Cladogynos Orientalis

Cladogynos Orientalis

Product Name: Кладогинос восточный, Cladogynos orientalis, Cladogynos orientalischer, Cladogynos oriental, Cladogynos oriental, كلادوجينوس الشرقي, แคลโดไจนัสโอเรียนทาลิส, Sharqiy Kladoginos, Чыгыш Кладогинос, Şərq Kladoginosu, Кладогиноси шарқӣ, Rytų kladoginos, Austrumu kladoginos, Кладогінос східний, קלאדוגינוס מזרחי

Synonyms: Кладогинос, Кладогинос восточный, Cladogynos orientalis Zipp., Cladogynos, Oriental Cladogynos, Östlicher Cladogynos, Cladogynos oriental, Cladogynos oriental, كلادوجينوس, แคลโดไจนัส

Used Parts: roots, stems, flowers, bark, leaves.

Main Indications for the Use of Cladogynos orientalis: Viral hepatitis C, hepatitis of unspecified etiology, liver cirrhosis, infectious dermatitis, pyoderma, fungal dermatosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, toxic liver damage.

Use of Cladogynos orientalis in Mixtures and Complexes: Irritable bowel syndrome, dyspeptic disorder, chronic gastritis, acute cholecystitis, metabolic syndrome, chronic fatigue, hypovitaminosis, osteoarthritis.

Pharmacological Properties of Cladogynos orientalis: Hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, antibacterial, wound-healing, hypoglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Cladogynos orientalis

Powder — Cladogynos orientalis

Indications (Powder): Viral hepatitis C, toxic liver damage, liver cirrhosis, infectious dermatitis, pyoderma, fungal dermatosis, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 500 milligrams of powder orally 2 times a day after meals, with warm water. Course — 30 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 1000 milligrams 3 times a day for viral hepatitis C, compensated liver cirrhosis, pronounced hyperlipidemia, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with signs of metabolic syndrome.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): 1500 milligrams 3 times a day. The maximum dosage is allowed for no more than 7 days for severe forms of toxic liver damage or complicated viral hepatitis under monitoring of biochemical parameters.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 250 milligrams once a day in the morning on an empty stomach. Recommended for chronic liver diseases, hyperlipidemia in patients over 45 years of age, and chronic fatigue syndrome in knowledge workers. Preventive course — 21 days, 2 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): For children over 12 years of age with a body weight of more than 40 kilograms — 250 milligrams once a day after meals. Safety in children under 12 years of age has not been scientifically confirmed.

Contraindications (Powder): Individual intolerance to the plant. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years of age have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): When the dose is exceeded, nausea, diarrhea, and decreased appetite are possible. A short-term increase in transaminase levels in sensitive patients has been recorded.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): Patients with body weight less than 60 kilograms are recommended to reduce the dosage by 25%. Patients with body weight more than 90 kilograms may have the daily dosage increased by 20% with good tolerability.

Preparation method (Powder): Dry leaves of the plant are ground to a powder state in a stainless steel mill. Sift through a sieve with a mesh diameter of 0.3 millimeters. To prepare 100 grams of powder, 120 grams of dry leaves are required. Store in an airtight glass container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a dry, cool place at a temperature of 10 to 25 degrees Celsius, away from sources of light and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 24 months. After opening, use within 60 days.

Dry Extract — Cladogynos orientalis

Indications (Dry Extract): Viral hepatitis C, liver cirrhosis, toxic liver damage, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, antimicrobial therapy for pyoderma and fungal skin infections.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 200 milligrams of dry extract 2 times a day 30 minutes before meals, with warm water. Course — 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 300 milligrams 3 times a day for viral liver lesions, chronic hepatitis, pronounced metabolic syndrome, and diabetic angiopathy.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): 400 milligrams 3 times a day, no more than 10 days in a row, for acute inflammatory and viral conditions of the liver. Only under medical supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 100 milligrams once a day in the morning. Recommended for patients over 40 years of age with a burdened hepatic history, hyperlipidemia, and patients with occupational exposure to toxicants. Course — 30 days.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): For children over 14 years of age with a body weight of more than 45 kilograms — 100 milligrams once a day. Safety in younger ages has not been confirmed.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Individual allergic reaction. Scientific data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 14 years of age are absent.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): With overdose, nausea, a feeling of heaviness in the epigastrium, and headache are possible. In isolated cases — short-term rash of an allergic nature.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): Patients with body weight below 60 kilograms — reduce the dosage by 30%. Patients with body weight over 85 kilograms — an increase in dosage by 15% is possible in the absence of side reactions.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): 400 grams of dry leaves are poured with 2000 milliliters of 70% ethanol. Infused at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius for 5 days with daily shaking. The filtrate is evaporated at 45 degrees Celsius to a paste-like mass, then dried in a vacuum dryer at 40 degrees to obtain a dry residue. From 400 grams of raw material, about 100 grams of dry extract are obtained.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in an airtight container made of light-proof glass at a temperature of 5 to 20 degrees Celsius, in a dark place, protected from heat and moisture. Shelf life — 18 months. After opening, use within 45 days.

Alcohol-Based Tincture — Cladogynos orientalis

Indications (Tincture): Viral hepatitis C, liver cirrhosis, toxic liver damage, chronic cholecystitis, infectious dermatoses, fungal skin lesions, pyoderma, hyperlipidemia.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 15 drops (approximately 0.75 milliliters) 2 times a day 30 minutes before meals. Dilute in 50 milliliters of warm water. Course — 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 20 drops 3 times a day for compensated liver cirrhosis, chronic viral hepatitis, complicated hyperlipidemia, and persistent fungal infections.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): 25 drops 3 times a day. Allowed short-term (up to 5 days) for acute viral liver inflammation and pronounced skin infections, under medical supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10 drops once a day on an empty stomach. Recommended for patients with chronic cholestasis, hyperlipidemia, and reduced liver detoxification function. Course — 14 days, repeat every 3 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): Use in children is not recommended due to ethyl alcohol content. Scientific safety data are absent.

Contraindications (Tincture): Alcoholism, acute psychoses, pregnancy, lactation, childhood. Individual intolerance. Data on interaction with pharmacotherapy for viral hepatitis are insufficient.

Side Effects (Tincture): May cause dizziness, palpitations, and irritation of the gastric mucosa when taken on an empty stomach. With overdose — alcohol intoxication, sedation, dyspepsia.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tincture): Patients with body weight below 55 kilograms — reduce the dose by 20%. Patients over 90 kilograms are allowed an increase in the daily dose by 15% in the absence of side reactions.

Preparation method (Tincture): 100 grams of ground dry leaves are poured with 500 milliliters of 70% ethanol. Infuse in a dark glass container for 10 days at a temperature of 20 to 25 degrees Celsius with periodic shaking. After completion, strain, squeeze out the plant raw material. The tincture is ready for use.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in an airtight dark glass container at a temperature of 5 to 25 degrees Celsius, in a place protected from light. Shelf life — 3 years. After opening — use within 90 days, avoiding contact with metals.

Oil Infusion — Cladogynos orientalis

Indications (Oil Infusion): Infectious dermatitis, pyoderma, fungal dermatosis, eczema, trophic ulcer, skin itching, neurodermatitis, chronic skin inflammations, localized mycoses.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally apply a thin layer to the affected area of skin 2 times a day (morning and evening), without rubbing. Course — from 10 to 21 days depending on the severity of inflammation.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Apply 3 times a day to pre-cleansed skin for pronounced inflammation, weeping areas accompanied by bacterial superinfection, and fungal infections of the feet and hands.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Application up to 5 times a day locally on foci of inflammation with a total area of no more than 10% of the skin is allowed. Only short-term (up to 5 days) for acute inflammations.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): Apply once a day after evening washing on skin areas with chronic foci of dermatitis, eczema, fissures, and with a tendency to fungal infections in patients with immunodeficiency. Use in a course of 14 days monthly.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): External use is allowed in children over 5 years of age with a weight of 20 kilograms or more — once a day on a limited skin surface (up to 5 cm²). Do not use on open wounds and mucous membranes.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Individual hypersensitivity to components. Acute purulent wounds with profuse exudate. Scientific data on use in pregnant women, nursing mothers, and children under 5 years of age are absent.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Local irritation, redness, itching, burning at the application site with individual intolerance. When applied to extensive areas, weakness and nausea are possible due to systemic absorption.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): Patients with body weight less than 50 kilograms should limit the area of application to 5% of the skin surface. Patients with weight over 90 kilograms can apply to an area of up to 15% of the skin.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): 100 grams of fresh, ground leaves of the plant are poured with 500 milliliters of unrefined coconut oil. The mixture is infused in a water bath at a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius for 3 hours. Then cooled, strained through gauze into a glass container. Without adding preservatives.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in a tightly closed dark glass container at a temperature of 10 to 20 degrees Celsius, in a dry, light-protected place. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Ointment — Cladogynos orientalis

Indications (Ointment): Pyoderma, trophic ulcer, chronic skin itching, bacterial dermatitis, skin candidiasis, eczema, psoriasis in remission, skin fissures in diabetes.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply a thin layer to affected skin areas 2 times a day. Course of use — from 7 to 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): Apply 3 times a day for pronounced bacterial inflammation, presence of purulent discharge, chronic non-healing wounds, and persistent fungal infections.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Up to 4 applications per day on foci with an area of no more than 100 cm². Do not use more than 5 days in a row without a break. Use under medical supervision for complicated pyoderma.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): Once a day on the skin of the feet, inguinal folds, and interdigital spaces in patients with a predisposition to fungal infections and diabetic skin lesions. Course — 10 days monthly.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): Use in children over 6 years of age with a weight of 25 kilograms or more. Apply a thin layer no more than once a day, on an area of up to 10 cm². Do not apply to open wounds.

Contraindications (Ointment): Acute weeping eczema, purulent abscesses. Individual intolerance. There is no data on safety during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 6 years of age.

Side Effects (Ointment): Contact dermatitis, burning sensation, local hyperemia. With prolonged use — dry skin and flaking.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ointment): Patients with weight less than 50 kilograms should not apply to an area exceeding 5% of the body surface. For body weight over 80 kilograms, an increase in the area of application to 15% of the skin is allowed.

Preparation method (Ointment): To prepare 100 grams of ointment: 10 grams of dry leaf powder of Cladogynos orientalis, 5 grams of beeswax, 85 grams of coconut oil. Melt the wax in a water bath, add the oil, bring to homogeneity, add the powder, mix thoroughly, cool to room temperature, pour into sterile glass jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store at a temperature of 5 to 15 degrees Celsius, in a tightly closed opaque glass container, away from sources of light and heat. Shelf life — 90 days. After opening — use within 30 days.

Cream — Cladogynos orientalis

Indications (Cream): Inflammatory dermatoses, seborrheic dermatitis, dry skin in diabetes, mild forms of psoriasis, post-acne, skin irritation after sunburn.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply a thin layer 2 times a day to cleansed skin. Course of use — 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): 3 times a day for pronounced dryness, flaking, and inflammation of the facial and neck skin. Apply for up to 14 days in a row.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): Up to 4 times a day. Limit the area of application to 100 cm². Maximum — 5 days in a row, then transition to the standard dose.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Once a day on the skin of the face and hands in patients with chronic dermatoses, in winter, in dry air, after UV exposure. Course — 14 days.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): Use is allowed from 7 years of age. Apply once a day for 5 days on an area of no more than 5 cm². Under adult supervision.

Contraindications (Cream): Acute allergic dermatitis, intolerance to components. There is no scientific data on safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Side Effects (Cream): Local redness, itching, contact dermatitis with prolonged use. Extremely rarely — the appearance of acneiform rashes.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cream): There is no need for dose adjustment depending on body weight for external use.

Preparation method (Cream): To prepare 100 grams of cream: 5 grams of dry extract of Cladogynos orientalis, 70 grams of coconut oil, 20 grams of water, 5 grams of lecithin. Heat the oil and aqueous phases to 45 degrees, combine with stirring, add the extract, homogenize for 10 minutes. Cool, package in sterile jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store at a temperature of 5 to 10 degrees Celsius, in a dark container, without access to light. Shelf life — up to 60 days. After opening — use within 14 days.

Cosmetic Serum — Cladogynos orientalis

Indications (Cosmetic Serum): Skin inflammation in acne, irritation after peeling procedures, post-acne, redness and dry skin, photoaging, hyperpigmentation, impaired skin barrier.

Standard Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Apply 2–3 drops to cleansed facial skin once a day (in the evening). Gently distribute over the surface until completely absorbed. Course — 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): 2 times a day — morning and evening, 3 drops each, for active inflammatory rash, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, flaking after laser and acid procedures.

Maximum Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Up to 4 drops 2 times a day on the entire surface of the face and neck, for pronounced manifestations of photoaging, dryness, and impaired skin barrier. Do not use for longer than 10 days in a row at the maximum dose.

Preventive Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Once a day, 1 drop, on the nasolabial folds and forehead area in patients over 35 years of age with the first signs of skin aging. Apply in courses of 7–10 days monthly.

Pediatric Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Not used in children. There is no safety data for persons under 16 years of age.

Contraindications (Cosmetic Serum): Acute herpes, open wounds, allergy to components. There is no scientific data on use during pregnancy, lactation, and in adolescents under 16 years of age.

Side Effects (Cosmetic Serum): Rarely — a burning sensation, redness, flaking. In some cases — urticaria or rashes of an allergic nature.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cosmetic Serum): Not required. Cosmetic external use is dosed by area, not by body weight.

Preparation method (Cosmetic Serum): To prepare 100 milliliters: 2 grams of dry extract of Cladogynos orientalis, 90 milliliters of aloe hydrolate, 5 milliliters of jojoba oil, 1 gram of xanthan gum, 2 milliliters of glycerin. Mix glycerin with gum, dissolve the extract in hydrolate, combine the components at 40 degrees Celsius, homogenize. Package in a glass bottle with a dispenser.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cosmetic Serum): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4 to 8 degrees Celsius, protected from light. Shelf life — 30 days. After opening — use within 10 days.

Vaginal Suppository — Cladogynos orientalis

Indications (Vaginal Suppository): Candidal vulvovaginitis, bacterial vaginosis, vaginal trichomoniasis, chronic cervicitis, postmenopausal inflammations of the vaginal mucosa, vaginal itching and burning.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository (500 milligrams) intravaginally at night for 7 days in a row. Insert deep into the vagina before bedtime.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 2 suppositories per day (morning and evening) for acute bacterial inflammations accompanied by profuse discharge, itching, and irritation.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 3 suppositories per day — morning, afternoon, and at night. Use no longer than 3 days in a row. Then transition to the standard dosage.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository every other day, in a course of 5 suppositories, in women with recurrent vaginosis, vaginal dryness, or against the background of microflora restoration after antibiotic therapy.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): Not used in children and adolescents. Contraindicated before menarche.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppository): Hypersensitivity, vaginal bleeding, acute cervical erosions, pregnancy up to 12 weeks. Scientific safety data during lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppository): Burning, itching, increased discharge, mucosal irritation. Extremely rarely — contact allergy with mucosal edema.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Vaginal Suppository): Not required. Local application does not require dose adjustment by body weight.

Preparation method (Vaginal Suppository): For 100 grams: 10 grams of dry extract of Cladogynos orientalis, 90 grams of cocoa butter (or coconut oil with the addition of 5 grams of beeswax). Melt the butter in a water bath at a temperature of 45 degrees Celsius, add the extract, mix until homogeneous, pour into suppository molds. Cool in the refrigerator.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppository): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2 to 8 degrees Celsius. Avoid freezing and direct sunlight. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening the package, use within 10 days.

Rectal Suppository — Cladogynos orientalis

Indications (Rectal Suppository): Proctitis, hemorrhoids, anal fissure, rectal inflammation in liver cirrhosis, toxic liver damage, chronic intoxication, hyperlipidemia, viral hepatitis C.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository (500 milligrams) rectally at night after bowel movement, in a course of 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 2 suppositories per day — morning and evening — for acute inflammations, pain syndrome, anal fissures, exacerbation of hemorrhoids, or the active phase of hepatitis.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppository): Up to 3 suppositories per day, but no longer than 5 days. Used for pronounced hepatotoxicity, exacerbated liver cirrhosis, and the presence of systemic manifestations of intoxication.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository once every 2 days, in a course of 5 suppositories, for patients with chronic liver diseases, hemorrhoids in remission, and systemic fatigue. Repeat 2 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppository): Use is possible from 12 years of age with a body weight of 35 kilograms or more — 1/2 suppository once a day. Do not use in children under 12 years of age.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppository): Acute rectal bleeding, tumor formations of the rectum, allergy to components. Safety data during pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppository): Local irritation, burning sensation in the anal canal, less often — diarrhea, false urges to defecate. With overdose — nausea.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Rectal Suppository): For weight less than 50 kilograms — use ½ suppository. For body weight over 90 kilograms — the use of a full dosage 2–3 times a day is allowed.

Preparation method (Rectal Suppository): For 100 grams of finished product: 10 grams of dry extract of Cladogynos orientalis, 90 grams of cocoa butter. Melt the butter at a temperature of 45 degrees Celsius, add the extract, mix until homogeneous, pour into rectal molds, cool until solidified.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Rectal Suppository): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2 to 8 degrees Celsius, in airtight packaging. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 7 days.

Ear Drops — Cladogynos orientalis

Indications (Ear Drops): External otitis, fungal inflammation of the external auditory canal, bacterial otitis, itching and eczema of the external ear, candidiasis of the ear canal.

Standard Dosage (Ear Drops): 2 drops in each ear canal 2 times a day. After instillation, keep the head tilted for 5 minutes. Course — 7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ear Drops): 3 drops 3 times a day for pronounced itching, discharge, and edema of the external auditory canal. Combination with cotton turunda is possible.

Maximum Dosage (Ear Drops): Up to 4 drops 4 times a day for acute inflammation, purulent discharge, and fungal-bacterial mixed otitis. Do not use for more than 5 days in the enhanced dosage.

Preventive Dosage (Ear Drops): 1 drop once a day after water procedures for swimmers, divers, and persons prone to external otitis. Preventive course — 7 days every 2 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Ear Drops): Allowed from 5 years of age. 1 drop 2 times a day. Use with caution and only by doctor's prescription.

Contraindications (Ear Drops): Perforation of the eardrum, allergy, otitis media. Safety data during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 5 years of age are absent.

Side Effects (Ear Drops): Irritation of the ear canal, burning, short-term hearing loss with overdose. In rare cases — headache.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ear Drops): Not required. Application is local and dosed in drops.

Preparation method (Ear Drops): For 100 milliliters: 5 grams of dry extract of Cladogynos orientalis, 95 milliliters of coconut oil. Dissolve the extract at a temperature of 40 degrees in slightly heated oil, filter thoroughly. Pour into sterile dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ear Drops): Store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 8 to 15 degrees Celsius. After opening — use within 14 days. Total shelf life — 3 months.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Cladogynos orientalis

Experimental data on the acute toxicity of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Cladogynos orientalis indicate a high degree of biosafety upon oral and local use. In a study on laboratory animals (mice) with oral administration of the extract at doses up to 5000 mg/kg, no lethal outcomes or signs of toxicity were observed, which allows the LD₅₀ to be classified as above 5000 mg/kg body weight (which corresponds to hazard class IV — practically non-toxic).

Behavioral and physiological reactions, including motor activity, body weight, appearance, behavior, and histopathological changes of organs, did not differ from the control group during 14 days of observation.

The study confirms the suitability of Cladogynos orientalis for use in traditional medicines and cosmetic forms when recommended dosages are observed.

Reference: https://www.researchgate.net/p...

Pharmacodynamics — Cladogynos orientalis

Cladogynos orientalis demonstrates a wide range of pharmacodynamic activity, due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, coumarins, and diterpenoids, among which rutin, scopoletin, and specific ent-halimane derivatives have been identified. In vitro and in vivo studies show that the biologically active fractions of the plant affect various physiological target systems: hepatobiliary, cutaneous, immune, and endocrine.

One of the key pharmacodynamic effects of Cladogynos orientalis extracts is antioxidant action. Phenolic fractions of the leaves actively neutralize reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, inhibit lipid peroxidation, and stabilize cell membranes. This action is mediated by the ability of flavonoids to chelate divalent ions and interrupt the radical chain reaction.

The anti-inflammatory action of Cladogynos orientalis is realized both systemically and locally. Studies have shown a decrease in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymatic activity, and a decrease in NF-κB expression. These mechanisms are associated with the presence of coumarins and scopoletin, which have a regulating effect on the inflammatory cascade.

Extracts from the roots and stems of Cladogynos orientalis have antimicrobial activity, especially against gram-positive bacteria and yeast fungi. This effect is due to disruption of bacterial membrane permeability and inhibition of microbial enzyme systems. At the molecular level, the participation of scopoletin in disrupting the energy metabolism of bacterial cells is assumed.

The plant exhibits immunotropic properties, including a modulating effect on cytokine production and increased activity of macrophages and neutrophils. These properties are especially pronounced when using alcoholic and aqueous leaf extracts containing a high concentration of flavonoids. An effect on the activity of natural killers (NK cells) and phagocytic activity has also been noted, which confirms the adaptogenic potential of the plant.

Local use of Cladogynos orientalis on the skin in the form of ointments, creams, and oil infusions promotes epidermal regeneration, healing of small wounds, reduction of itching and flaking. This action is associated with stimulation of collagen synthesis, antioxidant protection of keratinocytes, and restoration of the skin lipid barrier.

The pharmacological activity of Cladogynos orientalis also covers endocrine regulation: normalizing effects on blood sugar and lipid levels have been recorded. The proposed mechanism is the modulation of the activity of enzymes involved in carbohydrate and fat metabolism, including α-glucosidase and HMG-CoA reductase. Systemic effects on hepatic metabolic enzymes have also been confirmed in animal experiments. The pharmacodynamic properties of Cladogynos orientalis are manifested mainly at the systemic and local levels. Systemic effects are provided by the absorption of active components and their interaction with cellular receptors and enzyme systems. Local effects are due to the direct contact of active substances with skin tissues and mucous membranes.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://journals.lww.com/aptb/...
https://link.springer.com/arti...
https://www.researchgate.net/p...

Pharmacokinetics — Cladogynos orientalis

The pharmacokinetic properties of Cladogynos orientalis are determined by the composition of its active components, among which flavonoids, coumarins, diterpenes, and essential oils predominate. The route of administration has a significant effect on the absorption and distribution of these compounds. Upon oral administration of powder or extract, the absorption of polyphenolic compounds begins in the small intestine with the participation of transporters such as GLUT and SGLT, as well as through passive diffusion.

Most flavonoids undergo intensive metabolism in the intestinal mucosa and the liver. CYP450 enzymes, as well as phase II conjugation reactions (glucuronidation, sulfation, methylation), play a key role in their biotransformation. The resulting metabolites may retain or partially lose biological activity.

After absorption, active substances are distributed mainly in highly perfused tissues: liver, kidneys, and spleen. Coumarin compounds and diterpenes have moderate lipophilicity, which facilitates their passage through cell membranes, including the epithelium of the respiratory tract and mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. With transdermal administration (through ointments, creams, oil infusions), active fractions penetrate the epidermis and partially — the dermis, where they exert a local effect.

Rectal and vaginal administration of suppositories provides a predominantly local effect; however, some of the active substances enter the systemic circulation, bypassing the first hepatic phase of metabolism. This may increase their systemic bioavailability with appropriate forms of administration.

Flavonoids partially bind to plasma proteins, including albumins, which contributes to their transport and slow elimination. Metabolites are excreted mainly by the kidneys in urine (in the form of glucuronides and sulfates), as well as through bile and, to a lesser extent, with sweat and feces. Accumulation in tissues when recommended dosages are observed has not been recorded.

Some diterpenes, including halimane derivatives, demonstrate resistance to rapid degradation, which may determine a prolonged effect with repeated administration. Their metabolism is predominantly hepatic, with the participation of microsomal enzyme systems. Intranasal and auricular administration of Cladogynos orientalis extracts provides a local pharmacokinetic profile with limited systemic absorption. Nevertheless, with damage to the mucosa, partial entry into the bloodstream is possible, which requires caution at high doses or with prolonged use.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729...
https://www.researchgate.net/p...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Cladogynos orientalis

The pharmacological activity of Cladogynos orientalis is due to the action of a complex of natural compounds, including flavonoids (primarily rutin), coumarins (scopoletin), diterpenes (including chettaphanin I–III), as well as sesquiterpenes and triterpenes. These compounds affect multiple cellular and molecular targets, determining the broad bioregulectory potential of the plant.

One of the key mechanisms of action of Cladogynos orientalis components is the inhibition of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, including the NF-κB cascade, which regulates the expression of genes responsible for the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6). A decrease in the activity of this cascade leads to a decrease in the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and as a consequence, to a decrease in prostaglandin synthesis. The inhibitory activity of plant extracts against LOX (lipoxygenase) enzymatic pathways has also been confirmed, which additionally modulates inflammatory processes.

At the level of antioxidant protection, Cladogynos orientalis flavonoids act as direct scavengers of free radicals, including superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, and peroxyl compounds. In addition, they stabilize the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and contribute to a decrease in the level of malondialdehyde — a marker of lipid peroxidation.

The coumarin compound scopoletin exhibits activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), presumably through reversible inhibition, which has been confirmed in in vitro models. This action may be associated with neurotropic and sedative effects, as well as regulation of cholinergic transmission in the central nervous system.

Cladogynos orientalis extracts also demonstrate inhibitory effects on viral replication, in particular, through suppression of the activity of the non-structural protein NS5B of the hepatitis C virus, which has been shown on the HepaRG cell line. The mechanism of this action includes interference with the processes of transcription and replication of viral RNA.

The effect on the immune system is realized through the activation of phagocytic cells, an increase in MHC II expression on macrophages, as well as an increase in the production of IL-12 and IFN-γ, which indicates stimulation of the Th1 arm of the immune response. In parallel, suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines occurs, which gives Cladogynos orientalis the properties of a balanced immunomodulator. Antimicrobial action has been confirmed against Staphylococcus intermedius and Candida albicans, where extracts disrupted the integrity of the cell membrane and reduced the level of pathogen adhesion to the epithelium. In vitro studies demonstrate a bacteriostatic effect associated with the inhibition of enzyme systems of microbial cells and disruption of their membrane potential. At the systemic level, the bioactive components of Cladogynos orientalis affect cellular metabolism, especially in the tissues of the liver, skin, and intestines, mediating the regulation of phase I and II detoxification enzymes. This action is associated with the activation of nuclear receptors of the PPAR type and modulation of the activity of microsomal oxidation enzymes.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://journals.lww.com/aptb/...
https://link.springer.com/arti...
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729...
https://www.researchgate.net/p...

Synergy — Cladogynos orientalis

Experimental studies confirm the pharmacological synergy between Cladogynos orientalis and other phytocomponents, primarily plants with anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory activity. The most clearly expressed potentiating effect is in combination with Andrographis paniculata, where additive and partially synergistic suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) in macrophage cultures was observed, as well as a decrease in COX-2 and NO-synthase expression.

It has also been established that the combination of Cladogynos orientalis with Curcuma longa leads to mutual enhancement of antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing effects. The mechanisms include joint activation of endogenous antioxidant defense enzymes and suppression of NF-κB and MAPK cascades. This interaction can be classified as potentiating and tissue-specific, with a predominant effect in liver and skin cells.

Concomitant use of Cladogynos orientalis with Morus alba demonstrated a modulating effect on lipid metabolism, including a decrease in the activity of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. This synergism is probably mediated through an effect on PPAR receptors and glucose transport proteins.

When Cladogynos orientalis is combined with Centella asiatica, a complementation of reparative and regenerative action on the skin and mucous membranes is observed. In vitro studies demonstrate accelerated expression of type I collagen and activation of fibroblasts, which indicates a cellular level of interaction between the active substances of both plants.

Pharmacological synergy has also been established between Cladogynos orientalis and flavonoids of Glycyrrhiza glabra. Combined extracts enhance antioxidant and immunomodulatory action through additive suppression of lipid peroxidation and normalization of superoxide dismutase activity.

The nature of the interaction of Cladogynos orientalis with other natural substances is predominantly potentiating and protective. The systemic action of such combinations is manifested in the normalization of immune status, reduction of cytotoxic manifestations, and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Mechanisms of synergy include effects on common signaling cascades, inflammation enzymes, and receptor pathways.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://link.springer.com/arti...
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729...
https://journals.lww.com/aptb/...

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Cladogynos orientalis

Cladogynos orientalis is a rare representative of the Euphorbiaceae family and is found mainly in the countries of Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and parts of Indonesia. The greatest biodiversity of the species is recorded in the northern and northeastern regions of Thailand, where the plant is cultivated in medicinal gardens maintained by monks and folk healers.

In traditional Thai medicine, Cladogynos orientalis is known under the local name "แคลโดไจนัส". It is used as part of medicinal tinctures, decoctions, and ointments used for skin irritations and purification procedures. Infusions in alcohol or water are prepared from fresh leaves, which are used externally and internally. The practice of applying crushed leaves to the skin and using an aqueous decoction in the form of sitz baths is also common.

Among the Khmer people, the plant is part of multicomponent cleansing infusions used at the beginning of Buddhist fasts or after the completion of a cremation ceremony. In some provinces of Vietnam and Cambodia, Cladogynos orientalis was traditionally used for wraps in women's postpartum rituals aimed at restoring the body's energy and expelling "cold." The leaves of the plant were part of bath brooms or added to steam herbal saunas, which were accompanied by the recitation of protective spells.

In the northern Thai Lanna tradition, Cladogynos orientalis leaves were considered a symbol of purification of body and spirit. They were used in the "lam lam" ritual, where herbs were ignited on coals and the smoke was inhaled in a special order — first through the left nostril, then through the right. It was believed that in this way, disease and "dirty energy" leave the body.

In the territory of northern Laos, the plant was sometimes used in rituals to repel evil spirits; it was placed under the pillow or burned in the corners of the house together with other cleansing herbs. In some villages, Cladogynos orientalis was hung in a bunch over the entrance to the house as a symbol of protection.

Written mentions of Cladogynos orientalis as part of traditional medicine recipes were first recorded in an 18th-century Thai medical treatise kept in the monastery library of Wat Chet Yot (Lampang province), where it is designated as a plant that "brings coolness to the blood and comfort to the body."

Non-medical use of the plant includes the role of a talisman and a component of "smoke purifications" (Thai: "รมยา") in village and temple rituals. In these practices, aromatic leaves are dried, ground, and smoked in a bundle with other plants during the expulsion of the "spirit of disease."