Psidium guajava — Guava

Psidium guajava — Guava

Product Name: гуава обыкновенная, Psidium guajava, Echte Guave, guayaba, goyave, جوَافة, ฝรั่ง, guava odati, guava odati, гуаява, guava adati, guava adati, guava, guava, гуава, guava adati, גּוּאָבָה

Synonyms: Psidium cujavillus, Psidium pomiferum, Psidium pyriferum, гуайява, guayaba, goiaba, gouyave, guwâfah, ฝรั่ง

Used Parts: leaves, bark, fruits.

Primary Indications for Psidium guajava: acute and chronic diarrhea, gastroenteritis, dyspepsia, diabetic hyperglycemia, hypertension, stomatitis, dental caries, oral ulcers, inflammatory gum diseases, wounds, skin inflammations, respiratory infections, cough, fever.

Application of Psidium guajava in Mixtures and Complexes: severe or complicated gastrointestinal tract infections, comprehensive treatment of diabetes mellitus, combination therapy for hypertension, multi-component wound and dermatological preparations.

Pharmacological Properties of Psidium guajava: antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antihyperglycemic, antihypertensive, wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antitumor, immunomodulatory.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Psidium guajava

Powder — Psidium guajava

Indications (Powder): acute bacterial diarrhea, chronic gastroenteritis, ulcerative stomatitis, periodontitis, hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, superficial purulent wounds, dermatomycosis, inflammatory skin diseases.

Standard Dosage (Powder): orally, 2—3 grams of powder 2—3 times daily after meals, taken with warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): orally, 4—5 grams of powder 3 times daily for acute diarrheal syndromes of infectious origin, pronounced hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertensive crises as part of combination therapy.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): orally, up to 6 grams of powder 3 times daily for no more than 5 consecutive days for severe bacterial diarrhea and purulent-inflammatory skin lesions with rapid spread of inflammation.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): orally, 1 gram of powder once daily in courses of 14 days with a 1-month break for chronic gastroenteritis, periodontitis, tendency to hyperglycemia, arterial hypertension; recommended for patients over 40 years and individuals with weakened immunity.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): from 6 years and body weight over 20 kg — 0.5—1 gram of powder 2 times daily after meals; for adolescents 12—16 years — 1—1.5 grams 2—3 times daily.

Contraindications (Powder): individual hypersensitivity, severe forms of constipation; no scientifically registered data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, or in children under 6 years.

Side Effects (Powder): in case of overdose — nausea, constipation, abdominal discomfort.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): for body weight below 60 kg — reduce dosage by 20%; for body weight above 90 kg — increase dosage by 15%.

Preparation method (Powder): select fresh ripe guava fruits, wash, cut into thin slices, dry in a drying oven at 40—45 °C to residual moisture not exceeding 10%, grind in a mill to a powder state, sift through a 0.5 mm mesh sieve. To prepare 100 grams of powder, 500 grams of fresh fruits are required.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): store in tightly closed dark glass containers at 15—25 °C in a dry place, protected from light and sources of electromagnetic radiation; shelf life — 12 months; after opening, use within 60 days.

Dry Extract — Psidium guajava

Indications (Dry Extract): acute bacterial gastroenteritis, chronic diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea component, type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, chronic periodontitis, trophic ulcers, dermatophytosis, furunculosis.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 250—500 milligrams of dry extract 2 times daily after meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 500 milligrams 3 times daily for acute infectious-inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, pronounced hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus, severe forms of dermatophytosis.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 1 gram of dry extract 3 times daily for no more than 7 days for severe bacterial diarrhea and purulent-inflammatory skin diseases.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 250 milligrams of dry extract once daily in courses of 10 days monthly for chronic oral infections, gastroenteritis in remission, arterial hypertension, carbohydrate metabolism disorders.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): from 6 years and body weight over 20 kg — 125 milligrams of dry extract 2 times daily after meals; adolescents — 250 milligrams 2 times daily.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): individual intolerance; no scientifically registered data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, or in children under 6 years.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): in case of overdose — constipation, abdominal spasm, decreased blood pressure.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): for body weight below 60 kg — reduce dosage by 20%; for body weight above 90 kg — increase dosage by 15%.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): chop fresh guava leaves, pour 70% ethanol in a 1:5 ratio, infuse at 25 °C for 7 days, filter, evaporate the extract in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C until the ethanol odor completely disappears, dry in a vacuum drying oven at 45 °C to a powdery state. 100 grams of dry extract require 1 kilogram of fresh leaves. Residual ethanol content not more than 500 ppm.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): store in hermetically sealed dark glass containers at 10—20 °C, in a dry place, protected from light and electromagnetic radiation; shelf life — 24 months; after opening, use within 90 days.

Tincture — Psidium guajava

Indications (Tincture): acute bacterial gastroenteritis, chronic diarrhea, dyspepsia, hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, chronic periodontitis, stomatitis, dermatomycosis, furunculosis, superficial purulent wounds.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): orally, 20—30 drops (1—1.5 milliliters) 2—3 times daily after meals, diluted in 50 milliliters of warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): orally, 40 drops (2 milliliters) 3 times daily for acute diarrheal syndromes, pronounced hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus, severe forms of dermatophytosis.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): orally, 60 drops (3 milliliters) 3 times daily for no more than 5 days for severe bacterial diarrhea and purulent-inflammatory skin diseases.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): orally, 10—15 drops (0.5—0.75 milliliters) once daily in courses of 14 days 3—4 times per year for chronic gastroenteritis, periodontitis, tendency to hyperglycemia, arterial hypertension.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): from 12 years and body weight over 40 kg — 5—10 drops (0.25—0.5 milliliters) 2 times daily after meals, diluted in 50 milliliters of warm water; not recommended under 12 years.

Contraindications (Tincture): individual hypersensitivity, alcoholism, severe liver failure; no scientifically registered data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, or in children under 12 years.

Side Effects (Tincture): in case of overdose — nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tincture): for body weight below 60 kg — reduce dosage by 20%; for body weight above 90 kg — increase dosage by 15%.

Preparation method (Tincture): grind dry guava leaves, pour 70% ethanol in a 1:10 ratio, infuse for 14 days at 20—25 °C in a dark place, shaking periodically, filter, pour into dark glass bottles. Ethanol is used only as an extractant and remains in the finished product as an active form.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): store in dark glass containers at 15—25 °C, in a place protected from light, avoid exposure to electromagnetic radiation; shelf life — 24 months; after opening, use within 6 months.

Oil Infusion — Psidium guajava

Indications (Oil Infusion): dermatophytosis, furunculosis, superficial purulent wounds, trophic ulcers, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, inflammatory skin diseases, skin fissures, sunburn.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): externally, apply in a thin layer to affected skin areas 2 times daily.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): externally, apply 3—4 times daily for acute purulent-inflammatory skin diseases, trophic ulcers, extensive dermatophytosis lesions.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): externally, apply up to 5—6 times daily for severe inflammatory processes, for no more than 7 days.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): apply once daily to skin areas prone to irritation or infection, in courses of 10—14 days monthly for chronic eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, tendency to recurrent fungal skin infections.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): from 3 years — externally, apply 1—2 times daily to affected areas, avoiding contact with eyes and mucous membranes.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): individual hypersensitivity; no scientifically registered data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, or in children under 3 years.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): in case of overdose — local irritation, hyperemia, itching.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): not required, as it is used externally.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): chop fresh guava leaves into 0.5—1 cm pieces, lightly wither at 30 °C for 4—6 hours, place in a sterile glass jar, pour warm coconut oil (40 °C) in a raw material to oil ratio of 1:5, infuse in a water bath at 45 °C for 4 hours, cool, filter through cheesecloth, pour into dark glass bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): store in dark glass containers at 10—20 °C, protect from light and electromagnetic radiation; shelf life — 12 months; after opening, use within 90 days.

Cream — Psidium guajava

Indications (Cream): dermatophytosis, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, acne, rosacea, trophic ulcers, furunculosis, superficial purulent wounds, inflammatory skin diseases, sunburn.

Standard Dosage (Cream): externally, apply in a thin layer to affected skin areas 2 times daily.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): externally, apply 3—4 times daily for active skin inflammatory processes, fungal infections, extensive epidermal damage.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): externally, apply up to 5 times daily for severe infectious-inflammatory skin lesions for no more than 10 consecutive days.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): apply once daily in courses of 14 days monthly for chronic dermatoses, seborrheic dermatitis, tendency to acne, rosacea.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): from 3 years — apply in a thin layer 1—2 times daily to affected areas, avoiding contact with eyes and mucous membranes.

Contraindications (Cream): individual hypersensitivity; no scientifically registered data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, or in children under 3 years.

Side Effects (Cream): in case of overdose — local irritation, itching, hyperemia.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cream): not required, as it is used externally.

Preparation method (Cream): in a heat-resistant container, mix 15 grams of coconut oil, 10 grams of shea butter, 5 grams of jojoba oil, melt in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 45 °C; in a separate container, heat 60 grams of distilled water to 45 °C, add 5 grams of glycerin, dissolve 3 grams of dry guava leaf extract, combine the aqueous and oil phases, mix with a mixer until emulsified, cool to 30 °C, add 2 grams of beeswax, mix until homogeneous, pour into sterile containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): store in tightly closed dark glass containers at 5—15 °C, avoid exposure to light and electromagnetic radiation; shelf life — 6 months; after opening, use within 30 days.

Ointment — Psidium guajava

Indications (Ointment): trophic ulcers, dermatophytosis, furunculosis, superficial purulent wounds, skin fissures, burns I—II degree, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): externally, apply in a thin layer to affected skin areas 1—2 times daily, if necessary, cover with a sterile bandage.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): apply 3—4 times daily for active purulent-inflammatory skin processes, trophic ulcers, dermatophytosis with pronounced itching.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): apply up to 5 times daily for 7—10 consecutive days for severe skin infections and extensive trophic lesions.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): apply once daily in courses of 7—10 days monthly to skin areas prone to chronic inflammatory processes, for recurrent dermatophytosis, skin fissures.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): from 3 years — apply 1—2 times daily in a thin layer to affected areas, avoiding mucous membranes.

Contraindications (Ointment): individual hypersensitivity; no scientifically registered data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, or in children under 3 years.

Side Effects (Ointment): in case of overdose — local irritation, itching, erythema.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ointment): not required, as it is used externally.

Preparation method (Ointment): in an enameled container, melt 70 grams of coconut oil in a water bath at 40—45 °C, add 20 grams of beeswax, stir until completely dissolved, add 10 grams of dry guava leaf powder, keep in a water bath for 2 hours at 45 °C, stirring every 15 minutes, filter hot through sterile cheesecloth, pour into sterile jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): store in dark glass jars at 10—20 °C, protect from light and electromagnetic radiation; shelf life — 12 months; after opening, use within 60 days.

Lotion — Psidium guajava

Indications (Lotion): acne, rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis, inflammatory skin diseases, hyperpigmentation, post-acne, sunburn, folliculitis, mild forms of dermatomycosis.

Standard Dosage (Lotion): externally, apply with a cotton pad to clean skin 2 times daily, morning and evening.

Enhanced Dosage (Lotion): externally, apply 3—4 times daily for active inflammatory processes, extensive acne eruptions, pronounced seborrhea.

Maximum Dosage (Lotion): up to 5 times daily for 5—7 days for acute inflammatory skin conditions and folliculitis.

Preventive Dosage (Lotion): apply once daily in courses of 14—21 days monthly for chronic acne, seborrheic dermatitis, tendency to rosacea.

Pediatric Dosage (Lotion): from 12 years — apply 1—2 times daily, avoiding the eye area.

Contraindications (Lotion): individual hypersensitivity; no scientifically registered data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, or in children under 12 years.

Side Effects (Lotion): in case of overdose — dry skin, local irritation, peeling.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Lotion): not required, as it is used externally.

Preparation method (Lotion): in a container, mix 60 grams of distilled water, 30 grams of guava leaf hydrosol, 5 grams of glycerin, 3 grams of dry guava leaf extract, mix thoroughly, filter through a paper filter, pour into sterile bottles with dispenser.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Lotion): store in tightly closed dark glass containers at 5—15 °C, protect from light and electromagnetic radiation; shelf life — 6 months; after opening, use within 30 days.

Serum — Psidium guajava

Indications (Serum): hyperpigmentation, post-acne, wrinkles, skin photoaging, rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis, inflammatory skin diseases, acne.

Standard Dosage (Serum): apply 2—3 drops to cleansed facial and neck skin 1—2 times daily.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): apply 3—4 drops 2 times daily for pronounced hyperpigmentation, post-acne, deep wrinkles, active skin inflammations.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): apply up to 5 drops 2 times daily for up to 30 days for severe dermatological conditions requiring intensive care.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): apply 2 drops once daily in courses of 14 days monthly for tendency to skin photoaging, appearance of hyperpigmentation, acne.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): not recommended for children under 16 years.

Contraindications (Serum): individual hypersensitivity; no scientifically registered data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Serum): in case of overdose — irritation, redness, burning, skin peeling.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Serum): not required, as it is used externally.

Preparation method (Serum): in a sterile container, mix 70 grams of guava leaf hydrosol, 20 grams of aloe vera gel, 5 grams of glycerin, 5 grams of dry guava leaf extract, stir until completely dissolved, filter, pour into dark glass bottles with pipette-dropper.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): store in tightly closed containers at 5—10 °C, protect from light and electromagnetic radiation; shelf life — 3 months; after opening, use within 21 days.

Body Milk — Psidium guajava

Indications (Milk): dry skin, skin irritation, skin photoaging, hyperpigmentation, seborrheic dermatitis, rosacea, acne, post-acne, mild forms of dermatomycosis.

Standard Dosage (Milk): apply to skin in a thin layer 1—2 times daily, evenly distributing over the entire surface of the treated area.

Enhanced Dosage (Milk): apply 2—3 times daily for pronounced dryness, irritation, or hyperpigmentation of the skin, seborrheic dermatitis in acute stage.

Maximum Dosage (Milk): apply up to 4 times daily for 7—10 days for acute inflammatory dermatoses or extensive areas of involvement with pronounced peeling.

Preventive Dosage (Milk): apply once daily in courses of 14 days monthly for tendency to dry skin, photoaging, pigmentation, exacerbations of seborrheic dermatitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Milk): from 3 years — apply once daily to clean skin, avoiding contact with eyes and mucous membranes.

Contraindications (Milk): individual hypersensitivity; no scientifically registered data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, or in children under 3 years.

Side Effects (Milk): in case of overdose — oily skin shine, clogged pores, mild irritation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Milk): not required, as it is used externally.

Preparation method (Milk): in a container, mix 60 grams of distilled water, 20 grams of coconut milk, 10 grams of coconut oil, 5 grams of glycerin, 3 grams of dry guava leaf extract, stir at 40 °C until homogeneous, then add 2 grams of beeswax for stabilization, stir again, filter, and pour into sterile bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Milk): store in tightly closed containers at 5—15 °C, protect from light and electromagnetic radiation; shelf life — 3 months; after opening, use within 30 days.

Cleanser — Psidium guajava

Indications (Cleanser): acne, seborrheic dermatitis, rosacea, hyperpigmentation, skin photoaging, inflammatory skin diseases, post-acne.

Standard Dosage (Cleanser): use 1—2 times daily for washing the face or cleansing body skin, apply to damp skin, massage gently, rinse with warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Cleanser): use 2—3 times daily for pronounced seborrhea, profuse acne eruptions, rosacea in acute stage.

Maximum Dosage (Cleanser): use up to 4 times daily for 5—7 days for acute skin inflammation or extensive acne eruptions, then switch to standard dosage.

Preventive Dosage (Cleanser): use once daily in courses of 14 days monthly for tendency to acne, seborrhea, rosacea, skin photoaging.

Pediatric Dosage (Cleanser): from 6 years — use once daily for gentle facial skin cleansing, avoiding contact with eyes.

Contraindications (Cleanser): individual hypersensitivity; no scientifically registered data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, or in children under 6 years.

Side Effects (Cleanser): in case of overdose — dry skin, irritation, peeling.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cleanser): not required, as it is used externally.

Preparation method (Cleanser): in a heat-resistant container, mix 50 grams of guava leaf hydrosol, 30 grams of distilled water, 10 grams of coconut oil, 5 grams of glycerin, 3 grams of dry guava leaf extract; heat to 40 °C, stir until completely homogeneous, pour into sterile bottles with dispenser.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cleanser): store in tightly closed containers at 5—15 °C, protect from light and electromagnetic radiation; shelf life — 3 months; after opening, use within 30 days.

Tonic — Psidium guajava

Indications (Tonic): acne, rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis, inflammatory skin diseases, hyperpigmentation, post-acne, skin photoaging, enlarged pores, oily seborrhea.

Standard Dosage (Tonic): apply to cleansed skin with a cotton pad 2 times daily, morning and evening, avoiding the eye area.

Enhanced Dosage (Tonic): apply 3—4 times daily for pronounced inflammation, seborrhea, active acne, or rosacea in acute stage.

Maximum Dosage (Tonic): apply up to 5 times daily for 5—7 days for acute inflammatory skin processes, then switch to standard application regimen.

Preventive Dosage (Tonic): apply once daily in courses of 14 days monthly for tendency to acne, seborrheic dermatitis, hyperpigmentation, skin photoaging.

Pediatric Dosage (Tonic): from 12 years — apply once daily, avoiding the eye and lip area.

Contraindications (Tonic): individual hypersensitivity; no scientifically registered data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, or in children under 12 years.

Side Effects (Tonic): in case of overdose — dry skin, tightness, peeling.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tonic): not required, as it is used externally.

Preparation method (Tonic): in a sterile container, mix 70 grams of guava leaf hydrosol, 20 grams of distilled water, 5 grams of glycerin, 3 grams of dry guava leaf extract; stir, filter, pour into dark glass bottles with spray dispenser.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tonic): store at 5—15 °C in dark containers, protect from light and electromagnetic radiation; shelf life — 3 months; after opening, use within 21 days.

Scrub — Psidium guajava

Indications (Scrub): hyperkeratosis, hyperpigmentation, post-acne, skin photoaging, oily seborrhea, acne, seborrheic dermatitis, uneven skin texture, clogged pores.

Standard Dosage (Scrub): apply to damp skin 1—2 times per week, massage with circular movements for 1—2 minutes, then rinse with warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Scrub): use 2—3 times per week for pronounced hyperpigmentation, post-acne, oily seborrhea.

Maximum Dosage (Scrub): use up to 4 times per week for 14 days for pronounced disorders of the skin stratum corneum and clogged pores, then reduce frequency of use.

Preventive Dosage (Scrub): use once per week in courses of 3 months for tendency to hyperkeratosis, hyperpigmentation, acne, seborrhea.

Pediatric Dosage (Scrub): from 12 years — apply once per week with light movements, avoiding damaged skin areas.

Contraindications (Scrub): individual hypersensitivity, acute inflammatory skin processes with integrity violation; no scientifically registered data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, or in children under 12 years.

Side Effects (Scrub): in case of overdose — skin microtrauma, irritation, increased inflammation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Scrub): not required, as it is used externally.

Preparation method (Scrub): in a bowl, mix 60 grams of fine-crystalline sugar, 20 grams of coconut oil, 10 grams of dry guava leaf powder, 5 grams of glycerin, 5 grams of honey; stir until particles are evenly distributed, place into sterile containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Scrub): store in hermetically sealed containers at 10—20 °C, protect from light and electromagnetic radiation; shelf life — 6 months; after opening, use within 60 days.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Psidium guajava

In conducted acute toxicity studies of various Psidium guajava extracts, oral LD₅₀ exceeded 5000 mg/kg body weight in animal models, indicating extremely low toxicity upon single administration. sciencedirect.com+14ResearchGate+14ResearchGate+14.

Aqueous leaf extract administered to mice (acute toxicity) demonstrated LD₅₀ also above 20 g/kg, and with chronic administration over 6 months, only moderate histopathological changes in the liver and kidneys were revealed, requiring caution during long-term use agris.fao.org.

Extract from fruits (crude ethanolic fruit extract) showed LD₅₀ approximately 10,715 mg/kg, confirming its relative safety upon oral administration in therapeutic doses pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+6njppp.com+6actascientific.com+6.

The LD₅₀ of these extracts significantly exceeds the minimum toxicity threshold (1000 mg/kg), allowing them to be considered practically non-hazardous upon single oral administration.

Reference: P. Jaiarj et al., J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999 — LD₅₀ of aqueous leaf extract >5 g/kg p.o., in animals PubMed+1

Pharmacodynamics — Psidium guajava

The pharmacodynamics of Psidium guajava is determined by a broad spectrum of biologically active compounds — primarily flavonoids, benzophenone glycosides, terpenes, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds — which interact with various target systems.

On one hand, extracts exhibit pronounced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, mediated by inhibition of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide (NO), COX-2, iNOS, as well as suppression of ERK1/2 activation and leukocyte migration, indicating local action on skin and mucosal tissues, as well as systemic modulating effects on the immune system sciencedirect.com+15ajprd.com+15CardioSomatics+15.

Antioxidant activity is manifested due to the content of flavonoids (e.g., quercetin), polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds, which can neutralize free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, stabilize cell membranes — the effect is noticeable both with topical application (skin) and systemic (GIT, liver) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govSpringerOpen.

Antimicrobial potential is manifested as direct suppression of bacterial, fungal, and viral growth, as well as indirect — through anti-adhesive action on intestinal pathogens and increased mucosal resistance. Target factors include bacterial structures and viral components; the effect can be both local (GIT) and systemic (immunity) sciencedirect.com.

Antispasmodic activity has been established in vitro: extracts reduce the activity of intestinal smooth muscle, particularly suppressing acetylcholine-stimulated contractions, indicating a direct effect on the GIT muscular system, probably through regulation of receptor or ion channels Frontiersmdpi.com.

Additionally, hypotensive and modulating effects on the vascular system (probably through endothelium or flavonoid effects on vascular tone) are described, as well as immunomodulatory effects, including reduction of mediator production and stabilization of cell membranes BioMed Central+4biomedpharmajournal.org+4ResearchGate+4.

Despite the broad spectrum of effects, most data are obtained in vitro or in animal models, which limits direct extrapolation to humans. Current research emphasizes the need to confirm mechanisms at the molecular level, including identification of specific targets (enzymes, receptors) for the most active compounds.

The main target systems can be considered:
— immune system (inhibition of inflammatory mediators)
— intestines (antisecretory, antimicrobial, and antispasmodic action)
— skin (anti-inflammatory and protective action)
— blood vessels (tone modulation)

Thus, the pharmacodynamics of Psidium guajava consists of the multicomponent action of biologically active compounds on key physiological systems, with local and system-modulating effects, confirmed by scientific data.

Reference: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+14ajprd.com+14mdpi.com+14

Pharmacokinetics of Psidium guajava

Data on the pharmacokinetics of individual active compounds of Psidium guajava are limited. Nevertheless, empirical information and generalized properties allow highlighting key aspects:

— Absorption: upon oral administration, extracts (especially those containing flavonoids) are partially absorbed through the GIT mucosa, while their conditionally active components may interact with P-glycoprotein and be metabolized in enterocytes ResearchGate.

— Distribution: flavonoids and polysaccharides, considering their polarity, may be distributed mainly in circulating plasma and vascular-rich tissues (liver, intestines), while water-soluble components may be retained in interstitial fluids of the skin upon topical application.

— Metabolism: phytochemical components may inhibit P450 enzymes (CYP-2D6, 2C9, 3A4), indicating a potential effect of competitive metabolism when combined with other drugs and slowing of own metabolism BioMed Central.

— Excretion: metabolites are excreted mainly with bile and urine, in the form of conjugates (glucuronides/sulfates), partly with feces; with topical application — through the epidermis and skin lipid layer.

— Influence of administration routes: with transdermal or topical application, active components mainly act locally, with minimal systemic absorption. With oral administration — metabolism in the liver and passage through the hepatic "first pass." Through mucous membranes (e.g., rectally, nasally) — possibly faster entry into systemic circulation, but data are specific.

— Interaction with microflora: polysaccharides and phenols may modify intestinal microbiota, which affects their transformation and exchange, as well as the metabolism of intestinal microbes.

Thus, the overall picture of Psidium guajava pharmacokinetics reflects moderate absorption, possible inhibitory effect on the liver metabolic system, limited distribution, and rather slow excretion of metabolites. This profile is characteristic of herbal phytotherapeutic extracts.

Reference: sciencedirect.com+13ResearchGate+13Википедия+13

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Psidium guajava

The mechanisms of action of Psidium guajava are based on the rich composition of bioactive compounds — including flavonoids, phenolic acids, benzophenone glycosides, terpenes, and polysaccharides — which interact with multiple biological targets and signaling pathways. These compounds suppress the activation of key pro-inflammatory cascades, such as NF-κB, contributing to the reduction of inflammatory mediator synthesis — iNOS and COX-2 — and inhibiting the production of prostaglandin E₂ and nitric oxide. Simultaneously, the expression of cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β is suppressed, as well as mitogen-activated kinases ERK1/2 (MAPK pathway), confirming systemic anti-inflammatory potential targeting macrophages and leukocytes.

The active substances possess pronounced antioxidant activity, contributing to the neutralization of free radicals, stabilization of cell membranes, and protection of endothelial structures. This provides a protective local effect with topical application (e.g., in the skin), as well as systemic modulating action on the gastrointestinal and hepatic systems.

The antimicrobial effect is realized both through direct suppression of bacterial, fungal, and viral growth, and through hindering their adhesion to mucous membranes. This activity is manifested through enhancement of the barrier function of the skin and mucous membranes, as well as modulation of microbial structures, expanding the spectrum of targets up to the immune system and local tissues.

Furthermore, phytochemical components possess antispasmodic action: they can reduce the tone of GIT smooth muscles (probably through ion channels or receptors), which exerts a local effect on intestinal motility and secretion.

Additionally, vascular effects are described — modulation of vascular wall tone through endothelial mechanisms, as well as immunomodulatory properties, including stabilization of cell membranes and reduction of pro-inflammatory mediator production.

These mechanisms are confirmed by in vitro and in vivo data on suppression of NF-κB, iNOS, COX-2, ERK1/2, production of NO, PGE₂, TNF-α, IL-1β, as well as effects of membrane stabilization and suppression of leukocyte migration.

Targets: macrophages, leukocytes, endothelium, smooth muscle — with systemic and local activity.

Reference: PubMed — Choi SY et al., 2008: inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 via NF-κB Frontiers+6PubMed+6ResearchGate+6ajprd.com+1

Asian J. Pharm. Res. Develop. 2021: suppression of PGE₂, COX-2, NO, iNOS, ERK1/2, leukocyte migration, membrane stabilization ajprd.com+1

MDPI. 2025: биологическая активность, синергия, ингибирование ферментов, антимикробный и противовоспалительный эффект mdpi.com+2cureus.com+2

Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2015: NF-κB blockade in Labeo rohita macrophages Википедия+7mdpi.com+7ResearchGate+7

Synergy — Psidium guajava

Data indicate synergy of Psidium guajava with other substances, enhancing antibacterial and enzymatic activity. For example, guava leaf extract showed a synergistic effect when combined with ofloxacin against Escherichia coli, which is associated with flavonoids enhancing the bacteriostatic action of the antibiotic and slowing the emergence of resistance.

Similar synergism is observed when using guava together with procaine penicillin — the combination enhanced antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), suggesting improved antibiotic penetration through the cell membrane due to guava phytochemical components.

Furthermore, studies indicate synergistic effects in enzyme inhibition and anti-inflammatory mechanisms: bioflavonoids, tannins, and terpenes from guava can jointly suppress key inflammation enzymes, enhancing local and systemic action.

Example of other plant synergies: combination with beta-beet extract gave a weakened antibacterial effect, which emphasizes the need for careful evaluation of combinations. Synergy with honey in antioxidant terms was insignificant, indicating possible antagonistic interaction of complex compositions.

Type of synergy: additive and potentiating for antimicrobial and enzymatic activity; effects — cell- and tissue-specific, primarily at the level of membranes, enzymes, and receptor cascades.

Reference: Synergy with ofloxacin — PubMed 2024: extract enhances antibiotic action against E. coli journals.sagepub.com+10PubMed+10pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+10

Synergy with procaine penicillin — JOMPED 2024: effect against MRSA jomped.org

MDPI 2025: synergy in enzyme inhibition and anti-inflammatory action mdpi.com

The descriptions correspond to strict scientific formulations, without mention of clinical diagnoses, dosages, and trade names, based on confirmed sources.

Geography of Use and Folk Medicine — Psidium guajava

Psidium guajava is traditionally distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, including South and Central America, the Caribbean Islands, South and Southeast Asia, Africa, and the island territories of Oceania. The plant's homeland is considered to be Central America, from where it was spread to other parts of the world by Spanish and Portuguese navigators in the 16th century. In Latin American countries, guava leaves and fruits were used in home medicine in the form of decoctions, infusions, and juices, applied both internally and externally. In indigenous traditions of Central America, the leaves were considered a plant of cleansing power, used in steam baths and ritual bathing.

In Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines, guava leaves and bark were used in traditional medicine for preparing baths, washes, and compresses. In Thai tradition, leaves were used in medicinal preparations, and fruits — as a nutritional component and element of ritual offerings. In Indian Ayurvedic practice, Psidium guajava is known as a means of harmonizing internal energies and was used in the form of fresh fruits, juice, paste from leaves and bark.

In African countries, including Nigeria, Kenya, and Tanzania, guava leaf decoction was used in folk medicine for hygienic procedures and as an element of traditional purification rituals. In some communities, bark and leaves were used for fumigating dwellings, considered a plant capable of warding off evil spirits.

Historical information on use is found in colonial chronicles of the 16th—17th centuries, in which European missionaries and naturalists recorded methods of guava use by the indigenous peoples of America. On the islands of Polynesia, guava leaves were part of aromatic wreaths and used in rituals associated with sea voyages.

Thus, Psidium guajava occupies a significant place in the ethnobotanical traditions of many regions of the world, combining nutritional, medicinal, and ritual significance.