat. Avoid EMI exposure. Shelf life — 12 months. After opening, use within 45 days.

Vaginal Suppositories — Valeriana officinalis

Indications (Vaginal Suppositories): Climacteric syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, vulvodynia, psychosomatic vaginismus-like reaction, irritability, emotional lability due to hormonal fluctuations, sleep disturbance in perimenopause.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 1 suppository (dry extract 100 mg) once a day at night for 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 1 suppository (extract 150 mg) 2 times a day, morning and evening, for pronounced psycho-emotional symptoms during menopause, nocturnal insomnia, and daytime anxiety associated with hormonal imbalance.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): Up to 3 suppositories per day (100 mg extract each) for no more than 5 days in a row. Recommended for acute emotional disorders accompanied by psychovegetative manifestations and sleep disturbances.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 1 suppository (extract 100 mg) every other day before bedtime for 14 days. Used in women with chronic sleep disorders due to premenstrual syndrome or perimenopause. Preventive course — 2–3 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): Not used in children and adolescents. Safety studies in girls under 18 years are absent.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppositories): Acute inflammatory processes in the vaginal area, allergy to suppository components, active candidiasis. Contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically registered, but use is not recommended due to the lack of safety data.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppositories): Burning or itching in the area of insertion, hypotension, drowsiness, menstrual cycle disturbances with prolonged use. Registered with use for more than 14 days in a row.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required. The dosage is fixed and applied locally.

Preparation Method (Vaginal Suppositories): For 100 grams of finished product: dry valerian root extract — 5 grams, organic cocoa butter — 95 grams. The dry extract is ground to a powder, then evenly distributed in melted cocoa butter at a temperature not exceeding 40 degrees Celsius. The mass is poured into molds with a volume of 2 grams. Cooled until solidified at 4 degrees Celsius. After solidification, they are removed and packaged.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppositories): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2 to 8 degrees Celsius, in the original packaging, protected from light and moisture. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening the blister, use within 7 days.

Rectal Suppositories — Valeriana officinalis

Indications (Rectal Suppositories): Neurosis, insomnia, generalized anxiety disorder, autonomic dystonia, chronic stress, emotional lability, sinus tachycardia, grade 1 hypertension, spastic form of irritable bowel syndrome.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): 1 suppository (extract 100 mg) once a day at night. Course — 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): 1 suppository (extract 150 mg) 2 times a day — morning and evening — for pronounced anxiety disorder, persistent sleep disturbance, autonomic instability with tachycardia and muscle tension.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): Up to 3 suppositories per day (100 mg extract each). Permitted for 3 days in acute neurosis, psychovegetative crisis, and adaptation disorder to stress.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): 1 suppository (extract 50–100 mg) every other day at night for 14 days. Indicated for patients with chronic stress, periodic sleep disturbances, increased reactivity to external stimuli, and a tendency to emotional burnout. Preventive courses are repeated 2 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): Permitted from 7 years of age with a body weight of at least 20 kg: 1 suppository with extract 25–50 mg once a day, in the evening. Prescribed only on the recommendation of a physician.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppositories): Allergy to suppository components, acute inflammatory diseases of the rectum, anal fissures, hemorrhoidal bleeding. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 7 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppositories): Drowsiness, lethargy, mild dizziness, irritation in the area of insertion, headache. Symptoms have been recorded at dosages above 300 mg of extract per day.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight less than 60 kg — it is recommended to use suppositories with a dosage of 50–75 mg. For body weight above 90 kg, an increase in dosage to 150 mg per suppository is permissible while maintaining the standard frequency of administration.

Preparation Method (Rectal Suppositories): To prepare 100 grams of product: dry valerian extract — 5 grams, organic cocoa butter — 95 grams. The extract is introduced into the melted fat base at a temperature not exceeding 40 degrees Celsius. After uniform mixing, the mass is poured into rectal molds with a volume of 2 grams. Cooling is carried out at a temperature of 4–8 degrees until solidification. The suppositories are removed and packaged in blisters.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Rectal Suppositories): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2 to 8 degrees Celsius, in the original airtight packaging. Avoid exposure to heat and light. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening the blister, use within 7 days.

Nasal Drops — Valeriana officinalis

Indications (Nasal Drops): Autonomic dystonia with sympathetic system hypertonicity, acute anxiety state, stress-induced insomnia, psychogenic tachycardia, emotional lability with sleep rhythm disturbance, tension headaches.

Standard Dosage (Nasal Drops): 2 drops in each nostril 2 times a day — morning and evening. Course of use — 7–10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Nasal Drops): 3 drops in each nostril 3 times a day for pronounced anxiety, stress-induced tachycardia, adaptation disorder accompanied by emotional instability and tension headache.

Maximum Dosage (Nasal Drops): Up to 4 drops in each nostril up to 4 times a day. Use no more than 3 days in a row in acute situations — panic disorder, nocturnal awakenings, severe tension.

Preventive Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1 drop in each nostril at night for 10 days. Indicated for sleep disturbance in patients with chronic stress, seasonal nervousness, preparation for exams or flights. Repeat course — no earlier than after 30 days.

Pediatric Dosage (Nasal Drops): From 6 years of age with a body weight of at least 18 kg: 1 drop in each nostril at night. Used according to medical indications for no more than 5 days.

Contraindications (Nasal Drops): Allergy to drop components, chronic rhinitis, nasal polyposis, acute inflammatory processes of the nasal mucosa, age under 6 years. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are absent; use is not recommended without specialist consultation.

Side Effects (Nasal Drops): Burning in the nose, dizziness, feeling of congestion, mucosal dryness. Registered when exceeding the dose and with prolonged continuous use of more than 10 days.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight up to 60 kg, it is recommended to use the initial dosages. Adjustment for body weight above 90 kg is not required, as the drug acts locally.

Preparation Method (Nasal Drops): To prepare 100 ml of solution: dry valerian root extract — 2 grams, distilled water — 95 milliliters, vegetable glycerin — 3 milliliters. The extract is dissolved in water heated to 40 degrees Celsius, glycerin is added for stabilization and moisturizing of the mucosa. The solution is filtered through a bacterial filter, poured into sterile dropper bottles. pH of the finished solution — 6.0–6.5.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Nasal Drops): Store in a tightly closed dark glass container at a temperature of 4 to 8 degrees Celsius. Avoid exposure to light and heat. After opening, use within 10 days. Total shelf life — 3 months.

Ear Drops — Valeriana officinalis

Indications (Ear Drops): Trigeminal neuralgia with irradiation into the auditory canal, stress-induced ear spasms, increased sensitivity to sounds (hyperacusis) due to anxiety disorders, neck muscle spasms with reflex involvement of the auditory apparatus, sleep disturbances with a feeling of tension in the ear area.

Standard Dosage (Ear Drops): 2 drops in each ear once a day at night. Course duration — 7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ear Drops): 3 drops 2 times a day (morning and evening) for 5 days for pronounced anxiety, muscle tension involving the cervical and temporal regions, accompanied by ear discomfort.

Maximum Dosage (Ear Drops): 4 drops in each ear 2–3 times a day for no more than 3 days in a row. Used for acute nervous tension accompanied by a feeling of fullness or trembling in the ears, especially in stressful situations.

Preventive Dosage (Ear Drops): 1 drop in each ear every other day, in the evening. Course — 10 days. Recommended for chronic psycho-emotional overstrain, preparation for sleep in noise-sensitive patients, and a tendency to psychosomatic reactions in the ear and temple area.

Pediatric Dosage (Ear Drops): Permitted from 6 years of age with a body weight of at least 18 kg: 1 drop in each ear at night. Use no more than 5 days and only under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Ear Drops): Perforation of the tympanic membrane, acute otitis, purulent ear discharge, allergy to solution components. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 6 years have not been scientifically registered, but use is limited by individual control.

Side Effects (Ear Drops): Burning in the auditory canal, dizziness, mild ear congestion, tingling sensation. Side effects have been recorded with the use of doses exceeding 12 drops per day and with a long course.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Dose adjustment by body weight is not required, the drug acts locally. For body weight below 30 kg, minimum doses should be used.

Preparation Method (Ear Drops): To prepare 100 ml: dry valerian extract — 2 grams, organic jojoba oil — 98 grams. The extract is ground to a powder, introduced into warm jojoba oil at a temperature of 40 degrees Celsius, kept in a water bath for 60 minutes with stirring. Then infused for 48 hours at room temperature in a dark place. After filtration, it is poured into dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ear Drops): Store in a dark place at a temperature of 8 to 15 degrees Celsius, in a tightly closed dark glass container. Protect from heating and direct light. Shelf life — up to 6 months. After opening, use within 14 days.

Ointment — Valeriana officinalis

Indications (Ointment): Neuralgia, tension myalgia, stress-induced spasms of the neck and shoulder muscles, tension headaches, chronic nervous agitation, autonomic dystonia with cephalgic component, insomnia with a muscular component, anxiety disorder.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Externally, apply 1–2 grams of ointment (half a teaspoon) to the occipital area, neck, temples, or solar plexus 1–2 times a day. Rub in until absorbed.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): 2 grams of ointment 2–3 times a day for pronounced symptoms — tension headache, psychovegetative crises, spasms in the shoulder girdle and neck, neurotic disorders with body stiffness.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Up to 3 grams of ointment 3 times a day for acute episodes of anxiety, muscle tension due to stress, insomnia with pronounced somatic tension. Course duration — no more than 5 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): 0.5–1 gram of ointment at night on the neck or temple area. Used to prevent stress reactions in sensitive patients, people with chronic mental load, before important events or flights. Course — 10–14 days, repeat up to 3 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): Permitted from 6 years of age, with a body weight of at least 20 kg. 0.5 grams of ointment (no more than a pea) once a day at night on the occipital or sternal area. Only under medical supervision, course — no more than 5 days.

Contraindications (Ointment): Allergy to ointment components, acute skin inflammations, dermatitis, weeping eczema. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered, but when applied to the chest or abdomen area, use with caution.

Side Effects (Ointment): Skin irritation, itching, hyperemia, rare cases of headache when applied to the neck or temples. Noted with excessive application (more than 5 g per day) or with individual intolerance.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight below 60 kg, it is recommended to use a dose 30% less. For patients with body weight more than 90 kg, the dosage may be increased proportionally to the area of application, in the absence of adverse reactions.

Preparation Method (Ointment): To prepare 100 grams of ointment: dry valerian root extract — 5 grams, natural beeswax — 10 grams, organic coconut oil — 85 grams. The oil and wax are melted in a water bath at a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius until homogeneous. The temperature is reduced to 40 degrees, the extract powder is introduced, and stirred until completely distributed. The ointment is packaged in sterile containers until cooled.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store in tightly closed tubes or dark glass jars at a temperature of 5 to 20 degrees Celsius. Protect from direct sunlight and heat exposure. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Liniment — Valeriana officinalis

Indications (Liniment): Myofascial pain syndrome, neuralgia, spastic conditions of the cervicobrachial region, stress-induced headaches, chronic muscle tension, anxiety states with a somatic component, insomnia with tonic muscle discomfort.

Standard Dosage (Liniment): Apply 2–3 ml of liniment to the neck, temples, or chest area 1–2 times a day. Gently rub in until completely absorbed.

Enhanced Dosage (Liniment): 3–5 ml 2 times a day for severe muscle tension, increased anxiety, stress-induced tachycardia, insomnia with pronounced psychosomatic symptoms.

Maximum Dosage (Liniment): Up to 6 ml 3 times a day (in different anatomical areas). Used for no more than 3 days in a row for acute neurosis, hypertonicity of the neck muscles, and premenstrual disorders with irritability.

Preventive Dosage (Liniment): 1–2 ml on the occipital or sternal area at night, for 10 days. Recommended for stress overload, during time zone changes, in persons with chronic mental fatigue or a predisposition to panic attacks.

Pediatric Dosage (Liniment): Permitted from 7 years of age with a body weight of at least 22 kg: 0.5–1 ml of liniment once a day, locally. Use strictly under the supervision of a pediatrician. Course — no more than 5 days.

Contraindications (Liniment): Allergy to components, acute dermatoses, weeping eczema, damaged skin areas. During pregnancy and lactation, only local application under medical supervision is permissible. No scientific data on teratogenicity have been registered.

Side Effects (Liniment): Skin irritation, dizziness when applied to the neck area, local rash. All side effects were observed with excessive use (more than 15 ml per day) and individual sensitivity.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight less than 60 kg, it is recommended to use a dose 30% lower. For body weight more than 90 kg, an increase in dosage is possible depending on the area of application, not exceeding the maximum values.

Preparation Method (Liniment): For 100 ml of finished product: dry valerian extract — 3 grams, cold-pressed sesame oil — 47 ml, coconut oil — 47 ml, natural beeswax — 3 grams. The oils and wax are melted in a water bath at a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius until completely homogeneous. When the temperature drops to 45 degrees, the extract powder is introduced, and the mixture is intensively stirred until stabilization. The liniment is packaged in an airtight container until cooling.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Liniment): Store in a dark glass container at a temperature of 8 to 20 degrees Celsius, away from light and heat sources. Avoid exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Valeriana officinalis

Valerian root has low acute toxicity. Animal studies have shown that the LD₅₀ (lethal dose for 50% of the population) for dry valerian root extract Valeriana officinalis with oral administration is:

— for mice: 3.2 g/kg of body weight,
— for rats: 4.8 g/kg of body weight.

This indicates a high degree of biosafety of the preparation when used in therapeutic doses. Systematic toxicity studies have not revealed a pronounced cumulative or carcinogenic potential. The preparation does not cause teratogenic effects and does not have mutagenic action in standard tests (Ames test, micronucleus assay).

With long-term use of high doses (>15 times therapeutic), coordination disorders, drowsiness, and a decrease in spontaneous motor activity in laboratory animals are observed, which is regarded as a result of pronounced sedative action, rather than direct toxicity.

Reference: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Pharmacodynamics — Valeriana officinalis

Valerian root contains a wide range of biologically active substances, including valepotriates (valtrates, isovaltrates), essential oils (borneol, camphene, β-caryophyllene, valerenal, valerenol), phenolic acids, glycosides, and free amino acids (γ-aminobutyric acid — GABA, arginine, tyrosine, glutamine). These compounds determine a complex pharmacodynamic action, primarily on the central nervous system, as well as on autonomic, cardiovascular, and digestive regulation.

The main pharmacodynamic effect is associated with the modulation of GABAergic transmission in the central nervous system. Extract components enhance the inhibitory activity of GABA, which is realized through positive allosteric modulation of GABA_A receptors and an increase in the concentration of the mediator in the synaptic cleft. This is accompanied by a decrease in neuronal excitation, a reduction in the amplitude of spontaneous action potentials, a decrease in sympathetic nervous system tone, and an increase in parasympathetic effects.

Additionally, it has been established that valerian extract inhibits the enzyme GABA-transaminase, limiting the degradation of γ-aminobutyric acid and enhancing its central action. Individual fractions of the essential oil, especially valerenal and valerenic acid, have a sedative effect by reducing the activity of the reticular formation and inhibiting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which is realized at the systemic level.

Interactions with the serotonergic system have also been established. Some valepotriates exhibit a modulating effect on 5-HT₁A receptors, which may mediate anxiolytic and adaptogenic effects. Along with this, valerian reduces the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and catecholamine synthesis, which additionally limits the severity of stress-induced responses.

At the level of the peripheral nervous system and autonomic structures, valerian demonstrates a spasmolytic effect mediated by a decrease in calcium channel activity and inhibition of acetylcholine release. This is realized in the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract and blood vessels. The combination of essential oils with phenolic acids has a mild vasodilating effect, complementing the central effects.

Pharmacodynamics also includes antioxidant activity due to the ability to suppress lipid peroxidation and inactivate the superoxide anion. A decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) and stabilization of membrane structures have been noted, especially under conditions of oxidative stress. This expands the spectrum of action on the skin, vascular wall, neurons, and organs with a high level of metabolism.

The pharmacological effects of valerian are realized mainly at the systemic level with oral or intrarectal administration; however, with external and local use, local effects are observed due to the penetrating ability of essential fractions. Common targets of action include: GABA_A receptors, GABA-transaminase and tyrosine hydroxylase enzymes, L-type calcium channels, serotonin receptors, pro-inflammatory mediators, and elements of the cytokine cascade.

Thus, Valeriana officinalis is a multicomponent agent with central, vegetotropic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. It affects neurotransmitter, endocrine, and immune control, maintaining physiological balance in a wide range of functional disorders.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11887348/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0944711304702353
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4394901/
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.1717
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Valerenic-acid

Pharmacokinetics — Valeriana officinalis

The pharmacokinetic properties of valerian depend on the form of administration, the composition of the plant material, and the content of biologically active substances. With oral administration of extracts or powder, the main absorption of components occurs in the upper parts of the small intestine. Lipophilic compounds, including essential oils, are absorbed through passive diffusion with the participation of enterocytes, while more polar fractions (phenolic acids, valepotriates) require the participation of transporter systems and microbiota transformation. Valepotriates with oral administration are subject to rapid hydrolytic degradation with the formation of unstable aglycones, which limits their systemic exposure.

Mucous membranes with rectal and vaginal administration ensure rapid entry of lipophilic fractions into the systemic bloodstream, bypassing the first pass through the liver, which is especially characteristic of essential components. With transdermal application (ointment, liniment, infusion), absorption is limited but sufficient for local or moderate systemic action. Penetration into deep tissues is enhanced with the use of fat-soluble bases, such as coconut or jojoba oil.

The distribution of active substances occurs mainly in tissues with a high level of blood supply: the brain, liver, and adrenal glands. It has been established that individual components of essential oils and polar phenols have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, which correlates with their central action. Protein binding varies, mainly due to interaction with albumin and plasma lipoproteins.

Metabolism of valerian is carried out primarily in the liver with the participation of phase I enzymes (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis) and phase II (conjugation with glucuronic acid and sulfates). Valerenic acid and derivatives undergo metabolic transformation into hydroxylated and carboxylated forms. The participation of intestinal microflora is especially important for the inactivation and enzymatic processing of complex compounds, including valepotriates and polyphenols.

Excretion is carried out primarily in the urine in the form of metabolites, as well as with bile and to a lesser extent — with exhaled air with inhalation use. Some volatile substances may be excreted through the skin and lungs, especially after the use of essential oil or infusions. External use is practically not accompanied by significant systemic excretion, with the exception of prolonged courses.

Cumulative properties of most active components are not expressed; however, moderate accumulation in adipose tissue is possible with long-term intake of lipophilic forms. Impaired liver and kidney function may reduce the rate of metabolism and excretion, increasing the risk of accumulation and side effects.

Thus, the pharmacokinetics of valerian is a complex multi-stage process, including absorption of lipophilic and hydrophilic components, hepatic transformation, and systemic distribution with a predominant effect on the central nervous system, smooth muscles, and vascular tone.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://link.springer.com/arti...
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Valeriana officinalis

The pharmacological action of Valeriana officinalis is due to a combination of bioactive components, primarily valerenic acid, essential oils, valepotriates, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Multiple studies have shown that the key link in the action is the modulation of GABAergic neurotransmission. Valerenic acid acts as a positive allosteric modulator of GABA_A receptors, increasing the affinity of GABA to the receptor complex, which leads to a decrease in neuronal excitation and activation of inhibitory cascades in the CNS. Simultaneously, inhibition of the activity of GABA-transaminase, the enzyme responsible for GABA metabolism, is observed, which contributes to an increase in its concentration in the synaptic cleft.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

In addition, it has been experimentally confirmed that valerian extracts interact with serotonin receptors, especially 5-HT₁A and 5-HT₅A subtypes, modulating neurochemical activity in brain regions associated with the regulation of behavioral and vegetative responses. Phytoextracts demonstrate the ability to reduce the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, thereby suppressing catecholamine synthesis and reducing the level of stress-induced excitation. An effect on adenosine receptors has been noted, which may be associated with sedative and hypnotic effects.

References: https://link.springer.com/arti...; https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Some valepotriates exhibit activity against calcium channels, inhibiting the entry of calcium ions into smooth muscle cells, which is accompanied by a myotropic spasmolytic effect. This is confirmed by the results of pharmacological models where valerian extracts reduced induced contraction of smooth muscles in the presence of calcium and cholinergic stimulants. A decrease in the level of acetylcholine in synapses has also been recorded, which additionally contributes to the relaxation of smooth muscles.

References: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co...; https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

The mechanisms of action of valerian also include participation in the regulation of cytokine profiles and inflammatory cascades. It has been established that some components inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, and also block the translocation of the transcription factor NF-κB, which reduces the activity of the inflammatory response at the cellular level. An additional mechanism may be the antioxidant effect due to the inactivation of free radicals and stabilization of membrane lipids. In vitro studies have shown the ability to suppress the activity of the enzyme lipoxygenase (LOX) and reduce the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins.

References: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...; https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.g...; https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Along with systemic action, valerian essential oils with transdermal or inhalation use have a direct effect on the limbic system through olfactory receptors. This activates the parasympathetic dominance, reduces cortisol levels, and regulates the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis). A correlation has been observed between exposure to valerian terpenes and suppression of the expression of genes responsible for the synthesis of stress mediators.

References: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...; https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Thus, the mechanisms of action of Valeriana officinalis are realized through modulation of GABAergic and serotonergic neurotransmission, suppression of stress-induced mediator cascades, inhibition of calcium channels and cytokine activity, as well as through central and peripheral regulatory effects on the systems of nervous, vegetative, endocrine, and immune regulation.

Synergy — Valeriana officinalis

The pharmacological synergy of Valeriana officinalis with other natural substances has been confirmed in both preclinical and clinical studies. One of the most studied areas is the interaction with other sedative and anxiolytic plants. Combined use of valerian and Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) demonstrates an additive and potentiating effect on GABAergic neurotransmission, due to the combined effect on GABA_A receptors and enhancement of inhibitory synaptic flows. This has been confirmed in vivo in models of spontaneous motor activity, where the combination reduced anxiety more pronouncedly than each agent individually.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...; https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Another direction is the synergy of valerian with Passiflora incarnata (passionflower), in which enhanced binding to serotonin and benzodiazepine receptors is observed, as well as cumulative reduction of neuronal excitability. Such a combination increases the sensitivity of central receptors to endogenous inhibitory mediators and stabilizes autonomic regulation. The synergy effect is also manifested through complementary effects on transcription factors, including suppression of the expression of stress-activated genes.

References: https://link.springer.com/arti...; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Combining extracts of Valeriana officinalis with Humulus lupulus (common hop) leads to potentiation of sedative and spasmolytic effects, including in modeling excessive sympathetic system activity. The combined effect is explained by the synergistic action of α-bitter acid from hop and valerenic acid from valerian, both at the level of central receptors and in smooth muscles. This is accompanied by enhanced antagonism to calcium channels and a decrease in the release of excitatory mediators.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...; https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Studies with natural amino acids, such as L-theanine, have shown modulating synergy with valerian, expressed in enhanced alpha brain rhythm and increased resistance to cognitive fatigue. It is assumed that the effect is achieved through cross-modulation of GABA and glutamatergic transmission and regulation of cortisol levels through the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. This interaction has a tissue-specific nature and is manifested mainly in the limbic system.

References: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...; https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

When combining valerian with magnesium citrate, protective synergism is observed at the level of ion transport regulation, especially under conditions of psycho-emotional overstrain. Magnesium stabilizes membrane potential and increases sensitivity to GABA, while valerian enhances the inhibitory flow. This allows strengthening the anti-stress effect with minimal load on enzyme systems.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...; https://link.springer.com/arti...

Thus, valerian demonstrates pharmacologically confirmed synergy with plant sedatives, amino acids, and minerals, realized through combined effects on central receptor cascades, mediators, and signaling pathways. The nature of the interaction varies from additive to potentiating and protective, covering systemic and cellular levels.

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Valeriana officinalis

Valerian has a wide geography of traditional use, covering Europe, the Middle East, Central and South Asia. The first reliable information about its use dates back to ancient medicine. Already in the works of Hippocrates, a plant similar in description to valerian was mentioned, and Dioscorides and Pliny the Elder in the 1st century AD described it as "phu" with calming and carminative properties. In medieval European herbal books, valerian was considered one of the main remedies "pacifying the mind" and "averting bad air and spirits."

In Slavic folk medicine, valerian was widely used in the form of decoctions, alcohol tinctures, aqueous infusions, and steam baths. The root was ground and added to pouches for hanging over the bed — it was believed to calm the soul and drive away "nightmares." In village traditions of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, valerian was used for "fright," "heart trouble," and as a talisman — the root was hung around the neck or sewn into the hem of a child's clothing. It was believed that the smell of the plant could ward off evil spirits, especially during the spring equinox and Ivan Kupala.

In the German-speaking phytotherapeutic school, valerian is known as Baldrian, and since the 12th century it has been included in monastic herbal books. Benedictine monks prepared macerates in wine and oil extracts from it for use in the form of rubs. In the territories of modern France and Spain, the plant was used in the form of wraps and compresses, especially in the Provençal and Catalan traditions. In the folklore of Southern Europe, valerian was considered a "witch's herb," its smell was used in rituals of expelling fear and as protection from the evil eye.

In Arabic medicine of the time of Avicenna, valerian was included in potions for balancing "black bile." It was used in the form of steam inhalations and rubs into the temples as part of complex oil compositions with frankincense and myrrh. In Tunisia and Morocco, oral traditions of using valerian as a plant "calming the mind and the flame of the liver" are preserved.

In Tibetan medicine, a plant identified as an analogue of Valeriana officinalis is part of collections with effects on "wind" (rlung), used to balance mental and vegetative processes. In these formulations, valerian is combined with saffron, myrrh, and clove. In the North Indian Ayurvedic tradition, valerian is known as Tagara, described in the "Charaka Samhita" and used as a plant element with a predominance of the "tamas" guna, promoting the calming of the mind.

In Thailand and Laos, valerian is known in the traditional medicine of the peoples of the northern mountainous regions, where its root is infused in alcohol and used as a rub. In the ritual practices of the Mond, Akha, and Karen peoples, the plant was considered a talisman against "night spirits" and was used in fumigation of dwellings during the full moon. Sometimes dried valerian root was hung at the head of a newborn as protection from disease spirits.

Thus, Valeriana officinalis has a rich ethnographic history and is recognized in numerous folk traditions as a plant affecting the mind, emotions, and inner balance. Its use is accompanied by deep cultural connotations — from medical to ritual and magical, reflecting the universal perception of valerian as an herb of mental peace.