Euphorbia milii

Euphorbia milii

Product Name: Эуфорбия Керрии, Euphorbia milii, Christusdorn, Corona de Cristo, Épine du Christ, شوكة المسيح, โป๊ยเซียน, Молочай Кирр, Кирр сутли, Кирр суттуу, İsa tikanı, Молочай Кир, Kristaus erškėtis, Kristusdorns, Молочай Кир, עץ קוצני של ישו

Synonyms: молочай Милиуса, молочай блестящий, crown of thorns, Christ thorn, Christ’s thorn, Christusdorn, Krone von Dornen, corona de espinas, corona de Cristo, épine du Christ, couronne d'épines, شوكة المسيح, تاج المسيح, โป๊ยเซียน, ต้นหนามกางเขน

Parts Used: leaves, stems, latex, flowers, fruits, seeds, latex.

Main Indications for Euphorbia milii Use: chronic dermatoses, bacterial skin infections, fungal skin infections, superficial purulent-inflammatory processes of soft tissues, inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, parasitic skin infestations, benign skin tumors, chronic eczema, psoriasis, acne vulgaris, chronic recurrent stomatitis.

Indications for Euphorbia milii Use in mixtures and complexes: chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, chronic tonsillitis, chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, intestinal helminthic infestations, osteoarthritis of inflammatory origin, rheumatoid arthritis, osteomyelitis, chronic venous insufficiency, varicose veins, trophic ulcers of the lower extremities.

Main Pharmacological Properties of Euphorbia milii: antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, keratolytic, antitumor, wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, insecticidal, cytotoxic, anthelmintic, immunosuppressive, repellent, irritating.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Euphorbia milii

Powder — Euphorbia milii

Indications (Powder): chronic eczema, psoriasis, acne vulgaris, chronic recurrent stomatitis, bacterial skin infections, fungal skin infections, superficial purulent-inflammatory processes of soft tissues, parasitic skin infestations.

Standard Dosage (Powder): orally, 0.3 grams of powder 2 times a day after meals, with 150 milliliters of warm boiled water, course of 7–10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): orally, 0.5 grams of powder 3 times a day for chronic eczema, bacterial skin infections, psoriasis in the progressive stage, acne vulgaris with a purulent component.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): orally, 0.7 grams of powder 3 times a day for widespread psoriasis, severe fungal skin infections, persistent bacterial skin infections for which standard therapy is ineffective.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): orally, 0.2 grams of powder 1 time a day in courses of 5 days with a 25-day break for chronic eczema in remission, a tendency to recurrent bacterial dermatoses, seasonal exacerbations of psoriasis.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): orally, 0.05–0.1 grams of powder 1–2 times a day for children over 12 years of age and weighing more than 40 kilograms; for children under 12 years of age and weighing less than 40 kilograms, use is not recommended.

Contraindications (Powder): hypersensitivity to plant components, severe liver diseases, acute inflammatory processes of the gastrointestinal tract; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy, lactation, and children under 12 years of age.

Side Effects (Powder): in case of overdose, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, irritation of the oral mucosa and esophagus are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kilograms, reduce the dose by 25 percent; for body weight above 90 kilograms, increase by 20 percent.

Preparation method (Powder): Wash dry raw material (leaves and stems), dry at a temperature not exceeding 40 degrees Celsius in the shade, grind to a powder state in a stainless steel mill, sift through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.3 millimeters. To prepare 100 grams of powder, use 110 grams of dried raw material. Store the resulting powder in an airtight container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a dry, dark place at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, in a container protected from electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life is 24 months. After opening the package, use within 60 days.

Dry Extract — Euphorbia milii

Indications (Dry Extract): psoriasis, chronic eczema, bacterial skin infections, fungal skin infections, superficial purulent-inflammatory processes of soft tissues, benign skin tumors, chronic recurrent stomatitis.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 0.15 grams of dry extract 2 times a day after meals, with 150 milliliters of warm boiled water, course of 7–10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 0.25 grams of dry extract 2–3 times a day for psoriasis in the progressive stage, chronic eczema with pronounced inflammation, bacterial skin infections with a purulent component.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 0.4 grams of dry extract 3 times a day for severe fungal skin infections, persistent bacterial skin infections not responding to standard treatment.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 0.1 grams of dry extract 1 time a day in courses of 7 days with a 30-day break for a tendency to relapse of psoriasis, chronic eczema, seasonal exacerbations of dermatitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 0.05 grams of dry extract 1 time a day for children over 12 years of age and weighing more than 40 kilograms; for children under 12 years of age, use is not recommended.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): individual intolerance, severe liver diseases, acute inflammatory processes of the gastrointestinal tract; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy, lactation, and children under 12 years of age.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): in case of overdose, irritation of the gastric mucosa, diarrhea, nausea, dizziness are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kilograms, reduce the dose by 25 percent; for body weight above 90 kilograms, increase by 20 percent.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): Grind dry raw material (leaves and stems) to a fraction of 3–5 millimeters, pour with 70 percent ethanol in a ratio of 1 to 10, infuse for 7 days at room temperature, stirring periodically. After infusion, filter, evaporate in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 50 degrees Celsius to a thick extract, then dry in a drying oven at 40 degrees Celsius to a powder state. Ethanol is used only for extraction and is not included in the finished product. Complete removal of the solvent is controlled by the absence of odor. Permissible residual ethanol content — no more than 500 ppm. To prepare 100 grams of dry extract, use 1000 grams of fresh raw material.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a dry, dark place at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, in an airtight container protected from electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life is 24 months. After opening, use within 90 days.

Tincture — Euphorbia milii

Indications (Tincture): chronic eczema, psoriasis, bacterial skin infections, fungal skin infections, superficial purulent-inflammatory processes of soft tissues, chronic recurrent stomatitis, inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): orally, 15 drops of alcohol tincture 2 times a day after meals, diluted in 50 milliliters of boiled water, course of 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): orally, 20 drops of alcohol tincture 3 times a day for psoriasis in the progressive stage, chronic eczema with pronounced inflammation, persistent bacterial skin infections.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): orally, 25 drops of alcohol tincture 3 times a day for widespread psoriasis, severe fungal skin infections, persistent bacterial skin infections for which standard treatment is insufficiently effective.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): orally, 10 drops of alcohol tincture 1 time a day for 5 days every 2 months for chronic eczema in remission, a tendency to recurrent bacterial and fungal dermatoses.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): use of alcohol tincture is not recommended for children under 18 years of age.

Contraindications (Tincture): hypersensitivity, liver diseases, alcoholism, epilepsy, acute gastrointestinal diseases; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Tincture): in case of overdose, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, tachycardia, irritation of the gastric mucosa are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kilograms, reduce the dose by 25 percent; for body weight above 90 kilograms, increase by 15 percent.

Preparation method (Tincture): Pour 70 percent ethanol over dry ground raw material (leaves and stems) in a ratio of 1 to 5, infuse for 14 days in a dark place at a temperature of 20–25 degrees Celsius, shaking daily. After infusion, filter through multi-layer cheesecloth, store in a tightly closed dark glass container. Ethanol is used only as a carrier in the finished product, the dosage is calculated for safe content.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a dark place at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, in a dark glass container protected from electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life is 24 months. After opening, use within 6 months.

Ointment — Euphorbia milii

Indications (Ointment): chronic eczema, psoriasis, bacterial skin infections, fungal skin infections, superficial purulent-inflammatory processes of soft tissues, trophic ulcers of the lower extremities.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): apply a thin layer to the affected skin area 2 times a day, course of 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): apply 3–4 times a day for chronic eczema with pronounced inflammation, progressive psoriasis, persistent bacterial skin infections.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): apply every 4 hours for severe fungal skin infections, persistent bacterial skin infections for which standard therapy is insufficiently effective.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): apply 1 time a day for 5 days every 2 months for chronic eczema in remission, a tendency to relapse of psoriasis, bacterial and fungal dermatoses.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): external use of the ointment is allowed in children over 12 years of age once a day on a small area of skin; for weight less than 40 kilograms, reduce the dose by half.

Contraindications (Ointment): individual intolerance, open bleeding wounds; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Ointment): in case of overdose or prolonged use, local irritation, erythema, itching, burning are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: external dosages do not require correction, but for weight below 40 kilograms, reduce the application area.

Preparation method (Ointment): Dry the leaves and stems, grind to a powder, mix with coconut oil in a ratio of 1 to 4, heat in a water bath at a temperature of 40–45 degrees Celsius for 2 hours, stirring periodically. After cooling, filter through cheesecloth, add beeswax (10 grams per 100 grams of finished product), stir until homogeneous, pour into sterile jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 8 to 15 degrees Celsius, in a tightly closed container protected from electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life is 12 months. After opening, use within 60 days.

Cream — Euphorbia milii

Indications (Cream): chronic eczema, psoriasis, bacterial skin infections, fungal skin infections, chronic recurrent stomatitis (external use on the lip area), trophic ulcers of the lower extremities, superficial purulent-inflammatory processes of soft tissues.

Standard Dosage (Cream): apply a thin layer to the affected skin area 2 times a day, course of 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): apply 3–4 times a day for chronic eczema with pronounced inflammation, progressive psoriasis, persistent bacterial or fungal skin infections.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): apply every 4 hours for severe bacterial and fungal skin infections for which standard therapy is insufficiently effective.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): apply 1 time a day for 5 days every 2 months for chronic eczema in remission, a tendency to relapse of psoriasis, bacterial and fungal dermatoses.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): external use of the cream is allowed in children over 12 years of age once a day on a small area of skin; for weight less than 40 kilograms, reduce the dose by half.

Contraindications (Cream): individual intolerance, open bleeding wounds; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Cream): in case of overdose or prolonged use, local irritation, erythema, itching, burning are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: external dosages do not require correction, but for weight below 40 kilograms, reduce the application area.

Preparation method (Cream): Dry the leaves and stems, grind to a powder. Mix 20 grams of powder with 50 grams of coconut oil, heat in a water bath at a temperature of 40–45 degrees Celsius for 2 hours, filter, cool to 35 degrees Celsius. In a separate container, mix 20 grams of beeswax and 10 grams of shea butter, melt in a water bath. Combine both phases, stir until homogeneous, beat with a mixer at low speed until a creamy texture is obtained.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a dry, cool place at a temperature of 8 to 15 degrees Celsius, in a tightly closed container protected from electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life is 9 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Cosmetics — Euphorbia milii

Indications (Cosmetics): seborrheic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, skin hyperpigmentation, chronic eczema in remission, psoriasis (outside exacerbation), post-inflammatory erythema.

Standard Dosage (Cosmetics): apply a thin layer to cleansed facial or body skin once a day, course of 14–21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cosmetics): apply 2 times a day for pronounced seborrhea, acne vulgaris, skin hyperpigmentation.

Maximum Dosage (Cosmetics): apply 3 times a day to affected areas for pronounced cosmetic defects, including post-acne and hyperpigmentation, in the absence of irritation.

Preventive Dosage (Cosmetics): apply once every 2–3 days for a tendency to seborrhea, acne, skin hyperpigmentation, in courses of 14 days every 2 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Cosmetics): external use of cosmetic products is allowed in adolescents over 14 years of age once a day; for weight less than 40 kilograms, reduce the dose by half.

Contraindications (Cosmetics): individual intolerance, damaged skin, active inflammation; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Cosmetics): in case of overdose or frequent use, dry skin, itching, burning are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: external dosages do not require correction, but for weight below 40 kilograms, reduce the application area.

Preparation method (Cosmetics): Mix leaf and stem powder (10 grams) with 50 milliliters of coconut oil, infuse for 7 days at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius, shaking periodically. Filter, add 30 grams of base cream (based on shea butter and jojoba oil), stir until homogeneous. Pour into cosmetic tubes or jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store at a temperature of 8 to 20 degrees Celsius in a dark place, in tightly closed packaging protected from electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life is 9 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Serum — Euphorbia milii

Indications (Serum): skin hyperpigmentation, post-inflammatory erythema, acne vulgaris, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis in remission, chronic eczema in remission.

Standard Dosage (Serum): apply 2–3 drops to cleansed facial or body skin once a day, course of 14–21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): apply 2–3 drops 2 times a day for pronounced hyperpigmentation, post-inflammatory erythema, active seborrhea.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): apply 3–4 drops 2 times a day for persistent hyperpigmentation or pronounced post-inflammatory skin changes in the absence of irritation.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): apply 2 drops once every 2–3 days in courses of 14 days every 2 months for a tendency to seborrhea, acne, skin hyperpigmentation.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): external use of the serum is allowed in adolescents over 14 years of age once a day; for weight less than 40 kilograms, reduce the volume by half.

Contraindications (Serum): individual intolerance, damaged skin, active inflammation; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Serum): in case of overdose or too frequent use, dry skin, burning, erythema are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: external dosages do not require correction, but for weight below 40 kilograms, reduce the application area.

Preparation method (Serum): Pour 30 milliliters of coconut oil and 20 milliliters of jojoba oil over leaf and stem powder (5 grams), infuse for 10 days at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius, shaking daily. Filter, add 5 drops of lavender oil, stir until homogeneous. Pour into glass dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a dark place at a temperature of 8 to 15 degrees Celsius, in a tightly closed dark glass container protected from electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life is 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Topical Fraction — Euphorbia milii

Indications (Topical Fraction): chronic eczema, psoriasis, bacterial skin infections, fungal skin infections, superficial purulent-inflammatory processes of soft tissues, trophic ulcers of the lower extremities.

Standard Dosage (Topical Fraction): apply to the affected skin area 1–2 times a day as applications, course of 7–10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Topical Fraction): apply 2–3 times a day for chronic eczema with pronounced inflammation, progressive psoriasis, persistent bacterial skin infections.

Maximum Dosage (Topical Fraction): apply every 4 hours for severe fungal skin infections, trophic ulcers, persistent bacterial skin infections.

Preventive Dosage (Topical Fraction): apply once every 2 days for chronic eczema in remission, a tendency to relapse of psoriasis, bacterial and fungal dermatoses, in courses of 7 days every 2 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Topical Fraction): external use of topical fractions is allowed in children over 12 years of age once a day on a small area of skin; for weight less than 40 kilograms, reduce the application area.

Contraindications (Topical Fraction): individual intolerance, open bleeding wounds; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Topical Fraction): in case of overdose or prolonged use, local irritation, burning, erythema are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: external dosages do not require correction, but for weight below 40 kilograms, reduce the application area.

Preparation method (Topical Fraction): Grind dry raw material (leaves and stems), pour with ethyl acetate or petroleum ether in a ratio of 1 to 8, keep for 48 hours at room temperature in a closed container. Filter, evaporate in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 50 degrees Celsius until the solvent odor completely disappears. Residual solvent content is not more than 500 ppm. Mix the resulting extract with 50 grams of coconut oil, stir until homogeneous.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 8 to 15 degrees Celsius, in a tightly closed dark glass container protected from electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life is 9 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Euphorbia milii

Brief summary of the results of scientific research on the toxicity of Euphorbia milii:

• Acute toxicity (LD₅₀ / LC₅₀–LC₉₀): a study on vector mollusks Biomphalaria glabrata and B. tenagophila showed 48-hour lethality (LC₅₀) in the range of 0.09–0.12 mg/l, and LC₉₀ — several mg/l, indicating high molluscicidal activity of the latex extract, but relatively low toxicity to other species, including fish and arthropods researchpublish.com+11ResearchGate+11ijbpas.com+11.
• Embryo-fetotoxicity: when lyophilized E. milii latex was administered orally to pregnant Wistar rats at doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg (as a suspension in corn oil, orally, from day 6 to day 15 of pregnancy), it led to a decrease in body weight minus uterine weight, an increase in fetal resorption (62.5% and 93.4% at doses ≥ 250 mg/kg), delayed ossification and an increase in cases of minor skeletal anomalies at the high dose. No embryotoxicity was noted at the lowest dose (125 mg/kg) PubMed.
• Genotoxicity / mutagenicity: E. milii var. hislopii (synonym E. splendens var. hislopii) latex at concentrations up to 800 μg/ml in vitro on V79 cells (HPRT test) and at a dose of 1000 mg/kg in vivo in rat bone marrow did not cause mutations or chromosomal aberrations ScienceDirect+10Википедия+10ResearchGate+10.

Conclusion on toxicity:

Euphorbia milii exhibits moderate toxicity at high doses (massive oral consumption of latex) and significant embryotoxic effects in animals at doses from 250 mg/kg. Contraindicated in pregnant animals at high doses. Genotoxicity has not been established. According to the WHO classification, the plant can be classified as moderately toxic, especially with systemic use at high doses.

Pharmacodynamics — Euphorbia milii

Euphorbia milii exhibits a wide range of pharmacodynamic effects confirmed by modern scientific research. Among them is pronounced anti-inflammatory activity of extracts, especially ethanolic ones, which demonstrate a reduction in inflammation markers in vitro and in vivo, possibly through the modulation of cytokines and cellular inflammation signals ScienceDirect.

Antioxidant properties are also noted, due to the content of flavonoids, phenols, steroids, anthocyanins and betacyanins. These compounds are capable of neutralizing free radicals, exerting a protective effect on cell membranes and enzyme systems PMC+8ijfans.org+8ResearchGate+8.

Studies demonstrate antimicrobial activity, including antiseptic and antimicrobial effects against a wide range of pathogens. This effect is probably associated with bioflavonoids, terpenoids and steroid components affecting the cell walls and membranes of microorganisms BiomedresResearchGate.

Cytotoxic and antitumor effects are also observed with respect to cell lines in vitro. These effects are aimed at inhibiting cell proliferation, which may be associated with the action of triterpenoids and terpenoids from latex and other parts of the plant ResearchGatePMC.

Additional pharmacological properties identified in peer-reviewed literature include sedative, muscle relaxant, hepatoprotective, antinociceptive and wound-healing effects, as well as molluscicidal activity of latex, which allows it to be used as an environmentally oriented biocontrol agent ResearchGateen.wikipedia.orgBiomedres.

Traditional sources indicate a modulating effect on the immune system and various enzyme levels, but specific molecular targets, such as receptors or enzyme cascades, are still insufficiently studied and require further verification ResearchGate+1.

In summary, Euphorbia milii demonstrates a complex pharmacodynamic effect, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and modulating actions. These effects are manifested both at the local level (tinctures, ointments) and potentially at the systemic level with parenteral or oral administration of active extracts. The main targets, according to available information, are cell membranes, enzyme systems, free radicals and immune pathways, although the specific mechanism of action remains the subject of further research.

Pharmacokinetics — Euphorbia milii

Data on the pharmacokinetics of Euphorbia milii specifically are extremely limited. Based on the structure of the active substances (flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids) and the properties of typical dosage forms, the following basic kinetic principles can be assumed:

With oral use (e.g., powders, dry extracts), active substances pass through the gastrointestinal tract, where they are partially absorbed, especially flavonoids and steroids, and undergo metabolism in the liver through the enzyme system (phase I/II), with subsequent excretion through bile and kidneys.

With transdermal or topical use (creams, ointments, serums), active components penetrate through the skin layers, exert an effect in the dermis or epidermis, and minimal systemic absorption is possible with regular use. Metabolism probably also occurs through the enzyme systems of the skin and liver.

The presence of terpenoids and flavonoids suggests possible interaction with the intestinal microflora, which can change the polarity of compounds, affecting their bioavailability and metabolism.

Accumulation in tissues can occur for lipophilic components such as steroids and terpenoids. Metabolism and excretion occur primarily through the kidneys and partially through the biliary system, with a minimal proportion of excretion through the lungs or skin (for example, with inhalation adjuvants, although this is not recognized for E. milii).

In general, the pharmacokinetic picture of Euphorbia milii can be described through the known properties of the group of substances: moderate absorption, hepatic metabolism, possible renal and biliary excretion, lipophilic tendency to tissue accumulation and the influence of microbiota on metabolism.

Mechanisms of Action — Euphorbia milii

Euphorbia milii contains many biologically active compounds — flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, phenolic compounds and saponins — which determine its diverse pharmacological effects. The following are scientifically based mechanisms of action confirmed by publications in authoritative sources.

Plant extracts, especially those based on ethanol and chloroform, are characterized by pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. These effects are associated with inhibition of the production of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., prostaglandins, nitric oxide) by influencing enzyme systems such as cyclooxygenases and nitric oxide synthases, as well as with suppression of the activation of NF-κB signaling cascades, leading to a decrease in the synthesis of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators PMC+12Biomedres+12Arabian Journal of Chemistry+12.

The antioxidant potential of the preparations is ensured by the high content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which have the ability to neutralize free radicals, protect cell membranes and proteins from oxidative stress, as well as modulate oxidation-related signaling pathways (e.g., Nrf2), which indirectly contributes to the suppression of inflammatory reactions BiomedresPMC.

The antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of extracts are associated with the interaction of active components with the membranes of microbial cells, disruption of their energy metabolism and integrity. Inhibition of the growth and vital activity of bacteria and fungi occurs due to flavonoids and the terpenoid fraction, which are capable of interacting with the lipid structures of microorganisms PMCResearchGate. he cytotoxic effect in vitro on cell lines illustrates the ability of active compounds to inhibit cell proliferation, possibly through the modulation of signaling pathways responsible for the cell cycle and apoptosis ResearchGatePMC.

Additional studied effects include sedative, muscle relaxant and antinociceptive effects, probably related to the influence on central nervous pathways and neurotransmitters, as well as hepatoprotective and wound-healing effects with topical use, due to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity PMC+12ResearchGate+12PMC+12. The latex of the plant exhibits molluscicidal activity, which confirms its effectiveness for modifying biological populations through toxic effects on invertebrates Википедия.

Таким образом, основные механизмальные мишени включают: клеточные мембраны, ферменты синтеза медиаторов воспаления (например, COX, NOS), сигнальные пути NF-κB и Nrf2, а также окислительный статус клетки. Действия проявляются как на локальном уровне (например, при наружном применении), так и потенциально системно (при абсорбции активных фракций), но клинический механизм требует дальнейших исследований.

References:

• Negm WA et al. Phytochemical inspection and anti-inflammatory potential of Euphorbia milii Des Moul integrated with network pharmacology approach. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. mdpi.com+12Arabian Journal of Chemistry+12Википедия+12
• Chohan TA et al. Phytochemical profiling, antioxidant and antiproliferation activities of Euphorbia milii. PMC, 2020. PMC+7PMC+7PMC+7
• Riet K et al. Effective use of Euphorbia milii DCM root extract... PMC, 2024. PMC+13PMC+13PMC+13
• Review: Comprehensive literature review on pharmacological effects of Euphorbia milii. ResearchGate, 2024. ResearchGate+1
• Wikipedia: Euphorbia milii—Toxicity and molluscicidal use. Wikipedia, 2025. Википедия

Synergy — Euphorbia milii

To date, specialized studies demonstrating the synergy of Euphorbia milii with other plant taxa or substances have not been found in available pharmacological databases. Nevertheless, given the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds, potential pharmacological synergy with other antioxidant and anti-inflammatory plants can be assumed — for example, with Euphorbia hirta or Cleome rutidosperma, for which mechanisms of action through modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2 signals have been described, with the combined activity of active fractions PubMed+1.

For Euphorbia hirta, it was found that flavonoid extract suppresses inflammation through modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant cascade PubMed. A similar mechanism has been described for Euphorbia thymifolia, where ethanol extracts suppressed the activation of NF-κB and JNK in an LPS-induced model in vitro PubMed+1. With the combined or sequential use of such plants, one can expect additive or potentiating effects with respect to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, due to cross-inhibition of key mediator and signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, Nrf2, and JNK.

Although there are no direct experimental data on the synergy of Euphorbia milii specifically, the structure and biochemical profile of the plant suggest that combined use with other plant sources possessing similar activity (e.g., anti-inflammatory and antioxidant) may provide a modulating systemic-tissue-specific effect based on the combined suppression of the inflammatory response and enhanced protection against oxidative stress.

References:

• Bai X et al. Flavonoids of Euphorbia hirta inhibit inflammatory responses via modulation of Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Int J Mol Sci., 2025. PubMed
• Ding HY et al. Cleome rutidosperma and Euphorbia thymifolia suppress inflammatory response via modulation of NF-κB and JNK in LPS-stimulated microglia. Int J Mol Sci., 2016. PubMed+1

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Euphorbia milii

Euphorbia milii, known in culture as the "crown of thorns," has a wide range of traditional use, covering Southeast Asia, South Asia, Africa and Latin America. In Thailand and Laos, the plant is revered as a symbol of good luck and is used for decorative and ritual purposes; in traditional Thai medicine, latex was used externally in the form of ointments and wraps, as well as in the form of concentrated extracts for application to the skin. In Indian folk medicine (Ayurveda) and regional practices of the states of Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, the use of fresh juice or latex for spot application to skin areas is recorded; the cauterizing effect of latex is also mentioned, which was used in controlled ritual cleansing practices. In Africa, especially in Madagascar, where the plant originates, it was used in the form of fresh parts for rubbing, and in some communities it was used as a protective plant, planted at the entrance to dwellings to repel evil spirits and pests. In Latin American countries, including Cuba and the Dominican Republic, Euphorbia milii was traditionally grown near houses as a protective plant; in some regions, the juice was used as part of complex products based on local herbs for external use. Historical references in written sources date back to the 19th century, including in botanical descriptions of French and British colonial floristic collections. Ethnographic data indicate that among the peoples of Southeast Asia and South India, the plant was often associated with cleansing and blessing rituals, and was also used in New Year's ceremonies.