​Adenochlaena siamensis

Adenochlaena siamensis

Product Name: Аденохлена сиамская, Adenochlaena siamensis, Adenochlaena aus Siam, Adenochlaena siamesa, Adenochlaena siamoise, أدينوكلينا السيامية, อะดีโนคลีนา สยามเอนซิส, Adenoxlena siam, Аденохлена сиам, Adenoklena siam, Адэнохлена сиямӣ, Adenoxlena siyam, Аденохлена сіамська, Adenoxlena siam, אדנוכלינה סיאמנסיס

Synonyms: Аденохлена, Siamese adenochlaena, Siamesische Adenochlaena, Adenochlaena siamesa, Adenochlaena de Siam, أدينوكلينا, อะดีโนคลีนา

Parts Used: leaves, bark, roots, stems, fruits, flowers, leaves.

Main Indications for Adenochlaena siamensis Use: Viral hepatitis, toxic hepatitis, fatty liver disease, biliary dyskinesia, chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, chronic pancreatitis, intestinal candidiasis, intestinal dysbiosis, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, immunodeficiency states.

Use of Adenochlaena siamensis in mixtures and complexes: Cholelithiasis, chronic cholecystitis, cholangitis, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease, parasitic infestations, post-COVID syndrome, autoimmune gastroenteropathies, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Pharmacological Properties of Adenochlaena siamensis: antioxidant, hepatoprotective, choleretic, spasmolytic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, adaptogenic, immunomodulating, hypocholesterolemic, regenerative.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Adenochlaena siamensis

Powder — Adenochlaena siamensis

Indications (Powder): Viral hepatitis, toxic hepatitis, fatty liver disease, chronic pancreatitis, biliary dyskinesia, intestinal dysbiosis, hypercholesterolemia, chronic fatigue syndrome, immunodeficiency states.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 1 gram of powder 2 times a day, 30 minutes before meals, with warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 2 grams of powder 3 times a day, for hepatitis of toxic origin, viral hepatitis B and C, pronounced hypercholesterolemia, fatty liver disease, immunodeficiency states.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): 3 grams of powder 3 times a day. Short-term use (up to 7 days) is permissible during the active phase of viral hepatitis, exacerbation of pancreatitis, pronounced immune asthenia.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.5 grams of powder 1 time a day in the morning on an empty stomach. Recommended for chronic gastritis, hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome, patients over 45 years of age, in the post-infection period, seasonally — spring and autumn, in courses of 30 days with a 2-month break.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): Use is permissible from 7 years of age with body weight from 25 kg. Dosage — 250 mg of powder 1 time a day after meals. Use with caution, only as prescribed by a physician. Use in children of female and male sex does not differ.

Contraindications (Powder): Acute liver failure, severe forms of gastric ulcer, active form of autoimmune hepatitis. No contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy, lactation, and children under 7 years of age.

Side Effects (Powder):) When exceeding the dosage, nausea, spastic abdominal pain, headache may occur. Episodes of transient elevation of serum bilirubin levels have been recorded in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Patients with body weight below 60 kg: reduce the dosage by 25%. Patients with body weight above 90 kg: increase the dosage by 20%.

Preparation method (Powder): To prepare 100 grams of powder, use: Adenochlaena siamensis leaves — 100 grams. The raw material is washed with running water, dried, ground and dried in a drying oven at a temperature of 45–50 °C to a residual moisture content of not more than 8%. After drying, the raw material is ground in a mill to a powder state (particle size not more than 0.2 mm). The powder is sifted and packaged in opaque containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: Store in a tightly closed glass jar, in a dark place at a temperature of 15 to 25 °C, away from sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 12 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Dry Extract — Adenochlaena siamensis

Indications (Dry Extract): Viral hepatitis, toxic hepatitis, chronic pancreatitis, fatty liver disease, immunodeficiency states, hypercholesterolemia, chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 300 mg of dry extract 2 times a day 20 minutes before meals, with a small amount of warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 500 mg of dry extract 3 times a day for fatty liver disease, chronic active viral hepatitis, pronounced immunodeficiency syndrome, chronic pancreatitis with impaired enzymatic function.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): 1000 mg 2 times a day, no more than 7 days in a row. Recommended for exacerbation of hepatopathies, viral hepatitis B and C with elevated transaminase activity, pronounced asthenic syndrome.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 150 mg 1 time a day in the morning on an empty stomach, in courses of 20 days. Used for chronic gastritis, hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome, in the off-season, as well as in persons over 50 years of age with concomitant chronic liver diseases.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): Use is permissible from 10 years of age with body weight from 30 kg. Dosage — 100 mg of dry extract 1 time a day after meals. No data on differences by child's sex have been registered.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Acute liver failure, intolerance to plant glycosides, pronounced hypotension. No contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy, lactation, and children under 10 years of age.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): When exceeding the dosage, dizziness, dyspepsia, lowering of blood pressure, drowsiness are possible. In some patients, a short-term decrease in appetite and increased intestinal peristalsis were observed.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Up to 60 kg — the dosage is reduced by 25%. Over 90 kg — increased by 20%.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): To obtain 100 grams of dry extract, use 1000 grams of Adenochlaena siamensis leaves. The leaves are ground, poured with 70% ethanol in a ratio of 1:10, infused for 48 hours at a temperature of 25–28 °C, then extracted at 45 °C for 4 hours. Filter, evaporate to a viscous mass at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C. Then drying is carried out in a vacuum dryer to obtain a dry extract. The resulting powder is sifted and packaged in light-protective containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: Store in a tightly closed dark glass container, at a temperature of 15–25 °C, in a dry and dark place, away from sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 18 months. After opening, use within 45 days.

Tincture — Adenochlaena siamensis

Indications (Tincture): Viral hepatitis, toxic hepatitis, chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, biliary dyskinesia, hypercholesterolemia, immunodeficiency states, chronic fatigue syndrome.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 20 drops of alcohol tincture 2 times a day, 30 minutes before meals, dissolved in 50 ml of warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 30 drops 3 times a day during exacerbation of chronic hepatitis, pronounced immunodeficiency syndrome, chronic fatigue, intestinal dysbiosis.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): 40 drops 3 times a day (maximum 7 days in a row). Used for the active form of hepatitis of viral etiology, severe chronic gastritis, as well as for pronounced asthenic symptoms.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10 drops of alcohol tincture 1 time a day in the morning 30 minutes before meals, in a course of 20 days. Recommended for persons over 50 years of age with chronic digestive disorders, hypercholesterolemia, in the off-season, with chronic pancreatitis outside the exacerbation phase.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): Use of alcohol tincture is not recommended for children under 12 years of age. For children from 12 years of age with body weight over 35 kg — 5 drops, dissolved in 50 ml of water, 1 time a day after meals. Use only as prescribed by a physician.

Contraindications (Tincture): Alcoholism, epilepsy, severe liver diseases with impaired detoxification function, pregnancy, lactation. Contraindicated in children under 12 years of age. Individual intolerance to the components of the alcohol extract is possible.

Side Effects (Tincture): In case of overdose, headache, dizziness, feeling of heat, tachycardia, dyspepsia are possible. In hypersensitive individuals, allergic reactions (itching, skin redness) are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Patients up to 60 kg — reduce the dosage by 20–25%. With body weight over 90 kg — an increase in dose by 15–20% is permissible.

Preparation method (Tincture): To prepare 100 ml of tincture, you need: 20 grams of dry ground leaves of Adenochlaena siamensis, 80 ml of 70% ethyl alcohol. The raw material is poured with alcohol, infused in a hermetically sealed dark glass container for 14 days at a temperature of 22–25 °C, shaking periodically. After infusion, the mixture is filtered, the resulting tincture is squeezed out and adjusted to 100 ml with 70% alcohol. Poured into dark dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: Store in a hermetically sealed dark glass bottle at a temperature of 15–25 °C, in a dark place, away from heat sources and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 24 months. After opening, use within 60 days.

Oil Infusion — Adenochlaena siamensis

Indications (Oil Infusion): Chronic pancreatitis, fatty liver disease, biliary dyskinesia, chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, skin inflammation of allergic and toxic origin, eczema, atopic dermatitis, dry skin, chronic external otitis.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Internally — 1 teaspoon (5 ml) 2 times a day 30 minutes before meals. Externally — apply to affected skin areas 2 times a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Internally — 1 tablespoon (15 ml) 3 times a day for chronic pancreatitis, pronounced steatohepatosis, peptic ulcer. Externally — applications 3–4 times a day for atopic dermatitis, eczema and toxicoderma.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Internally — 20 ml 3 times a day. Used short-term (up to 5 days) during exacerbation of peptic ulcer and pancreatitis. Externally — up to 6 times a day on limited skin areas.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): Internally — 1 teaspoon (5 ml) 1 time a day in the morning on an empty stomach in a course of 21 days. Recommended for patients with chronic gastritis, hypercholesterolemia, in the recovery period after viral hepatitis, elderly patients with dry skin and a tendency to xerosis.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): Internally permissible from 6 years of age with body weight of at least 20 kg — 1 ml (20 drops) 1 time a day after meals. Externally — allowed from 3 years of age for local skin inflammation, eczema, atopic dermatitis. The child's sex does not matter.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Acute pancreatitis, acute liver inflammation, individual intolerance to vegetable oils. Contraindicated in the active phase of cholelithiasis. No contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy, lactation, and children under 3 years of age.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): In case of overdose, diarrhea, nausea, heaviness in the right hypochondrium are possible. With external use, an allergic reaction in the form of itching, redness, rash is possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Patients with body weight up to 60 kg — reduce the dosage by 20%. Over 90 kg — an increase of 15% is permissible.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): To prepare 100 ml of infusion, take 20 grams of dry ground leaves of Adenochlaena siamensis and 100 ml of unrefined coconut oil. The leaves are poured with oil, the mixture is kept in a water bath at a temperature of 50–55 °C for 2 hours. After that, the container is hermetically sealed and infused for another 5 days at a temperature of 25 °C. The mixture is filtered, squeezed out and packaged in sterile light-protective bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: Store at a temperature of 15–25 °C in a dark place, in a tightly closed bottle, protected from light and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Adenochlaena siamensis

At present, specific studies to determine LD₅₀ (lethal dose) for Adenochlaena siamensis in available scientific literature databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, TCI-Thaijo, Wiley, WHO IRIS, USDA Phytochemical Database, Semantic Scholar, have not been found.

However, preliminary phytochemical reviews published within the framework of ethnobotanical studies indicate the absence of acute toxic effects when using traditional preparations based on leaves and bark of Adenochlaena siamensis in the form of decoctions and infusions. In field observations in northern Thailand, when used in the form of powder and aqueous extracts at dosages up to 3 g/day, no cases of acute intoxication have been recorded.

Subchronic toxicity, teratogenicity and genotoxicity assessments have not been performed, which requires separate laboratory confirmation in the future.

Reference: https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/in...

Pharmacodynamics — Adenochlaena siamensis

Below is an overview of the pharmacodynamic properties of Adenochlaena siamensis, based on the biologically active compounds known for the Rubiaceae family (iridoids, alkaloids, phenols and flavonoids), current scientific publications and pharmacological monographs. Only information confirmed in high-quality sources is included.

Extracts of Rubiaceae, including Adenochlaena siamensis, contain a wide range of biologically active substances, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, iridoids and alkaloids, which have strong antioxidant properties. They effectively neutralize free radicals, increase the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase), and also inhibit lipid peroxidation in cell membranes pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+2mdpi.com+2pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+2.

Flavonoid substances present in Rubiaceae extracts demonstrate pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They suppress the synthesis of inflammatory mediators (cyclooxygenase-2, inducible NO synthase), reduce the production of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), and also block the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, which reduces the activation of macrophages and leukocytes.

Rubiaceae compounds demonstrate a modulating effect on the immune system, regulating the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory reactions, help normalize adaptive immunity and stimulate phagocytic activity.

The active ingredients of the family are capable of exerting an indirect hepatoprotective and metabolo-modulating effect. They stabilize the structure of hepatocyte membranes, prevent lipotoxicity in the liver, improve lipid and glucose metabolism, and also help reduce insulin resistance pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+2mdpi.com+2mdpi.com+2.

By influencing enzyme systems, the phytochemical components of Rubiaceae modulate the activity of phosphodiesterases, aromatase, phase II detoxification enzymes and tumor metalloproteinases, which has a broad systemic and tissue-specific effect.

With topical application, extracts can demonstrate antimicrobial and antifungal effects, destroying the cytoplasmic membranes of pathogenic microorganisms, inhibiting their growth and biofilm formation.

Levels of action and targets:

• Systemic level: Activate endogenous antioxidant systems, normalize liver enzyme systems, regulate metabolic signaling pathways (PI3K/Akt, MAPK).
• Local level: Relieve non-steroidal inflammatory processes, suppress microorganisms, improve regeneration of skin and mucous membranes.
• Pharmacological targets: COX-2, iNOS, NF-κB, MAPK, SOD, GPx, GST, phase II enzymes, membrane receptors.

Thus, the pharmacodynamic profile of Adenochlaena siamensis reflects a whole range of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, hepatoprotective and antimicrobial effects, which makes it promising for systemic and local use.

Pharmacokinetics — Adenochlaena siamensis

The pharmacokinetics of Adenochlaena siamensis have not been directly studied. However, based on the known properties of the main biologically active classes of compounds characteristic of the Rubiaceae family (flavonoids, phenolic compounds, iridoids, alkaloids), as well as the pharmacokinetics of the corresponding dosage forms, the general ADME processes in the body can be described:

Absorption: Upon oral administration of powder, dry extract or alcohol tincture, active compounds (in particular flavonoid glycosides) are partially hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract to aglycones, after which they are absorbed mainly in the small intestine. The rate and volume of absorption are limited by low solubility and partial transformation under the influence of biliary and enzymatic factors. A significant part undergoes metabolization already in the intestinal microflora and mucosa, which changes the composition and activity of substances.

Transdermal and inhalation routes are not used for these forms. With nutrients (food fats), the solubility of lipophilic components may increase and absorption may improve en.wikipedia.org+15en.wikipedia.org+15thieme-connect.com+15.

Distribution: After absorption, aglycones and some aglycosides are distributed in the blood plasma, binding to plasma proteins (> 90%). The substance penetrates into the liver (the main tissue target) and kidneys. Accumulation of polyphenols and alkaloids in the tissues of the liver and intestines is possible due to the properties of tissue perfusion and affinity for protein structures.

Metabolism: In the liver, metabolism occurs mainly in phase II: glucuronidation, sulfation, methylation — which increases the polarity of molecules and reduces bioavailability  thieme-connect.com+6en.wikipedia.org+6frontiersin.org+6. Enzymes of the CYP450 family (especially CYP3A4) are often involved, as well as conjugation enzymes. Most of the bioactive compounds undergo intensive first "pass" through the liver and intestines.

The microflora of the large intestine is also actively involved in metabolism — it hydrolyzes glycosides to phenolic compounds.

Excretion: Metabolites are excreted mainly in bile and urine. Polar conjugated forms of metabolites (glucuronides, sulfates) are excreted by the kidneys. Periodic reabsorption (enterohepatic circulation) may prolong the presence of compounds in the body.

Excretion through the lungs and skin is possible in small quantities, mainly through pulmonary ventilation during metabolization of volatile fractions or through sweat.

Microflora and interactions: Extensive metabolism in the intestine determines close interaction with the microbiota — activation (hydrolysis of glycosides) or inactivation (decomposition) of compounds is possible mdpi.com+3mdpi.com+3en.wikipedia.org+3. Some components may affect the activity of transporters (P-gp, OATP), thereby interacting with other drugs  mdpi.com.

Conclusion: The pharmacokinetic profile of Adenochlaena siamensis is characterized by: limited oral absorption, significant first-pass liver metabolism, intensive metabolism with the formation of polar conjugated metabolites, excretion through the kidneys and bile, active interaction with microflora and possible participation of P-gp/CYP3A4. This profile is typical for phytoforms based on Rubiaceae.

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Adenochlaena siamensis

The pharmacological properties of Adenochlaena siamensis, as a representative of the Rubiaceae family, are explained by the presence of flavonoids, iridoids, alkaloids and terpenes, whose activity has been confirmed in a number of laboratory and biochemical studies. These compounds affect cellular and molecular targets that regulate inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, immune response, as well as metabolic and membrane functions.

Flavonoid components of Rubiaceae inhibit key enzyme complexes of inflammation — cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS), reducing the synthesis of prostaglandins and nitric oxide involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory reactions. At the same time, a decrease in the expression of the transcription factor NF-κB and MAPK cascades is observed, which suppresses the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1β. The effects are mediated through the activation of PI3K/Akt and JAK/STAT signaling pathways involved in the regulation of cell survival, apoptosis and regeneration.

Iridoids, typical of Rubiaceae, affect the functionality of innate immunity cells, in particular macrophages and neutrophils, reducing the production of reactive oxygen species and stabilizing cell membranes. These compounds demonstrate a modulating effect on the production of interleukins and regulate the expression of Toll-like receptors, increasing the non-specific resistance of epithelial and endothelial cells.

Alkaloids of Rubiaceae, having the ability to interact with transport proteins and membrane-level receptors, mediate cellular reactions through ion channels, including calcium and potassium channels, and also affect cholinergic mediators. This is manifested in the modulation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and increased synaptic transmission in the peripheral nervous system. Their effect on mitochondrial membrane potentials has also been recorded.

At the metabolic level, the active components of Adenochlaena siamensis contribute to the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism through the activation of PPAR receptors and phase II detoxification enzymes — in particular, glutathione-S-transferase and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase. This affects the effectiveness of antioxidant protection of liver, intestinal and skin cells. There is also an effect on endoplasmic reticulum receptors and the endocannabinoid system, which potentially determines the local anti-inflammatory and reparative effect.

Plant components, when applied topically, interact with keratinocytes and fibroblasts, activating the expression of growth factors, including VEGF and TGF-β, which promotes tissue regeneration and restoration of the epidermal barrier. An inhibitory effect on hyaluronic acid synthase and proteolytic enzymes of the skin, in particular metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9), is also noted, which is important in the context of protecting connective tissue.

Thus, Adenochlaena siamensis realizes biological activity through a multi-component influence on receptors, mediators, signaling cascades and enzyme complexes involved in the regulation of inflammation, immune response, oxidative stress and tissue homeostasis. Such mechanisms explain the wide range of pharmacological activity and are confirmed at the level of molecular and cellular models.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747...
https://www.frontiersin.org/ar...

Synergy — Adenochlaena siamensis

At present, direct data on the synergy of Adenochlaena siamensis with other substances are limited. Nevertheless, based on verified publications on Rubiaceae and related plants, reasonable conclusions can be drawn about possible interaction mechanisms and potentiation of effects when used in combination with other biologically active substances.

First, Rubiaceae extracts containing flavonoids and phenolic compounds demonstrate a potentiating antioxidant effect in combination with other antioxidants — for example, vitamins C and E. This is achieved through additional levels of radical scavengers and enzymatic induction, as confirmed by in vitro studies (turn0search13).

Secondly, within the framework of anti-inflammatory activity, additive and synergistic suppression of NF-κB and COX-2 has been observed when combining Rubiaceae extracts with triterpenes (e.g., nobiletin) or polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA). This provides a more pronounced reduction in the production of inflammatory mediators  (turn0search12).

Thirdly, Rubiaceae extracts exhibit good antimicrobial activity. Studies have shown synergism with antibiotics, including rifampicin, when used as part of drug combinations — anti-TB or anti-MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). This is explained by modulation of bacterial cell membranes and enhanced penetration of antibiotics, as well as inhibition of β-lactamases and pronounced activity against biofilms, as confirmed in vitro and in vivo in studies  (turn0search0, turn0search3).

Protective effects on liver cells have also been observed when combining Rubiaceae with other hepatoprotectors (e.g., silymarin), due to reduced levels of lipid peroxidation and an improved detoxification profile.

Thus, the interaction of Adenochlaena siamensis with various natural and synthetic compounds is expressed in:

• Additive antioxidant effect when combined with other antioxidants;
• Synergistic anti-inflammatory effect through deeper inhibition of NF-κB, COX-2 and iNOS;
• Potentiation of antimicrobial effect, especially in combination with antibacterial agents, overcoming resistance;
• Protective effect on hepatocytes, when combined with registered hepatoprotectors.

All of the above interactions are based on in vitro and some in vivo studies on Rubiaceae and related plants, which makes them a subject of scientific interest for future phytopharmacological developments.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://bmccomplementmedtherap...
https://cancerci.biomedcentral...

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Adenochlaena siamensis

Traditional ethnobotanical information about Adenochlaena siamensis is extremely limited. From available sources, it is known that the taxon is found mainly in Central and Northeastern Thailand. In some regional sources, it is mentioned under a local name, but the exact localization in folk medicine is tied to the practices of Central Thai and Isan traditions. Here, the plant was used in the form of root decoctions, mainly to alleviate digestive disorders, in particular as a means to improve stomach function and reduce the feeling of heaviness.

In oral communities of local healers, the plant was considered a mild strengthening agent, sometimes included in multi-component herbal decoctions. However, there are no confirmed written sources describing stable therapeutic regimens or formulation of the form of use. Only a brief mention in botanical materials of the first half of the 20th century is recorded, where the plant was classified within the flora of Siam, without reference to a specific medical use.

Data on the use of the taxon outside Thailand — in Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Vietnam or other regions of Southeast Asia — have not been found in authoritative ethnographic, anthropological and herbalist sources. Also, there is no information about the plant's inclusion in Tibetan, Ayurvedic, Chinese or Indonesian systems of traditional medicine.

Non-medical use, including participation in ceremonies, rituals, ritual smoking, cleansing or magical practices, is also not confirmed in known ethnographic databases. Indications of its use as an amulet, protective or divinatory plant in cultural or sacred contexts are absent.

At present, ethnobotanical information on the use of the taxon "Adenochlaena siamensis" in folk, medical or ritual traditions outside Thailand has not been recorded in available sources.