Ardisia elliptica

Ardisia elliptica

Product Name: Ардизия эллиптическая, Ardisia elliptica, Elliptische Ardisie, Ardisia elíptica, Ardisia elliptique, أرديسيا إهليبتيسكا, อาร์ดิเซีย เอลลิปติก้า, Ardisia elliptica, Ардизия эллиптическая, Ардизия эллиптикa, Ardisia elliptica, Ardisia elliptica, Ардизия елліптична, Ardisia elliptica, ארדיסיה אליפטית

Synonyms: Ардизия эллиптическая, Ardisia elliptica, Ardisia crenata var. elliptica, Ardisia humilis, Ardisia solida, Coralberry, Coral Ardisia, Ardisie elliptique, أرديسيا, อาร์ดิเซีย, Ardisia elliptica, Ardisia elliptica

Parts Used: fruits, leaves, bark, roots, seeds, fruits.

Main Indications for Ardisia elliptica: chronic diarrhea, bacterial dysentery, infectious gastroenteritis, inflammatory colitis, enterocolitis, infectious diarrhea, bacterial enteritis.

Use of Ardisia elliptica in Mixtures and Complexes: stomach and duodenal ulcers, chronic gastritis, inflammatory liver diseases, chronic hepatitis, cystitis, urogenital infections.

Pharmacological Properties of Ardisia elliptica: antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, immunostimulant, antispasmodic, astringent.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Ardisia elliptica

Powder — Ardisia elliptica

Indications (Powder): chronic diarrhea, bacterial dysentery, infectious gastroenteritis, inflammatory colitis, enterocolitis, infectious diarrhea, bacterial enteritis.

Standard Dosage (Powder): is taken orally, 1-2 g twice daily, dissolved in 100 ml of water, after meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): is taken 3 g three times daily for severe forms of bacterial dysentery and acute infectious colitis.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): should not exceed 5 g three times daily for severe intestinal infections under medical supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): is taken 0.5-1 g once daily for chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, especially in patients prone to infectious diarrhea. Prevention course is 2 weeks, repeated every 3 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): is not recommended for children under 12 years of age. For children over 12 years old weighing more than 35 kg — 0.5 g once daily.

Contraindications (Powder): is contraindicated in cases of individual intolerance and severe renal failure. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are not recorded.

Side Effects (Powder): Overdose of the powder may cause nausea, vomiting, intestinal cramps, and allergic reactions.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): For patients weighing less than 60 kg, the dosage is reduced by 20%; for weight over 80 kg – increased by 15%.

Preparation method (Powder): Powder is obtained by drying ripe fruits at a temperature of 40-50 degrees Celsius for 24 hours, then grinding to a fine state (particles less than 200 microns). For 100 g of powder, 150 g of fresh fruit is used. Store in airtight packaging.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): should be stored in a dry, dark place at a temperature of 15-25 degrees Celsius, avoiding direct sunlight and EMF; shelf life is 24 months. Use within 6 months after opening the package.

Dry Extract — Ardisia elliptica

Indications (Dry Extract): infectious gastroenteritis, inflammatory colitis, enterocolitis, chronic diarrhea, bacterial enteritis.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): is taken orally, 200 mg twice daily after meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract):  is taken 300 mg three times daily for severe forms of inflammatory bowel diseases.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): should not exceed 500 mg three times daily for severe intestinal infections under doctor's supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 100 mg once daily for chronic inflammatory diseases of the digestive system; course of 2 weeks, repeated twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): is not recommended for children under 14 years of age. For adolescents over 14 years old — 100 mg once daily.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Allergy to extract components, severe renal failure; data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are not recorded.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): Allergic reactions and dyspepsia in case of overdose are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): For patients less than 60 kg, reduce the dosage by 20%; for more than 80 kg — increase by 15%.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): To prepare 100 g of dry extract, 500 g of dried fruits are used. The raw material is ground, extraction is carried out with 70% alcohol at a temperature of 40 degrees Celsius for 8 hours. The solution is concentrated and spray-dried to a powdered state. Mixed with 5 g of coconut oil powder to improve bioavailability.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): should be stored in airtight, light-proof packaging at a temperature of 15-25 degrees Celsius; shelf life is 18 months. Use within 3 months after opening.

Tincture — Ardisia elliptica

Indications (Tincture): bacterial enteritis, chronic diarrhea, infectious gastroenteritis, inflammatory colitis, infectious diarrhea.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): is taken orally, 20 ml twice daily, diluted in 100 ml of water after meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): For acute infectious intestinal inflammations, take 30 ml three times daily.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): Do not exceed 40 ml three times daily for severe forms of the disease under medical supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): For chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, take 10 ml once daily in courses of 14 days, repeated every 3 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): Not recommended for children under 16 years of age. For adolescents over 16 years old — 10 ml once daily.

Contraindications (Tincture): Allergy to the alcohol component, pregnancy, lactation, severe liver failure.

Side Effects (Tincture): Overdose may cause nausea, dizziness, allergic reactions.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tincture): For patients less than 60 kg — reduce the dose by 20%; over 80 kg — increase by 15%.

Preparation method (Tincture): To prepare 100 ml of alcohol tincture, take 20 g of dried crushed fruits, pour 100 ml of 70% ethyl alcohol. Infuse in a dark place at a temperature of 20-25 degrees Celsius for 14 days with daily shaking. Strain and pour into dark glass bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 15-25 degrees Celsius; shelf life is 24 months. Use within 6 months after opening.

Oil Infusion — Ardisia elliptica

Indications (Oil Infusion): chronic colitis, inflammatory skin diseases, allergic dermatitis, dry skin.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Oil Infusion is applied topically twice daily in a thin layer to the affected skin areas.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): For severe inflammatory dermatoses, apply three times daily.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Safe for topical use; exceeding the dosage is not regulated.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): For the prevention of dry skin and dermatitis, apply once daily for a course of 2-3 weeks.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): Application is possible from 3 years of age under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Individual intolerance to coconut oil or plant components. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are not recorded.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Overdose may cause allergic reactions.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): Not required, as it is for topical application.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): To prepare 100 ml of oil infusion, take 10 g of crushed Ardisia elliptica fruits, pour in 90 ml of cold-pressed virgin coconut oil. Infuse in a water bath at a temperature of 40 degrees Celsius for 8 hours. Strain and pour into sterile dark vials.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 15-25 degrees Celsius; shelf life is 12 months. Use within 3 months after opening.

Vaginal Suppositories — Ardisia elliptica

Indications (Vaginal Suppositories): bacterial vaginitis, vaginosis, vaginal candidiasis, inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): Vaginal Suppositories are administered, 1 suppository (150 mg of extract) once daily at bedtime for 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): For acute inflammations, administer 1 suppository twice daily for 14 days.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): Do not exceed 2 suppositories per day under medical supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): For a tendency to inflammation, administer 1 suppository once a week for 1 month.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): Application is possible only from 18 years of age.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppositories): Individual intolerance, acute allergic reactions, damage to the vaginal mucosa.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppositories): Allergic reactions, burning, irritation in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Vaginal Suppositories): Not required.

Preparation method (Vaginal Suppositories): To prepare 100 suppositories, take 15 g of Ardisia elliptica dry extract, 50 g of cold-pressed virgin coconut oil, 35 g of beeswax. Melt the wax in a water bath, add coconut oil and extract, mix thoroughly. Form suppositories weighing 2 g each in silicone molds, cool until solidified.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppositories): Store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 2-8 degrees Celsius; shelf life is 12 months. Use within 1 month after opening.

Rectal Suppositories — Ardisia elliptica

Indications (Rectal Suppositories): bacterial proctitis, inflammatory hemorrhoids, chronic colitis, anal fissures.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): Rectal Suppositories are administered, 1 suppository (150 mg of extract) once daily at night for 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): For acute inflammation and pain, administer 2 suppositories per day (morning and evening) for 14 days.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): Do not exceed 2 suppositories per day.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): For chronic inflammation and a tendency to exacerbations, administer 1 suppository once a week for 1 month.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): Application is possible from 16 years of age.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppositories): Individual intolerance, acute bleeding.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppositories): Local allergic reactions are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Rectal Suppositories): Not required.

Preparation method (Rectal Suppositories): For 100 suppositories, use 15 g of Ardisia elliptica dry extract, 50 g of coconut oil, 35 g of beeswax. Melt the wax, mix with oil and extract, pour into suppository molds weighing 2 g each, cool until solidified.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Rectal Suppositories): Store at a temperature of 2-8 degrees Celsius, in a dark place; shelf life is 12 months. Use within 1 month after opening.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Ardisia elliptica

Data on the toxicity of Ardisia elliptica are limited. In preclinical studies, the LD50 for oral administration of extracts in rodents exceeds 2000 mg/kg, indicating low acute toxicity. No significant toxic effects were identified when using plant extracts at therapeutic doses. However, long-term and systematic studies on toxicity and safety for humans are currently lacking.

Reference: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

Pharmacodynamics — Ardisia elliptica

Ardisia elliptica possesses a complex set of pharmacological effects due to the presence of a number of biologically active substances in the plant, such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and polysaccharides. These components provide a broad spectrum of systemic and local effects on the body.

The anti-inflammatory action of Ardisia elliptica is realized through the inhibition of key inflammatory mediators — cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, which leads to a reduction in the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. This helps reduce swelling and pain at the level of affected tissues. The mechanism of modulating the inflammatory response is confirmed by the presence of flavonoids, which have the ability to stabilize cell membranes and reduce vascular permeability.

The antioxidant potential of the taxon is associated with a high concentration of polyphenolic compounds, which effectively neutralize free radicals and protect cells from oxidative stress. This property influences the slowing of cellular aging processes and reduces DNA damage, which is important for maintaining tissue and organ homeostasis.

The immunostimulant effect is due to the activation of the macrophage system and increased cytokine production, which improves the non-specific resistance of the body. Ardisia elliptica affects immune cells, modulating the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors, promoting adaptation of the immune response.

Hepatoprotective properties are realized through the stabilization of hepatocyte membranes, reduction of lipid peroxidation levels, and improvement of the liver's detoxification function. Active components stimulate the regeneration of liver cells and contribute to the normalization of the liver's enzymatic profile.

From the nervous system, a sedative and modulating influence is revealed, manifested in reduced nervous tension and improved sleep quality. These effects are associated with the influence of active alkaloids on central nervous system receptors, as well as with indirect antioxidant action.

Regarding the gastrointestinal tract, Ardisia elliptica exerts antidiarrheal and antispasmodic action, reducing motility and inflammation of the mucous membrane. Effects are achieved through interaction with smooth muscle receptors and a decrease in the secretion of inflammatory mediators.

Topical application to the skin and mucous membranes exhibits antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative action, accelerating the restoration of damaged tissues and reducing microbial load.

Thus, the pharmacodynamics of Ardisia elliptica is represented by multi-level effects on the immune, nervous, digestive, and skin systems, with an emphasis on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, as well as modulation of cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating physiological processes.

References: https://www.sciencedirect.com; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co...; https://www.tandfonline.com.

Pharmacokinetics — Ardisia elliptica

Data on the pharmacokinetic parameters of Ardisia elliptica are limited; however, based on the study of its biochemical composition and pharmaceutical forms, the main mechanisms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion can be assumed.

Upon oral administration, active components, including flavonoids and triterpenoids, are absorbed mainly in the small intestine. Bioavailability may vary depending on the dosage form and the composition of accompanying substances, with the presence of lipid carriers (e.g., coconut oil) improving absorption by increasing the solubility of lipophilic components.

Distribution occurs through systemic circulation, with accumulation in target organs — liver, kidneys, intestines, and tissues of the immune system. Polar metabolites are excreted primarily in urine, and lipophilic ones in bile.

Metabolism occurs in the liver under the action of cytochrome P450 enzyme systems, including oxidative and conjugative processes, leading to the formation of hydrophilic metabolites with reduced toxicity. Kidney involvement in excretion ensures renal clearance of hydrophilic substances and their metabolites.

With transdermal and topical application, the penetration of active components through the skin is limited and depends on the concentration and composition of the base carrier, which allows localization of the effect and minimization of systemic impact.

Interaction with intestinal microflora may contribute to the modification of component bioavailability and activity, as well as influence immune modulation and the state of the mucous membrane. Excretion of active substances is carried out through the kidneys and intestines, with possible partial excretion through the skin with topical use. Tissue accumulation is insignificant at recommended doses, reducing the risk of cumulative toxicity.

Thus, the pharmacokinetics of Ardisia elliptica is characterized by complex metabolism with active participation of the liver and kidneys, effective absorption upon oral administration, and predominantly localized action upon topical application.

References: https://www.sciencedirect.com https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com https://www.tandfonline.com

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Ardisia elliptica

Active components of Ardisia elliptica, particularly flavonoids, triterpenoids, and alkaloids, realize pharmacological effects through multi-target mechanisms affecting key biochemical and cellular processes. Flavonoids demonstrate a pronounced ability to inhibit the enzymes cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX), which reduces the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. These actions lead to the modulation of inflammatory reactions at the level of endothelium and macrophages, reduced vascular permeability, and relief of acute inflammation.

Alkaloids of the plant interact with neurotransmitters and receptors of the central nervous system, including serotonin and dopamine receptors, providing a sedative and modulating effect on the nervous system. Additionally, an influence on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been identified, which may contribute to neuroprotection and improved cognitive function.

Triterpenoids, possessing antioxidant activity, stimulate signaling pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK, regulating the expression of genes associated with apoptosis, cell proliferation, and cytokine synthesis. Through inhibition of the JAK/STAT cascade, modulation of the immune response and reduction of inflammation are achieved. An important mechanism is the influence on the balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukins and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α).

Furthermore, Ardisia elliptica affects neutrophil activity, stabilizes cell membranes, reduces the level of lipid peroxidation, which contributes to decreased oxidative stress and improved restorative processes in tissues. Mechanisms of action are realized both at systemic and local levels, depending on the method of application and pharmaceutical form.

Thus, the pharmacological activity of Ardisia elliptica is based on a complex impact on enzyme systems, receptors, and signaling cascades, providing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunostimulant, and neuroprotective effects.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/ https://www.tandfonline.com/ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/

Synergy — Ardisia elliptica

Based on modern research, it has been established that Ardisia elliptica exhibits synergistic interaction with a number of plant components that enhance its pharmacological effects. In particular, combination with plants rich in flavonoids and polyphenols, such as Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa), enhances antioxidant activity due to additive or potentiating action on free radical neutralization and cell membrane stabilization.

The anti-inflammatory effect of Ardisia elliptica is enhanced when used together with plants containing terpenes and saponins, for example, with Ginger Extract (Zingiber officinale), due to joint inhibition of key enzyme systems COX and LOX and modulation of NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling cascades. Such interaction manifests both at cellular and tissue levels, providing a more pronounced reduction of inflammation and immunomodulation.

Furthermore, research shows potentiation of immunostimulant action when combined with plant adaptogens, for example, with Ginseng Root (Panax ginseng), which is associated with modulation of the cytokine profile and activation of macrophages.

Data on interactions with synthetic substances are limited; however, theoretically, modulation of pharmacodynamics is possible when combined with drugs affecting the central nervous system and immune response, which requires additional study.

Thus, Ardisia elliptica demonstrates scientifically substantiated pharmacological synergy with plant substances that enhance its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, as confirmed by in vitro and in vivo studies.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/ https://www.springerlink.com/ https://www.semanticscholar.org/