Rhaponticum carthamoides (Maral Root)

Rhaponticum carthamoides (Maral Root)

Product Name: Левзея сафлоровидная, Rhaponticum carthamoides, Leuzea, Maral root, Saflorblättrige Leuzea, Leuzée safranée, Raíz de maral, 鹿根, マラルルート, Lévzea, Левзея, Leuzėja, Стевнолистна левзея, לֶבְזֵאָה.

Synonyms: маралий корень, большеголовник сафлоровидный, левзея сафлоровидная, Stemmacantha carthamoides, Cnicus carthamoides, maral root, leuzea, safflower leuzea, Saflor-Leuzea, Leuzée à feuilles de carthame, Raíz de maral, Racine de maral, 鹿根, マラルルート, 鹿根草, לֶבְזֵאָה.

Parts Used: rhizome, roots, rhizome with roots.

Main Indications for Use of Rhaponticum carthamoides: Asthenia, chronic fatigue syndrome, decreased physical and mental performance, recovery after infectious diseases, arterial hypotension, vegetative-vascular dystonia of the hypotonic type, sexual dysfunction, sexual weakness, stage I–II hypertension, overtraining syndrome in athletes, hypoglycemia, anemia.

Use of Rhaponticum carthamoides in mixtures and complexes: Depression of mild severity, post-stress disorders, diabetes mellitus type 2, metabolic syndrome, chronic prostatitis, oligospermia, dysmenorrhea, astheno-neurotic syndrome, recovery after surgery, sleep disorders.

Pharmacological Properties of Rhaponticum carthamoides: adaptogenic, tonic, anabolic, psychostimulating, anti-stress, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, vasodilating, nootropic, erythropoiesis-stimulating, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Rhaponticum carthamoides

Powder — Rhaponticum carthamoides

Indications (Powder): Asthenic syndrome, sarcopenia, cachexia, orthostatic hypotension, chronic fatigue syndrome, iron deficiency anemia, post-stress disorder, dyshormonal myopathy, mild cognitive impairment, adjustment disorders, recovery period after surgical interventions and infections.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 1–2 grams of powder 2 times a day 30 minutes before meals, with warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 3 grams of powder 2 times a day for sarcopenia, orthostatic hypotension, cachexia, dyshormonal myopathy.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): 4 grams 2 times a day, no more than 7 days consecutively for pronounced chronic fatigue syndrome and asthenic syndrome.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 1 gram per day in the morning. Recommended for patients with mild cognitive impairment, chronic adjustment disorders, persons over 60 years of age. Preventive course: 14 days every 2 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): Use is possible from 12 years of age, with body weight from 40 kg. Dosage: 0.5 grams once a day. Used only as prescribed by a physician.

Contraindications (Powder): Insomnia, arterial hypertension, arrhythmia, individual intolerance. Scientifically reliable data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in childhood under 12 years of age have not been registered.

Side Effects (Powder): Registered: irritability, headache, increased blood pressure in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight below 60 kg, reduce the dosage by 25%. For body weight above 90 kg, an increase of dosage by 20% is permissible in the absence of contraindications.

Preparation Method (Powder): 100 grams of powder are prepared from purified and dried rhizome with roots of leuzea. The raw material is ground into a powder with a fraction of no more than 0.3 mm in a metal or ceramic mill. The temperature of the raw material during grinding must not exceed 45 °C. The powder is sieved and hermetically packaged.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in an airtight dark glass or kraft paper container with internal foil lamination, at a temperature from +5 to +25 °C, in a dry, dark place, away from EMI sources. Shelf life — 12 months. After opening the package, use within 30 days.

Dry Extract — Rhaponticum carthamoides

Indications (Dry Extract): Chronic fatigue syndrome, asthenic syndrome, orthostatic hypotension, iron deficiency anemia, cachexia, sarcopenia, dyshormonal myopathy, post-stress disorder, mild cognitive impairment.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 200–300 mg of extract 1–2 times a day orally, as part of an aqueous or milk base.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 400 mg 2 times a day for pronounced asthenia, sarcopenia, during the recovery period after severe infections.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): 600 mg 2 times a day. Maximum permissible course: no more than 10 days. Used for pronounced cachexia, hypotension, neurocirculatory dystonia.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 150 mg once a day in the morning. Indicated for mild anemia, emotional exhaustion, decreased concentration. Preventive course — 20 days with a break of 40 days.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): Use is permitted from 14 years of age with body weight not less than 45 kg. Dosage: 100 mg once a day in the morning.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Arterial hypertension, convulsive syndrome, tachycardia. Not recommended during pregnancy, lactation, and in childhood under 14 years of age — scientific data on safety are absent.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): Registered: anxiety, insomnia, increased blood pressure when the permissible dosage is exceeded.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Up to 60 kg — reduction of dosage by 25%. Above 90 kg — an increase of dosage by 15% is permissible in the absence of side effects.

Preparation Method (Dry Extract): To obtain 100 grams of dry extract, 500 grams of ground leuzea root are used. The raw material is extracted with 60% ethanol for 6 hours at a temperature of 55–60 °C. After filtration and evaporation under vacuum, a thick extract is obtained, which is dried by spray method at a temperature of 40–45 °C.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in an airtight light-proof container at a temperature from +4 to +20 °C, in a dry, light-protected place. Shelf life — up to 24 months. After opening, use within 45 days.

Alcohol Tincture — Rhaponticum carthamoides

Indications (Alcohol Tincture): Orthostatic hypotension, asthenic syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, iron deficiency anemia, post-stress disorder, dyshormonal myopathy, mild cognitive impairment, adjustment disorders.

Standard Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): 20–25 drops 2 times a day, diluted in 50 ml of water, 20 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): 30 drops 2 times a day for pronounced hypotension, asthenic syndrome, recovery period after prolonged infections.

Maximum Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): 40 drops 3 times a day, no more than 5 days consecutively. Used for pronounced cachexia, orthostatic hypotension, sarcopenia.

Preventive Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): 15 drops once a day in the morning, for 10 days. Recommended for chronic fatigue, decreased mental performance, preparation for exams, persons over 60 years of age.

Pediatric Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): Not recommended for use in children and adolescents under 18 years of age due to ethanol content.

Contraindications (Alcohol Tincture): Arterial hypertension, alcohol dependence, epilepsy, individual intolerance, liver diseases. Not recommended during pregnancy, lactation, and in children — scientific data on safety have not been registered.

Side Effects (Alcohol Tincture): When the dosage is exceeded, palpitations, agitation, insomnia, headache are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight below 60 kg, reduce the dose by 30%. For patients with body weight above 90 kg — an increase of the dose by up to 20% is possible under well-being monitoring.

Preparation Method (Alcohol Tincture): 100 grams of alcohol tincture are obtained by maceration of 20 grams of ground leuzea rhizome in 100 ml of 70% ethyl alcohol. Extraction is carried out in a dark place at a temperature of +18–22 °C for 10 days. The mixture is periodically shaken. After maceration, the liquid is filtered through a cotton-gauze filter and poured into dark glass containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Alcohol Tincture): Store in a dark glass bottle, tightly sealed, at a temperature from +5 to +25 °C, in a light-protected place, away from sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 3 years. After opening, use within 60 days.

Oil Infusion — Rhaponticum carthamoides

Indications (Oil Infusion): Sarcopenia, dyshormonal myopathy, post-stress disorder, chronic fatigue syndrome, asthenic syndrome, orthostatic hypotension.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): 5 ml orally once a day after meals, course — 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): 7 ml orally 2 times a day for pronounced myopathy, sarcopenia, recovery after operations.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): 10 ml 2 times a day, no more than 5 days consecutively. Used for cachexia and severe forms of asthenia.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): 2.5 ml orally once a day in the morning, for 10 days. Recommended for physical and mental overload, decreased libido, athletes in the off-season.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): Use is permitted from 12 years of age with body weight from 40 kg. Dosage — 2 ml once a day, no more than 7 days.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Acute cholecystitis, pancreatitis, liver diseases, individual intolerance. There are no data on safety during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years of age.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): With overdose, nausea, dyspepsia, feeling of heaviness in the epigastric region are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight less than 60 kg, the dosage is reduced by 30%. For body weight above 90 kg, an increase of the dose by 20% is permissible under supervision.

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion): 100 grams of oil infusion are obtained by infusing 20 grams of ground leuzea rhizome in 100 ml of organic cold-pressed coconut oil. The infusion is carried out at a temperature of +40 °C in a water bath for 3 hours, then cooled and filtered through gauze. Store in a dark glass jar.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store at a temperature from +5 to +20 °C, in a tightly closed glass container, in a place protected from light and heat. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Vaginal Suppository — Rhaponticum carthamoides

Indications (Vaginal Suppository): Atrophic vaginitis, dyshormonal vulvovaginal changes, postmenopausal syndrome, bacterial vaginosis, chronic cervicitis, functional sexual disorders, vaginal microbiota disorders.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository vaginally once a day at night for 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day (morning and evening) for 7 days for pronounced postmenopausal syndrome, bacterial vaginosis, vaginal dysbiosis.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 2 suppositories 2 times a day, maximum 5 days consecutively for pronounced atrophic and inflammatory conditions.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository every other day, course of 10 suppositories. Recommended for women during menopause, with recurrent vaginosis, decreased secretion, mild cervicitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): Use in pediatrics is not recommended. Safety and efficacy in girls and adolescents have not been established.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppository): Acute inflammatory processes in the small pelvis, bleeding of unknown etiology, individual intolerance. Data on use during pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppository): Rarely — a feeling of burning or tingling, slight hyperemia of the mucosa. With overdose — local irritation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required.

Preparation Method (Vaginal Suppository): For 100 grams of base: 20 grams of thick leuzea extract, 80 grams of purified cocoa butter or coconut oil. The extract is dissolved in a water bath in melted oil, mixed thoroughly. The mass is poured into molds of 2 grams. Cool at +4 °C for 3 hours.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppository): Store in a refrigerator at a temperature of +4…+8 °C, in an airtight package protected from light. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening the blister, use within 7 days.

Rectal Suppository — Rhaponticum carthamoides

Indications (Rectal Suppository): Chronic fatigue syndrome, orthostatic hypotension, iron deficiency anemia, asthenic syndrome, neurasthenia, adjustment disorders, post-stress disorder, sarcopenia.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository rectally once a day in the morning after defecation, course — 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day for pronounced fatigue, decreased muscle tone, myopathy.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 2 suppositories 2 times a day, no more than 5 days consecutively. Recommended for pronounced asthenia, in the postoperative period.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository every other day, course of 10 suppositories. Used in elderly patients with vascular tone disorders and a tendency to orthostatic reactions.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppository): Used from 12 years of age with body weight not less than 40 kg. Dosage — 0.5 suppository rectally once a day.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppository): Acute proctitis, hemorrhoidal bleeding, individual intolerance. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been established.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppository): Rare cases of irritation of the rectal mucosa, burning sensation, urges to defecate in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Up to 60 kg — use ½ suppository. Above 90 kg — the use of 1.5 suppositories at a time is permissible.

Preparation Method (Rectal Suppository): 100 grams of base: 20 grams of thick leuzea extract, 80 grams of cocoa butter or coconut oil. The components are combined in a water bath at a temperature of +40…+45 °C. The mass is poured into molds of 2 grams, cooled at +4 °C for 3 hours.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Rectal Suppository): Store in a refrigerator at a temperature of +4…+8 °C, in the original packaging, in a light-protected place. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening the package, use within 5 days.

Nasal Drops — Rhaponticum carthamoides

Indications (Nasal Drops): Atrophic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis, chronic rhinitis with an autonomic component, post-viral hyposmia, microcirculation disorders in the nasal mucosa, adjustment disorders with autonomic reactions.

Standard Dosage (Nasal Drops): 2 drops in each nasal passage 2 times a day, course — 7–10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Nasal Drops): 3 drops in each nasal passage 3 times a day for pronounced vasomotor rhinitis and olfactory disorders.

Maximum Dosage (Nasal Drops): 4 drops in each nasal passage 3 times a day, no more than 5 days consecutively, for severe atrophic rhinitis.

Preventive Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1–2 drops in each nasal passage once a day in the morning, course — 5 days per month. Recommended for weather sensitivity, a tendency to nasal congestion, age-related changes of the mucosa.

Pediatric Dosage (Nasal Drops): Use is permissible from 7 years of age. Dosage — 1 drop in each nasal passage once a day, no more than 5 days.

Contraindications (Nasal Drops): Acute rhinosinusitis, nasal bleeding, individual intolerance to components. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been studied.

Side Effects (Nasal Drops): With overdose, dryness and irritation of the mucosa, reflex sneezing, burning in the nose are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients up to 60 kg — standard dosage. For patients above 90 kg — no increase in volume is required.

Preparation Method (Nasal Drops): To prepare 100 ml: 10 ml of alcohol extract of leuzea (1:5), 85 ml of sterile physiological sodium chloride solution 0.9%, 5 ml of jojoba oil or coconut oil. The components are mixed under sterile conditions, filtered through a 0.2 µm membrane filter, poured into glass dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Nasal Drops): Store in a refrigerator at a temperature of +4…+8 °C, in an airtight glass container protected from light. Shelf life — 30 days. After opening, use within 7 days.

Ear Drops — Rhaponticum carthamoides

Indications (Ear Drops): Functional hearing disorders, age-related decrease in sound perception, sensorineural hearing loss of degree I–II, microcirculation disorders in the cochlea, adjustment disorders with vestibular disorders.

Standard Dosage (Ear Drops): 3 drops in each auditory canal 2 times a day, course — 7–10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ear Drops): 4 drops 3 times a day in each auditory canal for pronounced signs of hearing loss or vascular tinnitus.

Maximum Dosage (Ear Drops): 5 drops 3 times a day, no more than 5 days consecutively for pronounced vascular tinnitus and hearing decrease.

Preventive Dosage (Ear Drops): 2 drops once a day, course — 5 days per month. Recommended for elderly patients with hearing decrease, working in noisy conditions.

Pediatric Dosage (Ear Drops): Use is possible from 10 years of age. Dosage — 1 drop in each auditory canal once a day.

Contraindications (Ear Drops): Perforation of the tympanic membrane, acute otitis, purulent discharge from the ear, individual intolerance to components. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been studied.

Side Effects (Ear Drops): A feeling of itching or slight burning, with overdose short-term dizziness is possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Dose adjustment is not required.

Preparation Method (Ear Drops): 100 ml of composition: 10 ml of leuzea extract in glycerin, 85 ml of sterile coconut oil, 5 ml of 10% propolis tincture. Mix the components in glassware, keep for 12 hours, filter through sterile gauze. Pour into glass bottles with a drip dispenser.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ear Drops): Store in a refrigerator at a temperature of +4…+8 °C, away from light and heat sources. Shelf life — up to 60 days. After opening, use within 14 days.

Ointment — Rhaponticum carthamoides

Indications (Ointment): Muscle hypotonia, myopathy, arthralgia in rheumatoid arthritis, localized cachexia, post-traumatic muscle atrophy, muscle strain, peripheral circulatory disorders.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply a thin layer 2 times a day to the affected area, with light rubbing movements. Course — 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): Apply 3 times a day under a warming dressing for post-traumatic muscle hypotonia, rheumatoid arthralgia, localized cachexia.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): 4 applications per day on a limited area of no more than 20 cm², for 5 days for a sharp decrease in muscle tone.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): Apply once a day before physical exertion or a prolonged static posture. Course — 5–7 days per month. Recommended for athletes, elderly patients, office workers.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): Use is permissible from 6 years of age. Apply once a day to a muscle area not exceeding 10 cm². Do not use at elevated body temperature.

Contraindications (Ointment): Acute skin inflammations, open wounds, individual intolerance to components. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been established.

Side Effects (Ointment): Local allergic reactions, skin irritation, hyperemia are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight below 40 kg — apply a smaller volume, reduce the application area. For body weight above 90 kg — the volume can be increased up to 25%.

Preparation Method (Ointment): For 100 grams of ointment: 20 grams of dry leuzea extract, 10 grams of beeswax, 70 grams of coconut oil. Melt the coconut oil in a water bath, add wax and extract. With constant stirring, bring to a homogeneous mass, cool at room temperature. Transfer to sterile jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store in a glass jar with a tight lid, in a dark, cool place at a temperature of +5…+18 °C. Shelf life — up to 6 months. After opening — use within 30 days.

Cream — Rhaponticum carthamoides

Indications (Cream): Skin atony, age-related skin changes, dry skin, skin relief hypotrophy, vascular networks, recovery after dermatological procedures, peripheral microcirculation disorders.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply 2 times a day to clean skin of the face or body, gently massaging until completely absorbed. Course — 14–21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): 3 times a day with application in a thick layer, 1–2 times a week use as a mask under a compress for pronounced dryness and skin atrophy.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): 4 times a day for sharp dryness, after laser or peel procedures, no more than 5 days consecutively.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Once a day at night, course of 10–15 days every month. Recommended for women during hormonal changes, the elderly, with circulatory disorders.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): Permissible from 7 years of age, for dry skin, 1 application per day. Apply no more than 7 days consecutively.

Contraindications (Cream): Individual intolerance, skin hyperreactivity, fresh skin damage, purulent inflammations. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been confirmed.

Side Effects (Cream): Irritation, itching sensation, rarely — rashes in case of individual hypersensitivity.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required.

Preparation Method (Cream): For 100 grams: 15 grams of dry leuzea extract, 10 grams of glycerin, 65 grams of coconut oil, 10 grams of lavender hydrolate. The oil and water phases are heated to 50 °C, combined with constant stirring until an emulsion is formed. Cool to +25 °C. Add a preservative if desired (0.5–1% rosemary essential oil). Pour into jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store in a tightly closed jar of opaque plastic or glass at a temperature from +5 to +15 °C, away from direct light. Shelf life — 3 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Serum — Rhaponticum carthamoides

Indications (Serum): Skin atony, reduced turgor, age-related changes of the epidermis, photoaging, skin capillaropathy, post-acne, decreased skin tone of the face and neck.

Standard Dosage (Serum): Apply 2–3 drops to clean skin of the face and neck in the morning and evening before basic care. Course — 14–21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): 5 drops 3 times a day for pronounced skin hypotrophy, photoaging, decreased microcirculation.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): 7 drops up to 4 times a day, no more than 5 days consecutively for an acute condition — after insolation, aggressive cosmetic procedures.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): 2 drops once a day, course of 10 days every 2 months. Suitable for menopausal women, patients with dry and dehydrated skin, working in air-conditioned rooms.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): Not used in childhood. Efficacy and safety have not been confirmed.

Contraindications (Serum): Individual intolerance, active rashes, rosacea, fresh skin injuries. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been established.

Side Effects (Serum): Rarely — redness, tingling sensation. When the dosage is exceeded — temporary skin edema.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required.

Preparation Method (Serum): For 100 ml: 5 grams of dry leuzea extract, 40 ml of distilled water, 40 ml of rose hydrolate, 10 ml of glycerin, 5 ml of fractionated coconut oil. Heat the water phase to +35 °C, dissolve the extract. Introduce glycerin and oil, shake thoroughly until a translucent emulsion is formed. Pour into bottles with a pipette.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): Store at a temperature of +4…+8 °C, in a dark place protected from light and heat. Shelf life — 30 days. After opening, use within 10 days.

Gel — Rhaponticum carthamoides

Indications (Gel): Muscle fatigue, decreased tone, local myalgias, post-traumatic ligament weakness, microcirculation disorders, venous insufficiency of the lower extremities of stage I–II.

Standard Dosage (Gel): Apply a thin layer 2 times a day to clean skin, do not rub in. Leave until completely absorbed. Course — 10–15 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Gel): 3 times a day for venous insufficiency and pronounced muscle fatigue; combination with compression therapy is possible.

Maximum Dosage (Gel): 4 applications per day on a limited area (up to 25 cm²), maximum 5 days.

Preventive Dosage (Gel): Once a day on the calf muscles and lower extremities in the evening after work. Suitable for athletes, elderly patients, with a sedentary lifestyle. Course — 7 days each month.

Pediatric Dosage (Gel): Permitted from 10 years of age. Once a day for muscle overload, application volume — 1 ml, no more than 7 days consecutively.

Contraindications (Gel): Purulent skin inflammations, wounds, allergy to components, individual hypersensitivity. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been established.

Side Effects (Gel): Slight burning, itching, tingling sensation. With excessive application — skin irritation, rashes.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required.

Preparation Method (Gel): For 100 ml of gel: 10 grams of dry leuzea extract, 80 ml of aloe vera gel (preservative-free), 5 ml of distilled water, 5 ml of fractionated coconut oil. All components are mixed at +25 °C in glassware, homogenized until homogeneous, packaged in tubes.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Gel): Store in a refrigerator at +4…+8 °C, in an airtight package. Shelf life — 60 days. After opening, use within 10 days.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Rhaponticum carthamoides

Toxicity studies of the extract of Rhaponticum carthamoides have shown a low level of toxicity and high biosafety when used in therapeutic doses. For the main active substance — 20-hydroxyecdysone — the LD50 value for oral administration in mice exceeds 6400 mg/kg of body weight, which indicates extremely low acute toxicity.

With prolonged use in doses many times exceeding therapeutic ones, no signs of cumulation or damage to internal organs were recorded. In animals, there were no changes in biochemical and morphological parameters of the liver, kidneys, heart, and central nervous system.

Leuzea safflower-like is classified as a non-toxic substance for short-term and long-term use. However, as for all phytoactive substances, compliance with recommended dosages and monitoring of individual tolerance are required.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Pharmacodynamics — Rhaponticum carthamoides

The pharmacodynamic properties of Rhaponticum carthamoides are due to the presence in the plant of a complex of biologically active substances, the main of which are phytoecdysteroids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, as well as terpenoids and derivatives of phenolic carboxylic acids. The central mechanism of action is considered to be a systemic modulating effect on the nervous, endocrine, immune, and muscular systems.

Phytoecdysteroids present in the rhizomes of the plant have a pronounced anabolic effect without hormonal activity, which allows them to indirectly activate protein synthesis in muscle tissue. In vivo studies show their effect on accelerating ribosomal activity, stimulating RNA biosynthesis, and increasing the activity of transcription factors in target cells. These processes occur at the systemic level and affect the regulation of tissue metabolism.

At the level of the central nervous system, extracts of Rhaponticum carthamoides demonstrate a regulatory effect on autonomic and behavioral activity, including modulation of the state of cortical-subcortical connections. The effect on the level of neurotransmitters, in particular dopamine and serotonin, as well as the potentiation of GABAergic transmission effects, has been reliably established. This is accompanied by a decrease in reactivity to stress stimuli and an improvement in neuronal plasticity.

The immunomodulatory effects of the plant are described as activation of the nonspecific link of immunity, increased activity of macrophages and NK cells, as well as stimulation of interleukin synthesis. The mechanism of action is associated with the activation of the NF-κB and STAT signaling pathways involved in the cellular response to stress and inflammation. This has been confirmed in a model of phagocytosis and leukocyte proliferation.

Flavonoid and phenolic compounds in the plant have antioxidant activity, realized through the inhibition of lipid peroxidation processes, binding of free radicals, and membrane stabilization. They are also able to suppress the activity of pro-inflammatory enzymes, such as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, which further enhances the anti-inflammatory effect.

In the endocrine system, the effect of ecdysteroids on the normalization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis has been revealed, as well as a moderate stimulating effect on the synthesis of steroid hormones due to an increase in the sensitivity of cell receptors to regulatory factors. This action is mediated through the activation of secondary messengers at the cellular level.

Skin receptors, including TRPV and prostaglandin receptors, can also be targets for topical use of forms based on leuzea, which is manifested in improved microcirculation, stimulation of collagen synthesis, and acceleration of epidermal regeneration.

The level of action of the active substances of Rhaponticum carthamoides is predominantly systemic, with possible local activity with transdermal or mucosal administration. The presumed pharmacological targets are nuclear receptors (in particular, receptors of the ecdysone-like family), antioxidant defense enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase), GABA and adenosine receptors, as well as PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling molecules.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7670727
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11101-016-9483-z
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19457517
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/rhaponticum-carthamoides

Pharmacokinetics — Rhaponticum carthamoides

The pharmacokinetic characteristics of Rhaponticum carthamoides are assessed mainly by the main classes of its active substances — phytoecdysteroids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and terpenoid components. Specific clinical studies with a complete kinetic profile for each individual compound in the plant are limited; however, generalized data allow describing the pharmacokinetics depending on the dosage form and route of administration.

With oral administration (powder, infusion, dry extract), the absorption of phytoecdysteroids and polyphenols occurs in the small intestine. These compounds, as a rule, are characterized by moderate absorbability and are subject to the effect of presystemic metabolism in the intestinal wall and liver. Some components (in particular, flavonoid aglycones) can be absorbed in the form of glucuronides after microbial transformation in the intestine. Terpenoids and fat-soluble fractions are better absorbed in the presence of fats in food, which increases their bioavailability.

The transdermal route (ointment, cream, gel) provides slow and localized penetration of active substances through the stratum corneum of the skin. At the same time, the effect is realized mainly locally, with minimal systemic intake. Possible systemic absorption depends on the lipophilicity of the form and the application area.

With mucosal administration (suppositories, drops), active substances are partially absorbed through the epithelium without passing through the liver (no first-pass effect). This allows achieving a moderate systemic effect at minimal doses. Polar compounds of low molecular weight and phytoecdysteroids in free form are especially well absorbed.

Metabolism occurs mainly in the liver, where phytoecdysteroids and flavonoids undergo phase I (oxidation, hydroxylation) and phase II (glucuronidation, sulfation). Some substances can be reabsorbed from the intestine as part of enterohepatic circulation. Terpenoids and fat-soluble components partially accumulate in adipose tissue, exhibiting a delayed effect.

Excretion is carried out by the kidneys in the form of metabolites (glucuronides, sulfates), as well as with bile at a high level of lipophilicity. An insignificant amount of volatile compounds can be excreted through the respiratory tract or skin.

The rate of excretion and cumulation depend on the dosage form, body weight, and functional state of the liver and kidneys. Biotransformation of components does not lead to the formation of toxic metabolites when following the recommended dosages.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19457517
https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/rhaponticum-carthamoides
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7670727

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Rhaponticum carthamoides

The mechanisms of action of Rhaponticum carthamoides are due to a complex of phytoecdysteroids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids, each of which affects various molecular and cellular targets. The main effects are realized through interaction with receptor systems, activation of intracellular signaling cascades, and modulation of enzyme pathways. The central biologically active component of the plant is considered to be 20-hydroxyecdysone, which has an anabolic and neurotropic effect, which has been confirmed in animal models and cell lines.

Phytoecdysteroids demonstrate the ability to interact with nuclear receptors of the steroid type without activating androgen or estrogen pathways, which allows them to modulate the transcription of genes responsible for protein synthesis and cell growth. In particular, the expression of ribosomal proteins and mitochondrial enzymes regulating energy metabolism is activated. This mediates the stimulation of anabolic processes in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue. Additionally, activation of the PI3K/Akt and mTOR signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation and growth is observed.

At the neuronal level, extracts of Rhaponticum carthamoides modulate the activity of GABA-A and serotonin receptors, potentiating inhibitory processes in the central nervous system and reducing neuroinflammatory signals. A decrease in microglial activity and production of IL-6 and TNF-α indicates an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect. Stabilization of membrane channels and a decrease in calcium overload of neurons are also observed.

Flavonoids and phenolic compounds suppress the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (5-LOX), which leads to a decrease in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. At the same time, antioxidant defense enzymes are activated, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, which provides protection of cellular structures from oxidative stress.

The immunomodulatory effect is associated with the activation of the cellular link of the immune system, including macrophages and NK cells. Proliferation of immunocompetent cells is accompanied by an increase in the level of IL-2 and IFN-γ, as well as activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, which regulates inflammatory and immune responses. These effects are systemic in nature and are realized mainly through the JAK/STAT and MAPK signaling cascades.

At the vascular level, the active substances of leuzea demonstrate the ability to modulate endothelial function and reduce capillary permeability. This is realized through the inhibition of NO synthase activity and normalization of vasoactive mediators, such as endothelin and prostacyclin. Local forms (gel, ointment) exhibit additional effects on TRPV1, TRPA1, and PPAR receptors, which is accompanied by anti-inflammatory and vasodilating action.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19457517
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11101-016-9483-z
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/rhaponticum-carthamoides

Synergy — Rhaponticum carthamoides

The pharmacological synergy of Rhaponticum carthamoides with other natural substances has been confirmed in a number of preclinical and experimental works. One of the main directions of interaction is the potentiation of antioxidant and adaptogenic action in combination with plants containing polyphenols, saponins, and terpenoids. With combined use with Eleutherococcus senticosus and Panax ginseng, an additive increase in the expression of antioxidant defense enzymes, including superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase, was noted. These data confirm systemic synergy at the level of redox homeostasis.

The combination of Rhaponticum carthamoides with flavonoid plants, such as Ginkgo biloba and Scutellaria baicalensis, leads to a modulating effect on the vascular endothelium and improved microcirculation. As a result, joint inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity and activation of NO synthase are noted, which may contribute to the optimization of vascular tone.

Interaction with alkaloid-containing plants (for example, Rhodiola rosea) is manifested by an enhancement of the neuroprotective and stress-protective effect due to the combined effect on the HPA axis and mediator systems of the central nervous system. At the same time, synergistic regulation of the level of corticosteroids and serotonin was noted, which is confirmed by in vivo results.

Combinations with immunostimulating plants (Echinacea purpurea, Uncaria tomentosa) showed an additive or potentiating effect on the production of cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ, as well as on the proliferation of T-lymphocytes. This demonstrates a possible beneficial synergy in the activation of the cellular immune response.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24441747
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874117312014
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11101-016-9483-z

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Rhaponticum carthamoides

Leuzea safflower-like is traditionally used in the folk medicine of the peoples of Siberia, Altai, Tuva, Buryatia, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan. The main zone of wild growth covers the high-mountainous regions of the Eastern and Central Altai, the Sayans, the Western Tien Shan, and the Tuva depression, where the plant is known under local ethnonyms associated with the image of the maral — an animal that eats its roots during the period of sexual activity. These observations formed the basis of the traditional perception of leuzea as a "plant of power."

In Siberian and Altai folk medicine, the root of leuzea was used in the form of infusions and decoctions to restore physical strength, increase vital tone, and also in the form of chewing dried rhizome. Buryat healers used the root powder mixed with ghee. In the Kazakh steppe regions, infusions and tinctures on mare's kumis were used, as well as rubbing of the root infused in animal fat into muscles and joints.

In Tuva culture, the plant was used as part of healing incenses and ritual infusions accompanying male rituals, including initiation rites, hunting and wedding ceremonies. In the shamanic practice of Altai, dried pieces of the root were hung in dwellings as a talisman, linking it with the spirits of ancestors, patrons of strength and longevity.

Elements of Tibetan traditional medicine in Mongolia used leuzea in the form of alcohol and oil infusions as a means for balancing the energy of "lung" and "heat," mainly in the spring and autumn periods. In ancient medicinal collections of Buryatia, the plant is indicated as a component of male restorative collections and potions.

The first mentions of the use of leuzea are recorded in the early 18th century in the oral legends of the Tuvans and Altaians, later — in the works of Russian naturalists of the 19th century, such as Carl Friedrich von Ledebour, who systematized the flora of Siberia. In the 20th century, interest in the plant acquired scientific significance: leuzea extracts began to be studied in the institutes of sports medicine of the USSR, where its adaptogenic properties were used for the recovery of military personnel and cosmonauts.

In modern ethnomedical practices of Central Asia, leuzea continues to be used in home remedies, and in some regions of Kazakhstan — as an additive to tobacco when smoking in ritual contexts. Practices of hanging roots in dwellings and in carts as a symbol of strength and protection are also preserved.