Clinacanthus nutans Capsules (LHCC)

Clinacanthus nutans Capsules (LHCC)

Product Name: Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules), Clinacanthus nutans Capsules, Klinakantus-Kapseln, Cápsulas de Clinacanthus, Gélules de Clinacanthus, كبسولات كليناكانثوس, แคปซูลเพยาญอ, Klinakantus kapsulalari, Клинакантус капсулалары, Klinakantus kapsulları, Капсулаҳои клинакантус, Klinakantus kapsulės, Klinakantus kapsulas, Клінакантус капсули, קפסולות קלינוקנתוס

Main Indications for Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules): Herpes zoster (shingles), genital herpes simplex virus infection, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, oral mucositis of radiation etiology, anogenital warts of viral etiology (condylomata acuminata, HPV infection).

Indications for Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules) as Part of Therapeutic Complexes: Chronic viral hepatitis B, type 2 diabetes with insulin resistance, chronic inflammatory periodontitis, Dengue virus infections, inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa, malignant oral cavity neoplasms, malignant neoplasms of the cervix of viral etiology (cervical carcinoma from HPV).

Main Pharmacological Properties of Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules): Antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, cytoprotective.

Composition of Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules): Clinacanthus nutans leaf powder.

Functions of the Components in Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules):

Clinacanthus nutans leaf powder — Source of C-glycosyl flavones (orientin, vitexin, isovitexin, shaftoside) providing antiviral and anti-inflammatory action; contains phytosterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol) regulating immune response and reducing allergic reactions; rich in antioxidant phenols and chlorophyll derivatives exerting cytoprotective and hepatoprotective effects.

Product Form of Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules): The drug is produced in the form of capsules containing powder from Clinacanthus nutans leaves in the amount of 300 mg. Each capsule consists exclusively of plant powder without additional ingredients. The package contains 100 capsules. This form ensures convenience of oral administration for viral diseases of the skin and mucous membranes, including herpes zoster, herpesvirus infections, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, oral mucositis, as well as part of complex therapy regimens for viral hepatitis B, type 2 diabetes, inflammatory periodontal diseases, and oncological diseases of viral etiology.

Dosage of Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules)

Standard Dosage for Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules): The recommended dose for an adult is 6–12 capsules per day (1.8–3.6 g of Clinacanthus nutans leaf powder), divided into 2–3 doses with meals. The standard dosage is used for mild and moderate courses of viral diseases of the skin and mucous membranes, including herpes zoster, genital herpes simplex virus infection, recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

Intensified Dosage for Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules): The recommended dose is 20–30 capsules per day (6–9 g of leaf powder), divided into 2–3 doses after meals. The intensified dosage is used for severe stages of inflammatory and viral diseases (acute herpes zoster with pronounced pain syndrome, severe forms of aphthous stomatitis, oral mucositis of radiation etiology). Course no more than 14 days.

Maximum Dosage for Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules): The maximum allowable dose for an adult is up to 9 g of Clinacanthus nutans leaf powder per day (30 capsules), divided into 3 doses with meals. Used only under medical supervision for complicated forms of viral diseases of the skin and mucous membranes.

Prophylactic Dosage for Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules): For the prevention of herpesvirus infection recurrences, chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa, and in patients with metabolic syndrome, 3–6 capsules per day (0.9–1.8 g of powder) are recommended for 8–12 weeks, in courses 2–3 times a year. Take with meals, preferably in the morning and evening.

Pediatric Dosage for Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules): Reliable clinical data on use in children are not established. A minimally safe dose is conventionally considered to be 5–7 mg/kg of leaf powder (1 capsule = 300 mg) in children over 12 years of age weighing more than 40 kg, in 1–2 doses after meals. Use in children under 12 years of age and in patients weighing less than 40 kg is not recommended.

Contraindications for Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules): Contraindications include individual intolerance to the plant components, severe liver and kidney diseases, acute inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years are not scientifically established.

Side Effects of Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules): Scientifically registered side effects of overdose include nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, reversible increase in liver enzymes, laboratory signs of kidney stress.

Adjustment Based on Patient Body Weight: In patients with body weight below 60 kg, a reduction of the standard dosage by 20% (to 5–10 capsules per day) is recommended. In patients with body weight above 80 kg, an increase in dosage by 20% (to 8–14 capsules per day) within the standard range is allowed.

Storage Conditions for Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules): Store the drug in a dry place, protected from light and electromagnetic radiation, at a temperature from +15 °C to +25 °C, in a tightly closed package. Shelf life — 24 months. After opening the package, it is recommended to use the drug within 90 days.

You can order this drug in powder form by following the link: 
https://asiabiopharm.com/Clina...

Toxicity and Biosafety — Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules)

Preclinical studies indicate low toxicity of Clinacanthus nutans. In experiments on rats, the aqueous leaf extract upon oral administration showed no lethal outcomes at doses up to 5000 mg/kg body weight, allowing it to be classified as practically non-toxic substances (LD₅₀ > 5 g/kg). In a 90-day chronic toxicity study in rats, the aqueous extract at doses up to 2000 mg/kg/day did not cause pathological changes, confirming its biosafety with long-term use.

Individual fractions containing β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and other phytosterols are also characterized by high safety and did not show acute toxicity in preclinical models in the range up to 2000 mg/kg. However, for ethanolic extracts of the plant, signs of subacute hepato- and nephrotoxicity were recorded with repeated administration at doses above 1000 mg/kg in mice, indicating the dependence of the safety profile on the extraction method.

Modeling of aggregate toxicity, considering the content of C-glycosyl flavones (orientin, vitexin, shaftoside), phenolic acids (gallic acid), phytosterols, and triterpenes, shows that potential toxic effects when using the whole leaf powder are minimal. Flavonoids and phenolic acids are characterized by a high safety profile (LD₅₀ > 2000 mg/kg), and phytosterols have low acute toxicity (LD₅₀ > 5000 mg/kg). Thus, the aggregate toxicity of Clinacanthus nutans leaf powder corresponds to the class of practically non-toxic drugs, with toxic risks increasing only when using concentrated alcoholic extracts.

Synergy — Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules)

The pharmacological activity of Clinacanthus nutans is due to a complex of biologically active compounds, among which the main place is occupied by C-glycosyl flavones (orientin, iso-orientin, vitexin, isovitexin, shaftoside), phenolic acids (particularly gallic acid), triterpene alcohols (lupeol), phytosterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol), as well as glycerolipids and chlorophyll derivatives. Synergy between these components is realized in several directions. Firstly, potentiation of anti-inflammatory action is noted due to simultaneous inhibition of NF-κB and COX-2 mediators: flavones suppress p65 translocation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while phytosterols modulate T-cell activation, creating an additive effect. Secondly, the interaction of antioxidant compounds (flavonoids, phenolic acids, chlorophylls) forms a pronounced protective cascade that enhances the neutralization of reactive oxygen species, manifesting in the potentiation of cytoprotective action at the cellular level. Thirdly, a combined immunomodulatory influence has been identified: β-sitosterol and stigmasterol reduce the expression of Th2 cytokines, and flavonoids regulate the Th1/Th2 balance, ensuring a modulating nature of interaction. At the systemic level, synergy of antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects is observed: gallic acid and C-glycosyl flavones inhibit the expression of viral proteins and simultaneously suppress inflammatory mediators, creating a potentiating anti-infective direction. Additional significance lies in the interaction of lipid fractions and chlorophylls, enhancing the membrane-stabilizing effect and protecting cells from oxidative damage. At the level of inter-tissue interactions, synergy of Clinacanthus nutans with other taxa rich in phenolic compounds, such as Andrographis paniculata and Phyllanthus emblica, is confirmed: combined use in preclinical studies enhances antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects due to overlapping cascades of Nrf2 activation and NF-κB suppression. The nature of the interaction overall can be characterized as additive-potentiating, with systemic and tissue-specific levels of action. Thus, the synergy of Clinacanthus nutans components is expressed in the integration of antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant directions, confirmed by in vitro and in vivo data.

References: PMC10992386; PMC9018191; PMC10855055; DOI:10.1007/s11655-021-3419-3; DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2017.05.015

Pharmacodynamics: Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules)

The pharmacodynamic properties of Clinacanthus nutans are determined by its multicomponent composition, primarily C-glycosyl flavones, phytosterols, and phenolic acids. At the systemic level, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiviral, and antioxidant directions dominate. At the cellular level, flavonoids inhibit NF-κB translocation and COX-2 expression, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Phenolic acids and chlorophylls enhance the antioxidant barrier, neutralizing reactive oxygen species and stabilizing cell membranes. Phytosterols exert an immunomodulatory effect by suppressing lymphocyte hyperproliferation and regulating the Th1/Th2 response balance. Triterpenes, including lupeol, exhibit a modulating influence on MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling cascades, complementing the anti-inflammatory effect. Glycerolipids provide cytoprotective and membrane-stabilizing action, preventing tissue damage. At the level of physiological systems, the drug primarily affects the immune system, skin and mucous membranes, as well as hepatic and endothelial cells. The general nature of the action can be defined as systemic with a tissue-specific emphasis on the skin and mucous membranes. Thus, the pharmacodynamics of Clinacanthus nutans reflects the integration of several classes of effects — antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory — confirmed by experimental in vitro and in vivo data.

References: PMC10750628; PMC9599229; PMC9866019; DOI:10.3390/plants11020216; DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.019

Pharmacokinetics Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules)

After oral administration of Clinacanthus nutans leaf powder, the active components undergo partial absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. The main polar flavonoids and phenolic acids are absorbed in the small intestine with the participation of sodium-dependent transport systems and passive diffusion. A significant portion of the compounds undergoes biotransformation by the intestinal microflora, where hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds occurs with the formation of simpler aglycones, possessing increased lipophilicity and the ability to penetrate cell membranes.

The distribution of substances after absorption is tissue-specific. Flavonoids and phenolic acids reach high concentrations in the liver, vascular endothelium, and mucous membrane tissues, where they exhibit antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing effects. Phytosterols and triterpenes, having high lipophilicity, accumulate primarily in cell membranes and lipid structures, enhancing their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects at the cellular level.

Metabolism of active compounds occurs mainly in the liver through phase II conjugation (glucuronidation, sulfation, methylation). The resulting metabolites have higher water solubility and are easily excreted from the body. Oxidative enzymes of the cytochrome P450 system also play an important role, participating in the modification of triterpene and sterol structures.

Excretion of metabolites occurs through the kidneys via urine and to a lesser extent via bile. A small portion of polar components may be excreted through the skin and lungs, related to their participation in the body's barrier functions. Lipophilic fractions are characterized by longer retention in tissues and gradual release. Collectively, these data indicate the systemic nature of the drug's action upon oral administration, with a key role of the liver and kidneys in biotransformation and elimination.

References:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/a...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale: Clinacanthus nutans (Capsules)

Liver and Gastrointestinal Tract. Flavonoid glycosides and phenolic acids exhibit pronounced antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing effects on liver cells and intestinal epithelium. These compounds enhance the expression of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) through activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, while simultaneously reducing the activity of the NF-κB cascade, which decreases the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. The nature of the interaction of flavonoids and phenolic acids is additive with elements of potentiation.

References: 
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/a...
https://link.springer.com/arti...

Immune System.

Phytosterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol) and triterpenoids exert a modulating effect on the immune response, reducing T-lymphocyte hyperactivation and the production of Th2 cytokines. Interaction with innate immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils) is accompanied by inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and enhanced secretion of anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10). The influence is realized through inhibition of NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling cascades, confirming systemic and cellular levels of action.
References:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/a...
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co...

Nervous System. Antioxidant flavonoids and phenolic acids provide protection to neurons from oxidative stress by suppressing excessive formation of reactive oxygen species and stabilizing mitochondrial membranes. Additionally, an inhibitory effect on enzymes associated with neurodegenerative processes, including acetylcholinesterase, has been described, indicating potential modulation of neurotransmitter systems. The nature of the action is tissue-specific and cellular, with a predominance of protective and modulating effects.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Endocrine and Metabolic Regulation. Flavonoids and phytosterols influence lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. The mechanism of action includes improving insulin sensitivity through activation of PI3K/Akt signaling and reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory markers in adipocytes. Triterpenes have a lipotropic effect, contribute to reducing lipid accumulation in the liver, and regulate cholesterol balance through modulation of lipid synthesis and catabolism enzymes. The interaction of components is characterized as additive and systemic, with pronounced tissue specificity for the liver and adipose tissue.

References:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/a... 
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Thus, the mechanisms of action of Clinacanthus nutans include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and metabolic directions, realized through systemic and tissue-specific levels of regulation, confirmed by experimental and pharmacological studies.