Curcuma Longa (Turmeric)

Curcuma Longa (Turmeric)

Product Name: Куркума длинная, Curcuma longa, Gelbwurz, Cúrcuma, Curcuma, كركم, ขมิ้นชัน

Synonyms: куркума, индийский шафран, золотой корень, turmeric, Indian saffron, gelbe Wurzel, cúrcuma de la India, curcuma dorée, كركم هندي, الكركم الأصفر, ขมิ้น, ขมิ้นชัน, ขมิ้นอินเดีย

Main Indications for Use of Curcuma longa: Viral hepatitis, steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis, gastric and duodenal ulcer, chronic pancreatitis, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, depression, Alzheimer's disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, psoriasis, eczema, neurodermatitis, chronic fatigue syndrome, obesity.

Use of Curcuma longa in Mixtures and Complexes: Gallstone disease, nephrolithiasis, chronic cholecystitis outside the exacerbation stage, pulmonary tuberculosis, disseminated viral infections, chronic smoker's bronchitis, Parkinson's disease, fibromyalgia, systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic dermatoses, neurocirculatory dystonia, climacteric syndrome, benign prostatic hyperplasia, polycystic ovary syndrome.

Pharmacological Properties of Curcuma longa: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, choleretic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antidepressant, neuroprotective, antitumor, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory, antinociceptive, antifibrotic, antiparasitic, antiangiogenic, antiamyloid, adaptogenic.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Curcuma longa

Powder — Curcuma longa

Indications (Powder): Viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, gastric ulcer, chronic pancreatitis, irritable bowel syndrome, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, metabolic syndrome, depression.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 1–2 g of powder three times a day after meals, washed down with warm water. Course duration — 30 days, with the possibility of repeated intake after a 10-day break.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 3 g of powder three times a day in the presence of autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, severe forms of ulcerative colitis, and osteoarthritis. Course — 20 days, then a break of at least 10 days.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): Up to 5 g of powder three times a day for severe metabolic disorders (obesity of degree III, uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic fatigue syndrome with pronounced depression). Course — no more than 10 days.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.5–1 g of powder once daily in the morning on an empty stomach for 20 days. Recommended in the presence of metabolic syndrome, chronic fatigue, stage I hypertension, and in patients over 45 years of age. Repeat the course 2–3 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): Use is permissible in children over 7 years of age with a body weight of at least 25 kg. Dosage — 250 mg of powder twice daily after meals. Only after consultation with a pediatrician.

Contraindications (Powder): Exacerbation of gastric and duodenal ulcer, acute pancreatitis, obstruction of the biliary tract, severe form of anemia, individual intolerance to curcumin. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in childhood have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): When the dosage is exceeded, nausea, flatulence, and increased intestinal peristalsis are possible. Cases of diarrhea and short-term decrease in blood pressure have been registered.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): For body weight below 60 kg — the recommended dosage is reduced by 25%. For body weight above 90 kg — a dosage correction upward by 15–20% is possible provided normal tolerance.

Preparation Method (Powder): Ingredients per 100 g: dried Curcuma longa rhizomes — 100 g. The rhizomes are washed in running water, peeled, cut into thin slices, and dried at a temperature of 45–50 degrees Celsius for 24–36 hours. Then the dried raw material is ground into powder in a ceramic or glass mortar. Sifted through a sieve with a mesh size of no more than 0.25 mm. Stored in an airtight container made of light-impermeable glass.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a dry, cool, darkened place at a temperature of +5 to +20 degrees Celsius, away from sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 12 months. After opening the package, use within 60 days, tightly closing the container after each use.

Dry Extract — Curcuma longa

Indications (Dry Extract): Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, psoriasis, eczema, Alzheimer's disease, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, depressive disorders, chronic fatigue, neurodegenerative diseases.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 250–500 mg of dry extract standardized for curcuminoids (at least 95%) twice daily, after meals. Course — 30 days, if necessary extended after a break of 7–10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): Up to 1000 mg of dry extract twice daily is used for severe inflammatory and degenerative pathologies: active psoriasis, osteoarthritis with pronounced pain syndrome, Alzheimer's disease in the early stage. Course duration — 20 days.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): 1500 mg three times a day is permissible in the treatment of experimental regimens for malignant tumors as part of complex therapy, under medical supervision. Duration — no more than 10 consecutive days.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 250 mg of dry extract once daily in the morning 30 minutes before meals. Recommended in the presence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, chronic inflammation, and at the age of over 40 years. Preventive course — 20 days with repetition after 3 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): Use is permitted in children over 12 years of age with a body weight from 40 kg. Dosage — 150 mg of extract once daily after meals. Only under specialist supervision.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Gallstone disease in the exacerbation stage, pronounced hypotension, hemorrhagic conditions, individual intolerance to curcumin. Data on safety during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years of age have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): When taking doses above 1000 mg, irritation of the gastric mucosa, heartburn, headache, and a feeling of heat are possible. Reversible changes in the activity of liver enzymes have been noted in rare cases.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): For patients with body weight less than 60 kg, a reduction of the standard dosage by 25% is recommended. For body weight above 90 kg — a dose increase of 15–20% is permissible with normal tolerance.

Preparation Method (Dry Extract): Ingredients per 100 g of finished extract: dried Curcuma longa rhizomes — 1000 g, 70% ethanol — 2000 ml, purified water — 500 ml. The raw material is crushed, poured with the alcohol-water solution, and infused for 7 days in an airtight glass container at a temperature of +20…+25 °C, periodically shaking. Then it is filtered and evaporated at a temperature not exceeding 45 °C to obtain a thick extract. Dried in a drying chamber at +35 °C to a powder-like state.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in a tightly closed light-impermeable jar at a temperature of +5 to +20 °C, away from sources of moisture and heat. Shield from sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 24 months. After opening the package, use within 90 days.

Alcohol-Based Tincture — Curcuma longa

Indications (Tincture): Atherosclerosis, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, arthritis, dyspepsia, hypotension, gastric ulcer in the remission stage, depressive disorders, fungal skin infections, eczema, neurodermatitis.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 15–20 drops of tincture in 70% ethanol, diluted in 50 ml of water, twice daily after meals. Course — 21 days with repetition after a week's break.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 25 drops per dose, 3 times a day, is used for severe forms of arthritis, chronic bronchitis, and skin inflammations. Course duration — up to 14 days.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): 30 drops 3 times a day — permissible for severe chronic forms of neurodermatitis and recurrent fungal skin lesions, exclusively under medical supervision. Duration — no more than 7 days.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10 drops once daily on an empty stomach, diluted in 50 ml of water, taken for 14 days. Used for a tendency to inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, in elderly patients with hypotension, and seasonal depression. Repeat 3 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): Not recommended for use in children under 14 years of age. The possibility of use in adolescents — only under medical supervision, at a dosage of no more than 5 drops once daily in a 1:5 dilution with water.

Contraindications (Tincture): Alcoholism, acute liver diseases, peptic ulcer in the exacerbation stage, pregnancy, lactation, age under 14 years. Data on safety of use in pregnant women and children have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Tincture): Dizziness, increased heart rate, burning sensation in the stomach, nausea, in rare cases allergic rash. Occur in case of overdose or intake without dilution.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tincture): For patients with body weight less than 60 kg — the maximum dosage should not exceed 15 drops. For body weight above 90 kg — an increase up to 25 drops per dose is possible.

Preparation Method (Tincture): Ingredients per 100 ml of tincture: crushed dry turmeric roots — 20 g, 70% ethanol — 100 ml. The raw material is placed in a glass container, poured with alcohol, and infused at a temperature of +20…+25 °C in a dark place for 10 days with daily shaking. Upon completion, the tincture is strained through gauze and filtered through a paper filter. Poured into a dark glass bottle with a drip dispenser.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in a cool, dark place at a temperature of +5 to +15 °C. Avoid exposure to direct light and EMI. Shelf life — up to 36 months. After opening, use within 90 days.

Oil Infusion — Curcuma longa

Indications (Oil Infusion): Arthralgia, osteoarthritis, myositis, psoriasis, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, skin hyperpigmentation, fungal skin lesions, scar changes of the skin, dry skin, localized neuropathic pain.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally: apply in a thin layer to the affected area twice daily (morning and evening) for 14–21 days. Do not rinse for 4–6 hours after application. If necessary, the course is repeated after a 10-day break.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Used 3 times a day for pronounced pain syndromes, joint inflammation, and severe forms of eczema and psoriasis. Course — 10–14 days under dermatologist or rheumatologist supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Up to 4 applications per day is permissible for exacerbation of local skin inflammations, severe muscle and joint pain, and areas of pronounced hyperkeratosis. Duration no more than 7 consecutive days.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): Once daily on cleansed skin, in a thin layer — in the presence of a tendency to dry skin, premature aging, and under climatic influences (dry air, sun). Recommended for women over 35 years of age and men with dermatological disorders. Course — 10 days monthly.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): Permitted for external use in children over 6 years of age, with a body weight of at least 20 kg. Once daily on limited skin areas, volume no more than 1 ml per application. Do not apply to mucous membranes and open wounds.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Individual intolerance, presence of open wounds, acute purulent skin inflammations. Do not use on mucous membranes. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically registered; use with caution.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Skin irritation, redness, contact dermatitis, especially when used on damaged skin or in case of individual sensitivity. Regress after discontinuation of use.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): In patients with body weight less than 60 kg, the total daily dose should not exceed 3 ml. For body weight above 90 kg — an increase in daily volume up to 6 ml is permissible.

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion): Ingredients per 100 g: crushed Curcuma longa rhizomes — 20 g, cold-pressed sesame oil — 80 g. Place the raw material in a glass container, pour with oil, and close tightly. Keep for 7 days at a temperature of +35…+40 °C in a water bath, periodically shaking. Then strain the infusion through cloth, squeeze out the residues, and pour into a dark glass container. If necessary, a second maceration can be carried out to enhance saturation.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in a dark place at a temperature of +5 to +20 °C, away from sources of light and heat. Shield from EMI. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening the package, use within 45 days, tightly closing after each use.

Vaginal Suppositories — Curcuma longa

Indications (Vaginal Suppositories): Bacterial vaginosis, candidal vulvovaginitis, atrophic vaginitis, nonspecific vaginal inflammations, restoration of the vaginal microbiome after antibiotic therapy, chronic cervicitis, cervical erosion (as part of complex therapy), itching and burning of the external genitalia.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 1 suppository (containing 100 mg of standardized curcumin extract) once daily at night, in a lying position. Course — 10 days. Repeated use is possible after 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 2 suppositories per day (morning and evening) for acute forms of candidal and bacterial vaginosis, or for a pronounced inflammatory process. Course — up to 7 days under gynecologist supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): Short-term use of up to 3 suppositories per day is permissible for severe bacterial vaginosis or in the presence of purulent discharge. Duration — no more than 3 days. Then — transition to the standard regimen.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 1 suppository every other day for 10 days after completion of the main treatment with antibiotics or antifungal preparations. Recommended for women in perimenopause, after long courses of antibiotic therapy, and with a tendency to recurrent vaginitis. Repeat the course once a quarter.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): Not used in children under 18 years of age. Scientific data on the safety and efficacy of curcumin suppositories in girls are absent.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppositories): Individual intolerance to curcumin, active bleeding from the genital tract of unclear origin, pregnancy (first trimester), age under 18 years. Data on use during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically registered — caution is required.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppositories): Burning, irritation of the vaginal mucosa, change in the nature of discharge, feeling of dryness or tightness. Usually pass on their own upon discontinuation of use. An allergic reaction to the oil base is rarely possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Vaginal Suppositories): No dose adjustment depending on body weight is required, since the suppositories are intended for local action.

Preparation Method (Vaginal Suppositories): Ingredients per 100 g: dry curcumin extract — 3 g, cocoa butter — 95 g, beeswax — 2 g. In a water bath at a temperature of +60 °C, melt the cocoa butter and beeswax, add the curcumin extract, and stir thoroughly. At a temperature of +40 °C, pour into suppository molds of 2 g each. Cool at a temperature of +4 °C for 6–8 hours. Store in the refrigerator.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppositories): Store at a temperature of +4 to +8 °C in airtight packaging protected from light. Shield from sources of EMI. Shelf life — up to 6 months. After opening the package, use within 10 days, avoiding contact with moisture and high temperatures.

Rectal Suppositories — Curcuma longa

Indications (Rectal Suppositories): Chronic proctitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease with localization in the rectum, anal fissures, hemorrhoids (in the inflammation stage), irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory processes in the pelvic area (as part of complex therapy), radiation proctitis, postoperative rehabilitation of the rectum.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): 1 suppository (containing 100 mg of standardized curcumin extract) once daily in the evening after a cleansing enema. Course — 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): 1 suppository twice daily (morning and evening) for exacerbation of ulcerative colitis or hemorrhoids of degree II–III. Course — no more than 10 days, then transition to the standard dosage.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): 3 suppositories per day — permissible under clinical supervision for severe forms of proctitis or after radiation therapy of the pelvic organs. Used for up to 5 days, then reduced to the standard regimen.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): 1 suppository every other day for 10 days. Indications: patients with recurrent anal fissures, inflammatory diseases of the rectum in the stage of stable remission, people over 50 years of age after colorectal surgical interventions. The course is repeated once every 3–4 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): Use is permitted in children over 12 years of age with a body weight from 35 kg. Dosage — ½ suppository (cut lengthwise) once daily. Use only under medical supervision for anal fissures or juvenile proctitis.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppositories): Acute anal bleeding, rectal tumors, proctitis in the necrosis phase, allergy to the components of the preparation, age under 12 years. Data on safety of use during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppositories): Mucosal irritation, burning sensation in the rectum, false urges to defecate, temporary increase in stool frequency. Cease upon discontinuation of the preparation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Rectal Suppositories): For body weight less than 60 kg, a dosage reduction to 1 suppository every other day is possible. For body weight above 90 kg — the use of 2 suppositories per day during the first 3 days of the course is permissible.

Preparation Method (Rectal Suppositories): Ingredients per 100 g: dry curcumin extract — 3 g, cocoa butter — 94 g, lanolin — 3 g. Melt cocoa butter and lanolin in a water bath at a temperature of +60 °C, add the curcumin extract, and stir thoroughly. Pour the mixture into molds of 2 g each. Cool at +4 °C for 6–8 hours. The suppositories should have a homogeneous texture without crystallization.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Rectal Suppositories): Store at a temperature of +4…+8 °C in airtight blisters or foil capsules. Protect from light, moisture, and sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening the package, use within 10 days.

Nasal Drops — Curcuma longa

Indications (Nasal Drops): Allergic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis, chronic sinusitis, acute rhinitis in the viral phase, nasal mucosal hypertrophy, post-viral congestion, prevention of relapses of chronic rhinosinusitis, atrophic rhinitis (as part of combination therapy).

Standard Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1–2 drops into each nostril 3 times a day for 7–10 days. The drops are instilled in a lying position with the head tilted back. If necessary, the course is repeated after 5–7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Nasal Drops): 3 drops into each nostril 4 times a day for pronounced inflammation, purulent discharge, and decreased sense of smell. Used no more than 5 consecutive days, then transition to the standard dosage.

Maximum Dosage (Nasal Drops): Up to 4 drops into each nostril up to 5 times a day is permissible only for severe forms of hypertrophic rhinitis or sinusitis under ENT physician supervision. Duration — no more than 3 days.

Preventive Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1 drop into each nostril once daily in the morning for 7 days. Used for frequent colds, decreased sense of smell in the elderly, and chronic rhinitis in the remission stage. The course is carried out once a month during the season of increased risk of acute respiratory viral infections.

Pediatric Dosage (Nasal Drops): Permitted from 6 years of age in the absence of allergy. 1 drop into each nostril 1–2 times a day for 5 days. Before use, a test for individual tolerance is recommended.

Contraindications (Nasal Drops): Individual hypersensitivity, bleeding of the nasal mucosa, pronounced atrophy of the mucosa, presence of polyps. Data on safety during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered.

Side Effects (Nasal Drops): Burning, sneezing, short-term increase in secretion, irritation of the nasal mucosa. An allergic reaction in the form of itching and redness of the eyes is rarely possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Nasal Drops): No dosage adjustment is required. The volume of the preparation depends on local action, not body weight.

Preparation Method (Nasal Drops): Ingredients per 100 ml: dry curcumin extract — 0.5 g, black cumin oil — 80 ml, cold-pressed flaxseed oil — 20 ml. The dry curcumin extract is dissolved in warm flaxseed oil (+30 °C), then introduced into black cumin oil. The mixture is stirred thoroughly until homogeneous. Filtered through fine gauze and poured into dark glass dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Nasal Drops): Store at a temperature of +5 to +15 °C, in a light-protected place. Shield from EMI. After opening, use within 14 days. Total shelf life of the closed bottle — up to 6 months.

Ear Drops — Curcuma longa

Indications (Ear Drops): Acute external otitis, chronic otitis without perforation of the eardrum, itching and irritation of the auditory canal, fungal lesions of the external ear (otomycosis), eczema of the auditory canal, prevention of inflammations in swimmers and divers (so-called "swimmer's ear"), post-traumatic irritation of the ear.

Standard Dosage (Ear Drops): 2 drops into the external auditory canal twice daily (morning and evening) for 7 days. After instillation, it is recommended to lie for 5–10 minutes with the head turned.

Enhanced Dosage (Ear Drops): Up to 3 drops 3 times a day in the presence of a pronounced inflammatory process, itching, or fungal lesion. Used for up to 5 days, then reduced to the standard regimen.

Maximum Dosage (Ear Drops): Up to 4 drops 4 times a day is permitted only for acute forms of otitis in adult patients under medical supervision. Duration — no more than 3 consecutive days.

Preventive Dosage (Ear Drops): 1 drop into each auditory canal once daily for 5 days after contact with water (swimming, shower, pool). Recommended for the prevention of "swimmer's ear" in children and adults prone to inflammations of the external ear.

Pediatric Dosage (Ear Drops): Used in children from 5 years of age in the absence of damage to the eardrum. Dosage — 1 drop once daily, no more than 3 days. Use only after consultation with an otorhinolaryngologist.

Contraindications (Ear Drops): Perforation of the eardrum, purulent discharge from the ear, acute otitis media, individual hypersensitivity. Data on safety during pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Ear Drops): Burning in the ear, short-term hearing loss (with excess oil), allergic reactions on the skin of the auricle, rarely — headache or dizziness in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ear Drops): No dosage adjustment is required. The volume of application depends on the local condition of the ear, not body weight.

Preparation Method (Ear Drops): Ingredients per 100 ml: dry curcumin extract — 0.5 g, jojoba oil — 50 ml, sesame oil — 50 ml. The extract is dissolved in warm jojoba oil (+30 °C), then combined with sesame oil and stirred until completely homogeneous. The mixture is filtered through fine cloth and poured into sterile dark glass dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ear Drops): Store at a temperature of +5 to +20 °C in a dry, light-protected place, away from sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 6 months. After opening, use within 14 days.

Ointments — Curcuma longa

Indications (Ointments): Psoriasis, eczema, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, fungal skin lesions, hyperkeratosis, skin itching of unclear etiology, skin inflammations, skin fissures, wounds in the epithelialization stage, keloid and hypertrophic scars, first and second degree burns.

Standard Dosage (Ointments): Apply in a thin layer to affected skin areas twice daily, morning and evening, for 10–14 days. Does not require rinsing. If necessary, the course is repeated after a 7-day break.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointments): Apply 3 times a day to areas of pronounced inflammation or infiltration. Recommended for active phases of psoriasis, neurodermatitis, and fungal infection. Course — up to 10 days, then transition to the standard regimen.

Maximum Dosage (Ointments): Up to 4 times a day on limited body areas is permissible for severe skin itching, fissures, and inflammation. No more than 5 consecutive days, then no more than 2 times a day.

Preventive Dosage (Ointments): Once daily in the evening, apply to skin areas prone to dryness, irritation, or microdamage. Recommended for chronic dermatoses in remission, patients with diabetes mellitus, and the elderly. Course — 10 days monthly.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointments): External use is permitted from 3 years of age. Dosage — once daily, no more than 1 ml per area of no more than 10×10 cm. Used for eczema, diaper rash, and uncomplicated rash. Course — up to 5 days.

Contraindications (Ointments): Individual intolerance, acute purulent dermatoses, fresh third-degree burns, use on open wounds. There are no data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation; use with caution.

Side Effects (Ointments): Burning, irritation, contact dermatitis, especially when applied to thin or damaged skin. In rare cases, increased itching is possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ointments): No dosage adjustment is required. Limit the daily dose for body weight less than 20 kg (no more than 2 ml of ointment per day).

Preparation Method (Ointments): Ingredients per 100 g: dry curcumin extract — 3 g, anhydrous lanolin — 10 g, shea butter — 40 g, sesame oil — 20 g, beeswax — 5 g, distilled water — 22 g. Lanolin, shea butter, and wax are melted in a water bath at a temperature of +60 °C. Curcumin and sesame oil are added to the warm fat phase. Then, with stirring, water heated to +40 °C is introduced. The emulsion is whipped until a homogeneous ointment texture is obtained. Cooled and packaged into sterile jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointments): Store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of +5 to +15 °C. Protect from light, moisture, strong odors, and EMI. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Creams — Curcuma longa

Indications (Creams): Hyperpigmentation, skin photoaging, dull complexion, post-acne, superficial inflammatory elements, sensitive skin, rosacea (in the inactive stage), seborrheic dermatitis, prevention of age-related skin changes, restoration of the skin barrier after peels and dermabrasion.

Standard Dosage (Creams): Apply in a thin layer to clean skin twice daily — morning and evening. Does not require rinsing. Course — 21 days, then a 7-day break. Suitable for long-term use with good tolerance.

Enhanced Dosage (Creams): Up to 3 times a day for pronounced pigmentation, irritation after cosmetic procedures, and inflammatory foci on the skin. Course — 10 days, then transition to the standard regimen.

Maximum Dosage (Creams): Up to 4 times a day in the form of spot application to affected skin areas (no more than 3×3 cm each) for post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and irritation after acid procedures. Duration — no more than 5 days.

Preventive Dosage (Creams): Once daily at night, on the face and exposed skin areas. Used for chronic dry skin, during periods of high solar activity, and in patients over 40 years of age. Course — 10–14 days per month during spring and autumn.

Pediatric Dosage (Creams): Permitted from 6 years of age. Apply once daily to the affected area in the presence of mild eczema, dryness, fissures, or peeling. Externally only; do not use in the area of the eyes and mouth. Course — up to 5 days.

Contraindications (Creams): Allergy to the components of the cream, presence of open wounds, acute purulent process on the skin, fresh thermal burns. Use during pregnancy and lactation has no registered contraindications; however, caution should be observed.

Side Effects (Creams): Mild redness, feeling of warmth, short-term itching. Rarely — contact dermatitis in the presence of allergy to base oils or wax. All effects are reversible and disappear after discontinuation of use.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Creams): No adjustment is required. The cream is applied locally, and the volume depends on the area of the treated surface.

Preparation Method (Creams): Ingredients per 100 g: dry curcumin extract — 2 g, rose hydrolate — 30 g, almond oil — 20 g, jojoba oil — 15 g, emulsifier Cetearyl olivate/Sorbitan olivate — 5 g, vegetable glycerin — 5 g, purified water — 20 g, vitamin E (natural) — 1 g, beeswax — 2 g. Heat the oil phase (wax, oils, emulsifier, curcumin) to +65 °C. Also heat the aqueous phase (water, hydrolate, glycerin) to +65 °C. Combine the phases with constant stirring. Cool to +40 °C and introduce vitamin E. Whip until a creamy consistency and pour into sterile jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Creams): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of +5…+10 °C in airtight dark jars. Avoid water entering the package. Protect from EMI and direct sunlight. Shelf life — 3 months. After opening, use within 21 days.

Serums — Curcuma longa

Indications (Serums): Post-inflammatory pigmentation, skin photoaging, decreased turgor and elasticity, dull complexion, enlarged pores, couperose, chronic inflammatory elements (acne, papules), post-acne scars, damage to the skin barrier after acid and hardware procedures, age-related wrinkles.

Standard Dosage (Serums): Apply 3–5 drops to cleansed facial and neck skin once daily in the evening, with light patting movements. Course — 28 days, then a 7-day break.

Enhanced Dosage (Serums): Apply 2 times a day — morning and evening — 4–6 drops for pronounced hyperpigmentation, couperose, and reduced skin elasticity. Course — up to 14 days, then switch to the standard regimen.

Maximum Dosage (Serums): Up to 8 drops 3 times a day in spot application to areas of post-acne, wrinkles, and scars. Duration — no more than 5 days. Thereafter — no more than once daily.

Preventive Dosage (Serums): 2–3 drops once daily in the evening on facial skin in patients with dry or combination skin, during seasonal changes (autumn, spring), at the age of 35+. Course — 14 days every 2 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Serums): Use is permissible from 12 years of age in the presence of mild acne. Dosage — 1–2 drops once daily locally on affected areas. Course — up to 7 days under dermatologist supervision.

Contraindications (Serums): Individual intolerance, active purulent inflammations, skin infections, epidermal damage. During pregnancy and lactation, scientific data on safety are absent — use with caution.

Side Effects (Serums): Rarely — mild redness, a feeling of warmth or tingling upon application. Temporary yellowish staining of the skin is possible at high dosages, passing after 2–3 hours. Allergic reactions occur extremely rarely.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Serums): No dosage adjustment is required. The volume depends on the area and sensitivity of the skin.

Preparation Method (Serums): Ingredients per 100 ml: water-soluble curcumin extract — 0.5 g, witch hazel hydrolate — 30 ml, low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid — 0.3 g, vegetable glycerin — 3 ml, aloe vera extract — 10 ml, panthenol — 2 ml, plant-based preservative (e.g., sodium benzoate + potassium sorbate) — 1 ml, purified water — 53.2 ml. All components are mixed at a temperature of +20…+25 °C under sterile conditions. The mixture is stirred with a magnetic stirrer until complete dissolution of the active components. The serum is poured into dark bottles with a pipette dispenser.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serums): Store at a temperature of +5 to +10 °C, in a tightly closed bottle, in a light- and heat-protected place. Shield from sources of electromagnetic radiation. After opening, use within 30 days. Total shelf life — 3 months.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Curcumin (Curcuma longa)

Curcumin, the active component of the plant Curcuma longa, demonstrates extremely low acute toxicity and a high degree of biosafety with both oral and external use. In a number of preclinical and clinical studies, it has been shown that curcumin possesses good tolerance even with prolonged use at dosages significantly exceeding therapeutic ones.

According to toxicological tests, the oral lethal dose (LD50) of curcumin in rodents is: in rats: > 2,000 mg/kg body weight (orally), in mice: > 2,000–5,000 mg/kg body weight (orally), which corresponds to the classification as a substance with extremely low toxicity. Studies also confirm the absence of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of curcumin. At doses up to 12 g/day in humans, side effects are rare and mainly limited to minor gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, diarrhea).

Local (cutaneous) application of curcumin does not cause sensitization and irritation when used in the composition of ointments, creams, and serums, with the exception of isolated cases of individual hypersensitivity. Vaginal and rectal forms based on curcumin have also demonstrated good local tolerance and the absence of systemic toxic action.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Pharmacodynamics — Curcuma longa

Curcumin, the main biologically active polyphenol of turmeric (Curcuma longa), exhibits a wide spectrum of pharmacodynamic activity, covering both local and systemic levels of action. The molecular structure of curcumin — a symmetric diarylheptanoid — determines its high ability to interact with diverse biotargets, including enzymes, receptors, signaling proteins, and transcription factors.

At the systemic level, curcumin realizes a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect by modulating the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, as well as by suppressing the activity of the nuclear factor NF-κB. It inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), lipoxygenase (LOX), and phospholipase A2, thereby reducing the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. These mechanisms confirm the participation of curcumin in the regulation of inflammatory reactions both in peripheral tissues and in organs with a high level of immune activity.

The antioxidant activity of curcumin is due to its ability to reduce free radicals and activate antioxidant enzyme systems, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. This action contributes to a decrease in oxidative stress, especially in tissues with a high level of mitochondrial activity, such as the brain, liver, and heart.

The immunomodulatory properties of curcumin are realized through the regulation of T-helper activation, suppression of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages and dendritic cells, as well as stabilization of natural killer activity. It influences cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy, including through the PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and mTOR signaling cascades, confirming participation in the modulation of the immune response.

In the endocrine system, curcumin demonstrates an influence on the level of tissue sensitivity to insulin, regulates the activity of adipocytokines (in particular, adiponectin and leptin), and is also capable of suppressing the activity of alpha-glucosidase and inhibiting lipid deposition in hepatocytes. These properties are due to action on the nuclear receptors PPAR-γ and the AMPK cascade.

In the nervous system, curcumin exhibits neuroprotective properties by reducing neuroinflammation, inhibiting microglial activation, stabilizing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as well as mediated antagonism of glutamatergic hyperactivation. It penetrates the blood-brain barrier and demonstrates the ability to bind to amyloid proteins, reducing neurotoxicity.

At the level of the gastrointestinal tract, curcumin stabilizes the barrier function of the intestine, inhibits the secretion of gastric acid, protects the mucous membrane from oxidative and inflammatory damage, and also regulates the composition of the microbiota. Inhibition of the growth of pathogenic forms and maintenance of the population of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are noted.

In skin tissues, curcumin exhibits local antiseptic activity, accelerates epithelialization processes, reduces the production of inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases involved in the destruction of the extracellular matrix. It modulates the expression of epidermal and fibroblast growth factors, contributing to the healing of damaged skin areas.

The combined pharmacodynamic action of curcumin confirms its multilevel interaction with various biochemical cascades and body systems, including the nervous, immune, endocrine, skin, and digestive systems. The effects are realized both through direct inhibition of enzymes and receptors and through epigenetic modulation of signaling pathways and transcription factors.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5664031
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006291X19313538
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8385254
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ptr.6980
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Curcumin

Pharmacokinetics — Curcuma longa

The pharmacokinetic characteristics of curcumin depend on the route of administration, the dosage form, and the state of the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract or the skin barrier. The most frequently studied route of administration is oral, since curcumin is traditionally used internally in the form of powder, dry extract, or tincture. With oral intake, the absorption of curcumin in the small intestine is difficult due to its lipophilic nature, low water solubility, and tendency to rapid metabolism in the mucosa and liver. The main transport mechanisms in its absorption are considered to be passive diffusion and participation of transport with the involvement of P-gp proteins.

After absorption, a significant part of curcumin undergoes primary metabolism in the intestinal wall, and then in the liver, including reduction reactions, conjugation with glucuronic acid, and sulfation. Cytochrome P450 enzymes, uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases, and sulfotransferases participate in these reactions, converting curcumin into more hydrophilic forms suitable for excretion. The metabolic products circulate in the bloodstream both in free and bound-conjugated form. Mechanisms of enterohepatic circulation have also been discovered, especially with regular intake.

The distribution of curcumin and its metabolites in tissues occurs predominantly in lipid structures — the liver, adipose tissue, adrenal glands, and with prolonged use, its accumulation in cells with high mitochondrial activity is possible. Since the active forms of curcumin have a high affinity for membrane phospholipids, it is capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier and accumulating in neurons, microglial cells, and ependyma, where it exhibits antioxidant and neuroprotective properties.

The transdermal route of administration, used in the composition of ointments, creams, and serums, provides predominantly local action. At the same time, the absorption of the active substance is limited by the epidermis and the stratum corneum of the skin. However, in the presence of damage to the skin barrier or prolonged use, penetration into deep dermal layers and systemic entry into the lymphatic system is possible. The absorption rate increases with the use of oil forms that enhance the solubility of curcumin.

With administration through mucous membranes (rectally, vaginally, nasally), curcumin bypasses the first hepatic pass, which allows partially bypassing primary metabolism. Such routes contribute to more pronounced local activity and potentially better systemic action, especially in the form of microclysters, suppositories, and drops. However, here too, active metabolites quickly enter conjugation.

The excretion of curcumin metabolic products is carried out predominantly through bile into the intestine with subsequent excretion with feces. Some part is excreted by the kidneys in the form of glucuronides and sulfates. With transdermal and mucosal routes of administration, partial elimination through the skin and lungs is also possible.

Studies confirm the participation of intestinal microflora in the metabolism of curcumin, especially with its prolonged intake. Products of bacterial reduction of curcumin may possess their own pharmacological activity, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.g...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Curcuma longa

The main active component of Curcuma longa — curcumin — is a lipophilic phenolic compound from the class of diarylheptanoids. The mechanisms of its action cover a wide range of biological targets, including receptor complexes, enzyme systems, signaling cascades, and transcriptional regulators. One of the central mechanisms is considered to be the suppression of activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which participates in the regulation of the inflammatory response, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Curcumin inhibits the phosphorylation of IκB kinase, which blocks the translocation of activated NF-κB into the nucleus, reducing the production of interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α.

A high affinity of curcumin for the enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and phospholipase A2 has been shown, which ensures a decrease in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes — mediators of inflammation and hyperemia. It also modulates the activity of the JAK/STAT cascade, reducing the phosphorylation of STAT3, which leads to a weakening of signal transmission from interleukins and growth factors. In addition, curcumin regulates the MAPK signaling pathways (ERK, JNK, and p38), influencing cell proliferation, differentiation, and stress response.

The antioxidant activity of curcumin is realized both through direct neutralization of free radicals (e.g., superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, nitric oxide) and through activation of the transcription factor Nrf2. This leads to increased expression of antioxidant defense enzymes — superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), stabilizing cell membranes and reducing oxidative damage to mitochondria and DNA.

Curcumin exerts a regulatory effect on macrophages and neutrophils, suppressing their activation and reducing the expression of adhesion molecules on the surface of endothelial cells, such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, thereby reducing transendothelial migration of leukocytes. It has been established that curcumin reduces the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR4), inhibiting the response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides.

Curcumin also demonstrates the ability to induce apoptosis in tumor cells through activation of caspases 3, 8, and 9, suppression of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, and increased expression of the p53 protein. It also inhibits angiogenesis through suppression of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) involved in the degradation of the basement membrane.

On the part of neurotransmitter systems, curcumin exhibits an influence on serotonin (5-HT1A) and dopamine (D2) receptors, and also increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which confirms its participation in neuroplastic and neuroprotective processes. In addition, the ability of curcumin to inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been reported, potentiating cholinergic transmission.

The microbiomodulatory action of curcumin is associated with its ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, including Candida albicans, Helicobacter pylori, and a number of conditionally pathogenic intestinal bacteria. In parallel, it promotes the growth of representatives of beneficial microflora, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which is associated with the restoration of the barrier function of mucous membranes.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co...
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.g...

Synergy — Curcuma longa

The pharmacological synergy of curcumin — the main biologically active component of Curcuma longa — has been confirmed in a number of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. The most pronounced potentiating and modulating effects are observed when curcumin is combined with other plant polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and natural minerals participating in the regulation of inflammatory, antioxidant, immune, and neurophysiological processes.

One of the most studied synergistic directions is the enhancement of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action of curcumin with combined use with quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and resveratrol. These compounds complement the ability of curcumin to inhibit NADPH oxidase and activate the nuclear factor Nrf2, which leads to a cumulative increase in the expression of antioxidant enzymes — superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and heme oxygenase-1. The mechanism of synergy in this case is realized at the transcriptional and cellular levels, including modulation of MAPK pathways and a decrease in the production of reactive oxygen species.

Potentiating synergy of curcumin with citrus bioflavonoids (especially naringenin and hesperidin), which complement its activity with respect to pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, has been confirmed. The combined action of these substances leads to additive suppression of the NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling pathways, as well as a decrease in the expression of COX-2 and iNOS enzymes in macrophages and epithelial cells.

A significant enhancement of the bioavailability and systemic activity of curcumin is observed when combined with piperine — an alkaloid of black pepper, which inhibits glucuronidation enzymes in the liver and intestine, reducing the rate of metabolic transformation of curcumin. This interaction is pharmacokinetic in nature and leads to modulation of the period of systemic circulation of the active forms of the substance.

In studies of tissue-specific synergy, curcumin showed additive and protective interaction with dihydroquercetin, apigenin, and ginkgo flavones when acting on endothelial cells, astrocytes, and immunocompetent cells. The combined use of these substances is accompanied by enhanced antiproliferative and membrane-stabilizing effects, a decrease in the level of intracellular calcium, and suppression of excitotoxic cascades.

The complementarity of curcumin with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the regulation of inflammatory processes has been shown, including a decrease in the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes through competitive inhibition of COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes. This interaction covers both systemic and cellular levels and is especially pronounced in tissues with a high density of immune and neuroglial cells.

In the composition of multicomponent phyto-preparations, curcumin exhibits synergism with ginseng saponins, Centella triterpenes, and bacopa alkaloids. These interactions are realized through joint inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, enhancement of neurotrophic activity, and stabilization of synaptic transmission. In addition, curcumin complements the adaptogenic and anti-stress action of these compounds, participating in the regulation of the HPA axis and reducing cortisol levels.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Curcuma longa

Curcuma longa, widely known as turmeric, possesses one of the most extensive geographies of traditional use among medicinal plants of the Old World. The homeland of the plant is considered to be South Asia, primarily India, where it occupies a key place in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. The first documented mentions of turmeric date back to the Vedic texts of the 2nd millennium BC, where it was described as the "golden root" and was part of ritual and healing compositions. In the culture of the Dravidian peoples of South India, turmeric was used as a protective paste for the body, as a component of oil rubbings in preparation for sacred ceremonies and marriage unions. At the same time, it was used not only externally but also as part of sacred food, giving the body a "pure" nature.

In the Tibetan and South Chinese tradition, turmeric was known as a cleansing and warming remedy used in preparations together with ginger, camphor, pepper, and saffron. In Chinese pharmacopoeial sources starting from the Tang era (7th–10th centuries), turmeric is mentioned as a component of hot infusions and powders used in the context of the movement of qi and the elimination of "blood stasis." In Thai folk medicine, turmeric is part of herbal balls for massage compresses, ointments, and oil extracts, and is also widely used in steam inhalation baths and wraps.

In Southeast Asia, turmeric is considered a sacred plant and a plant of transition. In the cultures of the Lao, Khmer, and Burmese, newborns, brides, and monks are rubbed with turmeric root powder on days of initiation, believing that the plant creates a protective shell and purifies karma. In the Indonesian archipelagos and the Philippines, turmeric rhizomes are part of "jamu" — traditional tonic drinks and pastes used in everyday prophylaxis and ritual practice.

In the Muslim regions of South Asia, turmeric was revered as a plant that purifies from evil and was used in a mixture with oil for coating door frames, clothing, and amulets. In the Middle East, especially in the Persian and Arab medical tradition, turmeric figured in the works of Ibn Sina as a "joyful liver powder," used as part of powder preparations, infusions, and aqueous decoctions. It was also used as part of mucolytic-smoking incenses used in cleansing and soothing rituals.

In the East African coastal culture of the Swahili, turmeric is mentioned as a plant for cosmetic and ritual purposes, especially in wedding and cleansing practices of women. In the "kungwi" ritual, turmeric was used to paint the face and palms, giving symbolic significance to the transition and purification. In the territory of Iran and the Caucasus, turmeric is present in ritual dishes and pastes, and in the Middle Eastern and Uyghur context — in the form of powders applied to the forehead and wrists as an element of morning hygiene and protection from the evil eye.

Slavic herbals of the late 19th – early 20th centuries recorded rare mentions of "Indian saffron" as an overseas spice with a warming effect; however, a stable folk tradition of using turmeric in the Slavic region did not develop. In South Italian and Sicilian ethnomedicine, turmeric is also present as an element of incense, body powders, and rites of purification of space after illnesses.

Thus, Curcuma longa over millennia retains the status of a sacred and pharmacologically active plant, uniting medical, cultural, and ritual practices in India, Southeast Asia, China, the Muslim world, and certain regions of Europe and Africa.