​Citrus aurantiifolia (Lime)

Citrus aurantiifolia (Lime)

Product Name: Лайм настоящий, Citrus aurantiifolia, Echter Limette, Lima ácida, Citron vert, لايم, มะนาว, Limon, Лайм, Limon, Лайм, Kalkė, Laims, Лайм, ליים

Synonyms: Лиметта, лайм кислый, лайм мексиканский, лайм вест-индийский, лайм зелёный; Lime, Key lime, Mexican lime, West Indian lime; Limette, Echter Limette, Saure Limette; Lima ácida, Lima mexicana; Citron vert, Limettier, Lime acide; لايم أخضر، لايم مكسيكي؛ มะนาวเปรี้ยว, มะนาวเม็กซิกัน

Main Indications for Use of Citrus aurantiifolia: Cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, chronic gastritis with reduced acidity, intestinal dysbiosis, mucosal candidiasis, gingivitis, periodontitis, viral pharyngitis, tracheitis, bacterial cystitis, pyelonephritis, dermatomycosis, seborrheic dermatitis, acne, herpetic infection of the skin and mucous membranes, stomatitis, stage I hypertension, functional arterial hypertension, gingivitis, vitamin C deficiency, fatigue, hypoacidosis.

Use of Citrus aurantiifolia in mixtures and complexes: Cholelithiasis with large concrements, chronic pancreatitis, gastric and duodenal ulcer in the acute stage, viral hepatitis, stage II–III hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic pyelonephritis, secondary hyperuricemia, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, neurodermatitis.

Pharmacological Properties of Citrus aurantiifolia: Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antiseptic, antimicrobial, fungicidal, astringent, choleretic, diuretic, antiviral, tonic, antiparasitic, spasmolytic, vitamin-containing, antiherpetic, aromatizing, digestive.

Dosage of Pharmacological Forms — Citrus aurantiifolia

Powder — Citrus aurantiifolia

Indications (Powder): Hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, chronic gastritis with reduced acidity, intestinal dysbiosis, mucosal candidiasis, gingivitis, periodontitis, viral pharyngitis, bacterial cystitis, pyelonephritis, dermatomycosis, seborrheic dermatitis, acne, gingivitis, vitamin C deficiency, functional arterial hypertension, fatigue.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 1.5–2 grams of powder once a day, 20 minutes before the main meal, with warm water. Duration of the course — 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 2.5–3 grams twice a day for obesity, pronounced hyperlipidemia, chronic mucosal candidiasis, dysbiotic intestinal disorders, dermatomycosis with a systemic course. Duration of the course — up to 30 days under specialist supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): No more than 3 grams three times a day. Short-term use is allowed for pronounced hyperglycemia, an acute attack of stage I hypertension, persistent acne. Duration — no more than 7 days.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.5–1 gram once a day in the morning. Recommended for chronic gastritis with reduced acidity, a tendency to lipid metabolism disorders, patients with vitamin C deficiency, elderly persons at risk of atherosclerosis. Preventive course — 28 days, 2 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): From 6 years of age, with body weight from 20 kg: 0.2–0.5 grams of powder once a day. Used for gingivitis, candidiasis, skin infections. For children under 6 years of age, it is not recommended due to the lack of safety data.

Contraindications (Powder): Gastric and duodenal ulcer in the acute phase, chronic pancreatitis, hyperacid gastritis, individual hypersensitivity to citrus fruits. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and childhood under 6 years of age have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): With overdose, irritation of the gastric mucosa, heartburn, diarrhea, pain in the epigastrium are possible. In isolated cases — skin photosensitization (when consumed together with sun exposure).

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight below 60 kg, a reduction of dosage by 25% is recommended. For body weight above 90 kg — an increase of dosage by 25% is permissible with normal tolerability and the absence of gastrointestinal diseases.

Preparation Method (Powder): To prepare 100 grams of powder, take: – Dried fruits of true lime — 100 grams. Wash the fruits thoroughly, cut into thin slices, dry at a temperature not exceeding 45 °C in the shade until completely brittle. Grind in a mortar or mill to a powder state. Sieve through a sieve with a mesh diameter of no more than 0.5 mm. Store in a tightly closed glass container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a dry, light-protected place at a temperature from 15 to 25 °C, in a tightly closed glass container. Avoid exposure to direct sunlight and sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 12 months. After opening — use within 30 days.

Dry Extract — Citrus aurantiifolia

Indications (Dry Extract): Hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, chronic gastritis with reduced acidity, mucosal candidiasis, dermatomycosis, viral pharyngitis, periodontitis, acne, functional arterial hypertension, vitamin C deficiency, fatigue.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 150–200 mg of dry extract (in terms of raw material) once a day, preferably in the morning, 30 minutes before meals. Course — 21–28 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 250–300 mg twice a day. Recommended for pronounced hyperglycemia, grade II obesity, dermatophytosis with a recurrent course, chronic dysbiosis, seborrheic dermatitis, moderate acne. Duration of the course — up to 30 days.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): No more than 400 mg three times a day. Used short-term for acute metabolic disorders (for example, hypertriglyceridemia), prolonged bacterial pharyngitis, systemic fungal skin lesions. Maximum term — 10 days.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 100 mg once a day for 28 days. Used in persons with vitamin C deficiency, physical inactivity, increased susceptibility to metabolic disorders, in elderly patients with initial hypercholesterolemia. Frequency of prevention — 2 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): From 7 years of age and body weight from 25 kg — no more than 50 mg of dry extract once a day. Used for vitamin C deficiency, chronic gingivitis, mucosal candidiasis. Safety for children under 7 years of age has not been established.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Gastric and duodenal ulcer, acute pancreatitis, hyperacid gastritis, individual intolerance to citrus fruits. Reliable scientific data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 7 years of age have not been registered.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): Dyspeptic phenomena may be observed: heartburn, flatulence, nausea. In rare cases — urticaria, skin itching at a high dosage. All effects are documented when the recommended dosage is exceeded.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight below 60 kg, a reduction of dosage by 20% is recommended. For body weight above 90 kg, an increase of dosage by 25% is permissible with good tolerability.

Preparation Method (Dry Extract): To obtain 100 grams of dry extract, use: – Raw material (dried lime fruits) — 1 kg. – Purified water — 2 liters. Pour the raw material with water, keep for 12 hours at a temperature of 30–35 °C, then extract for 3 hours at a temperature of 60 °C. Filter, evaporate under vacuum to the consistency of a thick extract. Dry in a drying chamber at a temperature of 40 °C until a powder mass is obtained. The finished extract is sieved and packaged in an airtight package.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in a dry, light- and EMI-protected place, at a temperature not exceeding 25 °C. Use the opened package within 30 days. Shelf life — 18 months, subject to storage conditions.

Alcohol Tincture — Citrus aurantiifolia

Indications (Alcohol Tincture): Hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, obesity, chronic gastritis with reduced acidity, mucosal candidiasis, gingivitis, viral pharyngitis, periodontitis, seborrheic dermatitis, acne, bacterial cystitis, fatigue, functional arterial hypertension.

Standard Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): 25 drops (approximately 1 ml) three times a day, diluted in 50 ml of water, 20 minutes before meals. Duration of the course — 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): 40 drops three times a day for hyperglycemia, grade II obesity, fungal skin lesions, pronounced bacterial infection of the oral cavity, chronic viral pharyngitis. Duration — up to 28 days under specialist supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): 60 drops three times a day. Short-term use (up to 7 days) is permissible for systemic fungal infection, pronounced seborrheic dermatitis, periodontitis with purulent exudate.

Preventive Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): 15 drops once a day, in the morning, diluted in warm water. Recommended for initial lipid metabolism disorders, seasonal episodes of viral infections, persons with vitamin C deficiency. Course — 14 days, 3 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Alcohol Tincture): Use of alcohol tincture in children is not recommended. Possibility of use only from 12 years of age, with body weight more than 40 kg: 10 drops twice a day. Intake only as prescribed by a specialist.

Contraindications (Alcohol Tincture): Alcoholism, liver diseases, epilepsy, gastric ulcer, gastritis with increased acidity, pregnancy, lactation, childhood under 12 years of age. Reliable data on use in pediatrics and during pregnancy have not been registered.

Side Effects (Alcohol Tincture): When the dose is exceeded, dizziness, tachycardia, heartburn, gastric irritation, exacerbation of gastritis are possible. In isolated cases — photodermatitis.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight less than 60 kg — the dosage is reduced by 20%. For patients with body weight more than 90 kg — an increase of 20% is possible with normal liver function.

Preparation Method (Alcohol Tincture): To prepare 100 ml of tincture: – Dry lime fruits (ground) — 20 grams. – 70% ethyl alcohol — 100 ml. Pour the raw material with alcohol in a glass container, close tightly, infuse in a dark place at a temperature of 18–25 °C for 10 days with daily shaking. At the end, strain through gauze, pour into dark vials. Before use, keep for 24 hours in a refrigerator.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Alcohol Tincture): Store in a dark glass container, in a cool place at a temperature from 10 to 25 °C, away from heat, light, and EMI sources. Shelf life — up to 2 years. After opening, use within 60 days.

Oil Infusion — Citrus aurantiifolia

Indications (Oil Infusion): Dermatomycosis, seborrheic dermatitis, acne, gingivitis, periodontitis, herpetic infection of the skin and mucous membranes, viral pharyngitis, bacterial cystitis, inflammation of the external auditory canal, trophic ulcer, chronic eczema, folliculitis.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Topically: apply a thin layer to affected skin areas 2 times a day. In dentistry — applications on the gums for 15 minutes 2 times a day. In otorhinolaryngology — placement of turundas soaked in the infusion for 10 minutes, 1–2 times a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Applied 3 times a day for acute inflammatory dermatoses, herpetic rashes, bacterial cystitis (topically in the pubic area as part of applications), furunculosis, purulent form of acne. Course — 7–10 days.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Up to 5 applications per day on limited skin areas no more than 5×5 cm. Permissible for 3 days for acute inflammation with an exudative component. Do not apply to mucous membranes in undiluted form.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): Once a day for 14 days — for the prevention of seasonal exacerbations of acne, seborrhea, skin candidiasis, in persons prone to mycoses and bacterial lesions of the epidermis. Also recommended for oral hygiene (wiping the gums with a cotton swab once a day).

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): From 3 years of age, body weight from 15 kg — topically on the skin no more than once a day, on an area no more than 3×3 cm. Use on mucous membranes in pediatrics is not recommended.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Hypersensitivity to citrus fruits, open bleeding wounds, active inflammatory processes with purulent tissue melting, individual reaction to the oil base. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 3 years of age have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): With overdose — redness, burning, skin irritation, photodermatitis. Rarely — contact dermatitis, especially when applied to sensitive skin areas under exposure to sunlight.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Correction is not required, as the preparation is used topically; however, with body weight below 40 kg — reduce the application area by 30%.

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion): To prepare 100 ml of oil infusion: – Dry ground lime fruits — 25 grams. – Cold-pressed coconut oil — 100 ml. Combine the ingredients in a glass jar, close, infuse in a water bath at a temperature of 40 °C for 6 hours. Cool to room temperature, filter through gauze. Pour into dark vials.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in a dark place, at a temperature from 10 to 25 °C, in an EMI-protected zone. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 45 days.

Vaginal Suppositories — Citrus aurantiifolia

Indications (Vaginal Suppositories): Vaginal candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, viral vulvovaginitis (including herpetic infection), chronic cervicitis, atrophic colpitis, postpartum inflammatory processes, itching and burning in the vaginal area of microbial and fungal origin.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): One suppository at night, intravaginally, for 7–10 days. Applied in a lying position, after hygienic procedures.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): One suppository 2 times a day — morning and evening. Recommended for persistent candidiasis, resistant bacterial vaginosis, recurrent viral colpitis. Duration — up to 14 days.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 3 suppositories per day for 5 days for pronounced exacerbation of herpetic infection, mixed infection with a fungal component, and severe discomfort. Use only under specialist supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 1 suppository once every 3 days for 2 weeks. Used for a tendency to recurrent vaginitis, candidiasis, vaginal dysbiosis. Recommended for women in the climacteric period, as well as during recovery after long-term antibacterial therapy.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): Contraindicated in children and girls under 16 years of age due to the lack of safety studies. Use in girls is possible only as individually prescribed by a gynecologist.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppositories): Pregnancy (first trimester), acute erosive processes of the cervix, individual hypersensitivity to citrus fruits, allergic vaginitis. Scientific data on safety during lactation and in women under 18 years of age are insufficient.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppositories): Local reactions: burning, increased discharge, feeling of itching (as a manifestation of a reaction to the oil base or phyto component). All effects pass on their own after discontinuation of use.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required. With body weight below 45 kg, local reactions are possible — it is recommended to start with a reduced frequency (every other day).

Preparation Method (Vaginal Suppositories): For 100 g of suppositories (10 doses of 2 g): – Oil infusion of lime fruits — 20 grams. – Cocoa butter or coconut oil — 80 grams. Melt coconut oil (or cocoa) in a water bath, introduce the oil infusion, stir until homogeneous. Pour the mixture into suppository molds of 2 grams. Cool and keep in a refrigerator until completely solidified (at least 4 hours). Remove, package in foil or PVC container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppositories): Store in a refrigerator at a temperature from +2 to +8 °C, in an airtight package, without access to light and heat. Avoid storage near EMI sources. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening the package, use within 10 days.

Rectal Suppositories — Citrus aurantiifolia

Indications (Rectal Suppositories): Hemorrhoids, anal fissure, proctitis, chronic colitis with dysbiosis, rectal candidiasis, viral herpetic proctitis, irritable bowel syndrome with an inflammatory component, chronic constipation, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, chronic hepatocholecystitis.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): One suppository rectally at night, after a cleansing enema or natural bowel movement. Course — 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): One suppository twice a day (morning and evening). Recommended for pronounced inflammation of the rectum, fungal proctitis, grade II–III hemorrhoids, chronic constipation with signs of intoxication. Duration — up to 14 days.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): Up to 3 suppositories per day for 5 days. Used short-term for severe exacerbation of hemorrhoids, herpetic proctitis, pronounced anal pain and edema.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): One suppository every other day, rectally, for 2 weeks. Indicated for chronic colitis, a tendency to constipation, hyperlipidemia, in the recovery period after antibacterial therapy of the intestine. Repeat course — after 2 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): From 6 years of age, with body weight from 20 kg — 0.5 suppository (cut lengthwise) once a day for dysbiosis, constipation, proctitis. Use in younger children is not recommended due to the lack of proven safety data.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppositories): Acute bleeding from the rectum, severe diarrhea, allergy to citrus fruits, fissures with purulent discharge, active proctosigmoiditis. No data on safety in pregnant, lactating women, and children under 6 years of age.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppositories): Local burning, urges to defecate, irritation of the rectal mucosa. In isolated cases — itching in the anorectal area. Effects are reversible upon discontinuation of the preparation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight below 45 kg — use suppositories of lower mass (up to 1 g) or reduce the frequency of use. For weight above 90 kg — the use of 2 suppositories per intake is possible.

Preparation Method (Rectal Suppositories): For 100 g of suppositories (10 pieces of 2 g): – Lime oil infusion — 20 grams. – Cocoa butter or coconut oil — 80 grams. Melt the oil in a water bath (up to 40–45 °C), introduce the infusion, stir thoroughly. Pour into molds, cool at a temperature of +4 °C until completely solidified (at least 3 hours). Package in individual containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Rectal Suppositories): Store in a refrigerator at a temperature of +2…+8 °C, in a dark place, away from EMI. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 7 days.

Nasal Drops — Citrus aurantiifolia

Indications (Nasal Drops): Viral rhinitis, bacterial rhinosinusitis, allergic rhinitis (outside exacerbation), hypertrophic rhinitis, dryness of the nasal mucosa, chronic nasopharyngitis, candidiasis of the nasal cavity, prevention of seasonal respiratory viral infections.

Standard Dosage (Nasal Drops): 2 drops in each nasal passage 2 times a day, morning and evening, after washing with isotonic solution. Duration — 7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Nasal Drops): 3 drops 3 times a day for acute bacterial rhinitis, viral rhinosinusitis, chronic hypertrophic rhinitis. Course — up to 10 days under specialist supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Nasal Drops): 4 drops up to 4 times a day. Used for pronounced mucosal edema, intense congestion, and difficult nasal breathing. Maximum course — 5 days.

Preventive Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1 drop in each nasal passage once a day, in the morning. Used for 14 days during periods of epidemic rise of viral infections, in patients with chronic nasopharyngitis, as well as in persons with hypertrophic nasal mucosa.

Pediatric Dosage (Nasal Drops): From 5 years of age, with body weight from 18 kg — 1 drop 2 times a day. Recommended for viral congestion, mild rhinitis of allergic origin, chronic nasopharyngitis. Not prescribed for children under 5 years of age.

Contraindications (Nasal Drops): Allergy to citrus fruits, acute purulent sinusitis, nasal bleeding, pronounced vasomotor rhinitis. Scientifically reliable data on safety during pregnancy and in pediatrics under 5 years of age are absent.

Side Effects (Nasal Drops): Burning, sneezing, feeling of mucosal tightness. In rare cases — reversible mucosal edema, increasing nasal congestion.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required. However, with body weight below 40 kg, it is recommended to start with a minimal dosage — 1 drop once a day.

Preparation Method (Nasal Drops): For 100 ml of nasal drops: – Oil infusion of lime fruits — 10 grams. – Fractionated (deodorized) coconut oil — 90 grams. Mix the components in a glass container, keep at a temperature of 40 °C for 30 minutes, then filter. Pour into sterile dropper bottles. Before use, keep at room temperature for 12 hours.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Nasal Drops): Store at a temperature from 10 to 25 °C in a dark, dry place, away from EMI. After opening, use within 14 days. Total shelf life — up to 6 months in an airtight container.

Ear Drops — Citrus aurantiifolia

Indications (Ear Drops): External otitis, serous otitis, fungal otitis (otomycosis), bacterial inflammation of the external auditory canal, itching and peeling in the auricle, eczema of the external ear, prevention of repeated inflammations after swimming.

Standard Dosage (Ear Drops): 2 drops in each auditory canal 2 times a day. After instillation, it is recommended to lie on the side for 5–10 minutes. Course — 5–7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ear Drops): 3 drops 3 times a day for pronounced inflammation, edema, fungal infection of the external ear, serous-purulent discharge. Used for 7–10 days under the supervision of an ENT doctor.

Maximum Dosage (Ear Drops): 4 drops up to 4 times a day, no more than 5 days. Used in acute cases of otomycosis, with itching and exudation. Permissible only with an intact tympanic membrane.

Preventive Dosage (Ear Drops): 1–2 drops in each auditory canal once a day after bathing or swimming, for a tendency to external ear otitis, eczema of the auricle. Preventive course — 5–10 days consecutively, then a break.

Pediatric Dosage (Ear Drops): From 4 years of age, with body weight from 16 kg — 1 drop 1–2 times a day. Used for external otitis, otomycosis, peeling and itching in the auditory canal. Not used in children under 4 years of age.

Contraindications (Ear Drops): Perforation of the tympanic membrane, acute purulent otitis, allergy to citrus fruits, hypersensitivity to the oil base. Data on safety in pregnant women and infants are absent.

Side Effects (Ear Drops): Burning, itching, increased secretion from the ear in case of hyperreaction. Short-term fullness of the auditory canal after the introduction of the oil is possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required, but with body weight less than 40 kg, the minimum dosage should be used — no more than 1 drop in the ear per intake.

Preparation Method (Ear Drops): For 100 ml of drops: – Oil infusion of dried lime fruits — 15 grams. – Fractionated coconut oil — 85 grams. Combine the components, keep at a temperature of 45 °C for 30 minutes, filter through sterile cloth. Pour into dark glass droppers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ear Drops): Store at a temperature from 10 to 25 °C, in a dry, dark place. Shelf life — up to 6 months. After opening, use within 21 days, avoiding contamination of the dropper.

Ointment — Citrus aurantiifolia

Indications (Ointment): Dermatomycosis, bacterial pyoderma, seborrheic dermatitis, acne, herpetic skin infection, eczema, folliculitis, trophic ulcer, chronic dermatitis with impaired skin microbiome, itching of unknown etiology, fungal nail infection.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply a thin layer to affected skin areas 2 times a day, morning and evening. Course — 7–14 days depending on the dynamics of symptoms.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): Apply 3–4 times a day to foci of inflammation, for severe forms of dermatomycosis, herpes, pustular skin lesions, and itching eczemas. Duration of the course — up to 10 days under medical supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Up to 5 times a day, on a limited area (no more than 10×10 cm), permissible for 3 days for pronounced inflammation, pain syndrome, active viral skin infection. After stabilization — transition to the standard regimen.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): Once a day on the area of increased risk (interdigital spaces, skin folds, hair growth zone) in patients with increased sweating, a tendency to fungal and bacterial skin infections. Course — 14 days, repeat every 2 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): From 3 years of age, with body weight from 15 kg — once a day, pointwise on affected areas no more than 3×3 cm. Use in children under 3 years of age is not recommended.

Contraindications (Ointment): Deep open wounds, purulent abscesses, weeping eczemas with copious exudate, individual hypersensitivity. Scientifically reliable data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and early childhood are absent.

Side Effects (Ointment): Redness, burning, allergic reaction on the skin at the site of application, contact dermatitis with prolonged use. All side effects are reversible upon discontinuation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required for topical use, but in patients with body weight less than 45 kg, it is recommended to reduce the application area and frequency by half.

Preparation Method (Ointment): For 100 grams of ointment: – Lime oil infusion — 25 grams. – Beeswax — 10 grams. – Unrefined coconut oil — 65 grams. Melt the wax and coconut oil in a water bath to a temperature of 45–50 °C, introduce the oil infusion, stir thoroughly. Pour into sterile glass jars, cool until solidified at a temperature of +4 °C.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store in a tightly closed container at a temperature from +5 to +20 °C, in a dark place, away from heating appliances and EMI. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Cream — Citrus aurantiifolia

Indications (Cream): Seborrheic dermatitis, mild to moderate acne, inflammatory hyperpigmentation, skin dryness, age-related skin changes, allergic dermatitis outside exacerbation, chronic eczema, photoaging, hyperkeratosis, fungal infection of skin folds.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply a thin layer to cleansed skin 1–2 times a day, preferably morning and evening. Course — 14–21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): Apply 3 times a day to foci of inflammation or hyperpigmentation. Used for moderate acne, post-inflammatory pigmentation, chronic seborrheic dermatitis. Duration — up to 21 days.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): Up to 4 times a day on a limited area no more than 5×5 cm. Use is limited to 5 days for pronounced itching, peeling, hyperemia.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Once a day for 14 days — to normalize sebaceous gland secretion, improve skin tone, prevent seborrheic dermatitis and photoaging. Recommended for persons with oily and combination skin living in a hot climate.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): From 5 years of age, with body weight from 18 kg — apply no more than once a day to the skin of the face or flexion surfaces in a minimal amount. Use for up to 7 days. Not used in children under 5 years of age.

Contraindications (Cream): Allergy to citrus fruits, pronounced peeling with exudation, extensive skin damage, eczema in the acute phase. Safety in pregnant women and children under 5 years of age has not been scientifically confirmed.

Side Effects (Cream): Mild tingling, irritation, skin redness with prolonged use are possible. Rarely — allergic contact dermatitis.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required for topical use, but in patients with body weight below 45 kg, it is desirable to limit the application area to 3×3 cm.

Preparation Method (Cream): For 100 grams of cream: – Lime oil infusion — 10 grams. – Aqueous decoction of lime peel — 20 ml. – Emulsifier (natural beeswax or lecithin) — 5 grams. – Coconut oil — 40 grams. – Purified water — up to 100 ml. In a water bath, heat the oil and emulsifier to 45 °C. Introduce the oil infusion. Separately heat the water phase to the same temperature. Gradually introduce water into the oil phase with constant stirring until a homogeneous emulsion is formed. Cool, pour into glass jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store in a refrigerator at a temperature of +4…+8 °C, in a tightly closed container. Avoid exposure to light and heating. Shelf life — 30 days. After opening, use within 14 days.

Serum — Citrus aurantiifolia

Indications (Serum): Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, enlarged pores, dull complexion, photoaging, acne rash, uneven skin microrelief, decreased skin tone and elasticity, oily seborrhea, inflammations in acne, skin sensitivity to external irritants.

Standard Dosage (Serum): Apply once a day to pre-cleansed skin of the face, neck, and décolleté area, in a volume of 0.5 ml. Course — 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): 2 times a day (morning and evening) 0.5–0.7 ml in the presence of inflammations, oily sheen, hyperpigmentation, or photoaging. Course — 14 days with transition to the standard regimen.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): Up to 1 ml 2 times a day for 7 days, exclusively for pronounced skin oiliness, comedonal acne, areas with hyperpigmentation and signs of photodamage.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): 0.3 ml once a day for 10 days. Used in patients with combination or oily skin to prevent porosity, inflammations, and reduce sebum production. Repeat course — after 2 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): Permissible from 12 years of age, for acne rash or hyperseborrhea. Volume — no more than 0.2 ml once a day, pointwise. Not used in children under 12 years of age.

Contraindications (Serum): Hypersensitivity to citrus fruits, active dermatitis, weeping elements on the face, individual allergy to esters. Reliable data on safety in pregnant women and adolescents under 12 years of age are absent.

Side Effects (Serum): May cause tingling, redness, feeling of dryness. With overdose — skin irritation, temporary increase in sebum secretion. All effects disappear upon discontinuation of use.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required. In persons with body weight less than 45 kg, use the minimum possible volume (up to 0.3 ml) on limited areas.

Preparation Method (Serum): For 100 ml of serum: – Aqueous glycerin extract of dried lime peel (1:1) — 30 ml. – Lime hydrolate — 50 ml. – Natural aloe vera gel — 10 ml. – Grapefruit seed extract (water/glycerin) — 5 ml. – Natural preservative (e.g., potassium sorbate) — 0.5 grams. – Purified water — up to 100 ml. All components are mixed under sterile conditions at a temperature not exceeding 30 °C. The solution is stirred until completely homogeneous, poured into bottles with a dispenser. Before use, kept for 12 hours at +4 °C.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): Store in a refrigerator at a temperature of +4…+8 °C, in an airtight bottle, away from light and EMI sources. After opening, use within 21 days. Total shelf life — 3 months.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Citrus aurantiifolia

The assessment of toxicity and biosafety of Citrus aurantiifolia indicates its good tolerability profile for oral, topical, and inhalation use. Dry extracts of the fruits, peel, and essential oil of true lime have been studied in a number of preclinical studies.

Acute toxicity was determined in an experiment on rodents. For the aqueous extract of Citrus aurantiifolia fruits, the LD50 value for oral administration to mice was >5000 mg/kg, which is classified as a practically non-toxic substance (according to the Hodge & Sterner scale). When the essential oil extract was administered at doses up to 2000 mg/kg, no lethal outcomes were observed, only slight gastric irritation in sensitive individuals.

Skin applications of oil forms (including infusions and essential oil diluted in base oils) at doses up to 5% by weight did not cause skin reactions in animals and volunteers. However, under exposure to ultraviolet radiation, cases of phototoxicity have been registered, due to the presence of furanocoumarins in the peel.

With prolonged use in humans (including clinical and cosmetic conditions), Citrus aurantiifolia did not demonstrate mutagenic, carcinogenic, or reprotoxic effects.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Pharmacodynamics — Citrus aurantiifolia

Citrus aurantiifolia possesses a complex pharmacodynamic activity due to the high content of biologically active substances, including flavonoids (hesperidin, naringin, quercetin), phenolic acids, terpenoids, coumarins, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), as well as essential oils (limonene, citral, geraniol, linalool). The action of the preparation is manifested both at the local and systemic levels, covering targets associated with the skin, gastrointestinal tract, liver, immune, endocrine, and vascular systems.

The antioxidant activity of Citrus aurantiifolia has been reliably confirmed in numerous biochemical tests. Dry extracts and essential oil effectively neutralize free radicals (O2-, OH-, NO), suppress lipid peroxidation, and restore the levels of endogenous antioxidants (glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase). Flavonoids and phenolic compounds stabilize cell membranes and limit oxidative tissue damage. The level of action is systemic, with the participation of vascular endothelium, hepatocytes, enterocytes, and skin cells.

The anti-inflammatory effect of lime is associated with the inhibition of key inflammatory mediators, including cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β), the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and lipoxygenase (5-LOX). It has been proven that hesperidin and naringin reduce the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and also reduce the expression of NF-κB in macrophages. The effect is predominantly systemic, involving the immune system and mucous membranes.

The antimicrobial properties of Citrus aurantiifolia are expressed both against bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) and fungi (including yeast-like). Essential oils and water-alcohol extracts disrupt the integrity of microbial membranes, cause leakage of intracellular components, inhibit the enzymatic activity of microorganisms, and suppress their growth. Activity against biofilm forms of microorganisms has been proven. The targets are cell envelopes and cytoplasmic enzymes.

The immunomodulatory effect of Citrus aurantiifolia is realized through the normalization of the cellular and humoral links of the immune system. An increase in the phagocytic activity of neutrophils, an increase in the production of IgA, stimulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation, and normalization of the Th1/Th2 balance are observed.

At the liver level, Citrus aurantiifolia exhibits choleretic and hepatoprotective activity. The preparation promotes the secretion of bile, improves the biotransformation of xenobiotics (especially due to the modulation of phase II enzymes — glutathione-S-transferase and UDP-glucuronyltransferase), and reduces lipid accumulation in hepatocytes.

On the part of the gastrointestinal tract, fruit extracts stimulate the secretion of digestive enzymes and improve peristalsis. Flavonoids have a protective effect on the gastric mucosa, reducing acid production and enhancing mucus synthesis. Essential oils stimulate mucosal receptors, improving intestinal tone and motility.

At the skin level, Citrus aurantiifolia exhibits astringent, sebum-regulating, antiseptic, and lightening effects. Coumarins and flavonoids inhibit tyrosinase, reducing hyperpigmentation, while essential oils normalize the activity of sebaceous glands. Topical application is justified by good penetrating ability and the ability to suppress the growth of dermatophytes.

Moderate vasodilating and antiplatelet properties have also been noted, which is associated with the presence of flavonoids that inhibit phosphodiesterase and contribute to an increase in the level of cGMP and nitric oxide in the vascular wall.

The levels of action of Citrus aurantiifolia cover both local (with topical application) and systemic (with oral intake) levels, while the main pharmacological targets are receptors of the immune system, enzymes of inflammation metabolism, membranes of target cells, and redox systems of tissues.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6694922
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030881461501187X
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Citrus-aurantifolia
https://www.wiley.com/en-us/search?pq=Citrus+aurantifolia

Pharmacokinetics — Citrus aurantiifolia

The pharmacokinetics of Citrus aurantiifolia is determined by the combination of its biologically active compounds, mainly represented by flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoid structures, and essential oils. Available data on kinetics are averaged based on the characteristics of plant extracts and secondary metabolites of citrus fruits. The most important are the oral, transdermal, inhalation, and transmucosal routes of administration.

With oral intake of powder and aqueous or alcohol extracts, the active components undergo primary absorption in the upper parts of the small intestine. Flavonoids, represented mainly in the form of glycosides, are partially hydrolyzed in the presence of brush border enzymes of enterocytes and microflora, after which they are absorbed through passive diffusion or active transport. Terpenoids and components of essential oils show a tendency to lipophilicity, are absorbed in a complex with fats, and are transported by the lymphatic route. Water-soluble compounds, including ascorbate forms, are rapidly absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum.

The distribution of active substances of Citrus aurantiifolia occurs mainly through the plasma flow, with the participation of carrier proteins. Terpenoid components can accumulate in adipose tissue, skin, and cell membranes. Flavonoid aglycones demonstrate the ability to overcome hematogenous barriers, including the skin and gastrointestinal epithelium. Partial distribution in hepatic tissue, lungs, and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract is possible, especially with inhalation or transmucosal administration.

The metabolism of the compounds occurs in the liver with the participation of enzymes of the cytochrome P450 system, including phases I (oxidation, hydroxylation) and phases II (conjugation with glucuronic acid and sulfates). Some flavonoids and phenolic acids undergo microbial transformation in the intestine, forming more active or metabolically stable forms that interact with receptor structures or ion channels.

The excretion of components is carried out mainly by the kidneys and through bile. Hydrophilic metabolites, including conjugated forms of flavonoids, are excreted in urine. Lipophilic residues of terpenoids and products of essential oil metabolism are excreted with bile, while some may undergo enterohepatic circulation. With topical application (ointment, cream, infusion) and transdermal absorption, insignificant amounts penetrate into the systemic bloodstream; however, the activity is realized mainly at the local level, especially in skin lesions.

With the inhalation route (essential oils), a rapid entry of active components into the pulmonary circulation is observed, followed by systemic distribution. Volatile fractions can be partially excreted unchanged through the lungs. The effects are realized both at the level of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract and at the level of central neurogenic structures, especially when acting on olfactory receptors and the limbic system.

Thus, the pharmacokinetic behavior of Citrus aurantiifolia is characterized by a combination of local and systemic action, multi-stage metabolism, and multi-organ elimination, which determines the complexity and breadth of the pharmacological profile.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.g...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Citrus aurantiifolia

The pharmacological activity of Citrus aurantiifolia is due to the high content of flavonoids (hesperidin, naringin, quercetin), phenolic acids (ferulic, coumaric), terpenes (limonene, linalool, geraniol), coumarins, and ascorbic acid. These compounds demonstrate polymodal mechanisms of action involving cellular and molecular targets, including enzyme systems, inflammatory mediators, cytokine cascades, and receptor complexes.

Antioxidant properties are associated with the direct capture of reactive oxygen species (O2-, OH-, NO•) and stabilization of cell membranes. Flavonoids and phenolic acids effectively inhibit lipid peroxidation and restore the activity of antioxidant enzymes — superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. These mechanisms are realized both in liver tissues and in vascular endothelium, enterocytes, and epidermal cells.

The anti-inflammatory effect of Citrus aurantiifolia extracts is realized through the suppression of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and inhibition of the transcription factor NF-κB. At the same time, flavonoid fractions inhibit the activity of the enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (5-LOX), leading to a decrease in the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGE2) and leukotrienes (LTB4). The targets in this cascade are macrophages, mast cells, and endothelial structures.

At the level of immune regulation, the modulating effect of flavonoids on innate and adaptive immunity has been confirmed. An increase in the phagocytic activity of neutrophils, an increase in the production of IgA, stimulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation, and normalization of the Th1/Th2 balance are observed. In parallel, there is a decrease in the excessive production of pro-inflammatory mediators, which ensures the restoration of immune homeostasis.

Terpenoids and essential oils of lime disrupt the integrity of the microbial cell wall, cause leakage of ions and amino acids from bacteria and fungi, and inhibit the activity of respiratory enzymes of microbes. This is confirmed by antimicrobial action against biofilm forms, including resistant strains. The targets are bacterial membranes, cytochrome complexes, and proton pumps.

The antiparasitic effect, according to a number of sources, is associated with the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and suppression of neuromuscular transmission in helminths. Coumarins and terpenoids can interact with parasite proteases, disrupting their life cycle. This direction requires further research but demonstrates promise through confirmed in vitro and in vivo models.

The effect on the MAPK (ERK1/2) and JAK/STAT signaling cascades, especially in the context of regulating cell growth, apoptosis, and the expression of receptors for insulin and leptin, has also been proven. Some flavonoids activate AMPK, a key energy sensor of cells, which may contribute to the normalization of lipid and glucose metabolism.

A number of components of Citrus aurantiifolia, including ascorbate and hesperidin, participate in the regulation of vascular wall permeability and collagen synthesis, influencing the processes of healing and tissue restoration. The effects are realized in the skin, mucous membranes, and vascular system, including capillaries.

Topical forms (ointment, cream, infusion) provide rapid contact of the active substances with epidermal structures, followed by transdermal diffusion and interaction with skin receptors (for example, TRPV1, PPARα), modulating inflammation, itching, and skin sensitivity.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.g...
https://www.wiley.com/en-us/se...

Synergy — Citrus aurantiifolia

Lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) demonstrates pronounced pharmacological synergy with a number of phytogenic and natural compounds, both with systemic and topical application. The most studied directions of synergistic interaction are the enhancement of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and hepatotropic action. Synergy is confirmed by in vitro, in vivo data, and limited clinical observations, involving multiple targets and cascades.

Additive and potentiating synergy has been established between extracts of Citrus aurantiifolia and other representatives of the genus Citrus, especially Citrus sinensis and Citrus limon, when combining polyphenolic and terpenoid complexes. Such interaction enhances the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and increases the stability of the antioxidant response. The combination of flavonoids from different citrus fruits improves the regulation of SOD and catalase expression in liver and endothelial cells.

A confirmed potentiating interaction has been found between Citrus aurantiifolia and curcumin (a half-phenolic component of Curcuma longa), which is realized through the joint blockade of the NF-κB signaling pathway, a decrease in the production of IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as inhibition of COX-2 expression. This interaction has a pronounced anti-inflammatory and tissue-specific hepatoprotective character, demonstrated in experimental models of systemic inflammation.

When combined with green tea extracts (Camellia sinensis), a modulating synergy at the level of antioxidant and immune response has been recorded. The combination of catechins with lime flavonoids increases T-lymphocyte proliferation and potentiates macrophage activation, and also enhances the suppression of free radical stress in the cells of mucous membranes. The nature of the interaction is cellular and systemic.

With essential oils of Melaleuca alternifolia and Thymus vulgaris, a synergistic inhibition of the growth of bacteria and fungi, including resistant strains of Candida spp. and Staphylococcus aureus, has been established. The combination of essential fractions leads to a violation of the integrity of the cell wall of pathogens, potentiates membrane permeability, and activates apoptosis cascades in the microbial cell. The effect is tissue-specific and local, confirmed in dermatological and dental models.

With flavonoid complexes of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Scutellaria baicalensis, an enhancement of general antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity was found, due to the joint action on phase I and II detoxification enzymes, as well as additional inhibition of the MAPK cascade. At the same time, an improvement in the adaptive reactions of the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract and skin is observed.

The combination with vitamin C in isolated or natural form (for example, from Malpighia emarginata) demonstrates mutual enhancement of bioavailability and stabilization of the molecular structure when administered together, especially in aqueous or gel-like bases. This leads to a prolongation of the antioxidant effect and an enhancement of the free radical neutralization reaction.

Synergistic interaction with components possessing essential and lipophilic properties, such as Nigella sativa and Zingiber officinale, has also been confirmed, where synergy is manifested in the enhancement of antimicrobial activity, as well as an increase in skin permeability and bioavailability of lipophilic fractions of Citrus aurantiifolia with topical application.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://link.springer.com/arti...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Citrus aurantiifolia

Citrus aurantiifolia is traditionally used in the folk and ethnomedical practice of various regions of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East. Its use is most actively recorded in India, Thailand, Indonesia, Iran, Morocco, Mexico, the Philippines, Nigeria, Peru, and the countries of the Caribbean basin. Historically, the cultivation of this citrus species spread from Southeast Asia through the Arab world to East Africa and further to Latin America during the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries. The earliest mentions of lime as a medicinal plant are found in Arab and Persian medical treatises of the 10th–12th centuries.

In the folk medicine of India, the juice of lime fruits was used as a cleansing agent, including in combination with other plants in the tradition of the Ayurvedic school. It was part of liquid mixtures and pastes applied to the skin, and was also used for washing and cleansing the face. In traditional Indonesian practice, the juice and crushed peel of lime were used for wraps and rubs, considering the plant a source of vital energy. In Philippine ethnomedicine, the use of steam baths based on crushed leaves and peel is common, including in postpartum rituals.

In southern Thailand, within the folk medical school of Lanna, lime was used as part of hot herbal compresses, and its essential oils were used in inhalations and aromatization of the body after bath procedures. It was also part of multicomponent tinctures used in purification rituals. In Mexico, lime fruits were used for rubbing the body and hair, the juice was sprinkled on clothes and dwellings — as a means to expel bad energy. Local Mayan shamans considered lime a protective plant capable of driving away the "hot spirit" that causes suffering.

In Iran and the countries of the Maghreb, an infusion of dried lime peel was used internally and in the form of steam baths. In the Sufi culture of Persia, the aroma of citrus fruits was considered a link between bodily and spiritual purity. In some villages of Iran, lime peel was part of ritual incenses during engagements and women's ceremonies of home purification.

In West and East Africa, including Nigeria and Kenya, lime slices were applied to the body, its pulp was mixed with shea butter and rubbed into the skin, and leaves were hung in the dwelling as protection from evil spirits. In the esoteric practice of the Yoruba and Ewe peoples, lime was considered a plant of power, bringing clarity of mind and purification from invisible influences.

In the Caribbean region, including Jamaica and Trinidad, lime became part of herbal baths used in purification rites and drinks prepared to raise vital energy. Its juice and essential oils were often used in Afro-Caribbean rituals, where they were combined with local magico-healing practices of smelling and rubbing the body as a way of influencing the emotional and spiritual state of a person.

Thus, Citrus aurantiifolia for centuries acted not only as a food and medicinal remedy but also as a component of ritual, cleansing, and protective practices in various ethnocultural systems of the world.