Passiflora edulis — Passion Fruit (Powder)

Passiflora edulis — Passion Fruit (Powder)

Product Name: Маракуйя, Passiflora edulis, Passionsfrucht, Fruta de la pasión, Fruit de la passion, فاكهة العاطفة, เสาวรส

Synonyms: маракуйя, пассифлора съедобная, гранадила пурпурная, страстоцвет, страстоцвет, страстоцвет съедобный, passion fruit, purple granadilla, edible passionflower, essbare Passionsblume, Prachtblume, flor de la pasión, granadilla morada, fleur de la passion, grenadille pourpre, زهرة الآلام, زهرة العاطفة الأرجوانية, ดอกเสาวรส, เสาวรสม่วง

Main Indications for Use of Passiflora edulis: Gallstone disease, fatty liver degeneration, metabolic syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, stage I–II hypertension, bronchial asthma, stress-associated insomnia disorder, functional dyspepsia, chronic gastritis with increased secretion, cerebral vascular atherosclerosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Use of Passiflora edulis in Mixtures and Complexes: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic cholecystitis, gastric and duodenal ulcer, climacteric syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease, chronic cystitis, psoriasis, neurodermatitis, chronic fatigue.

Pharmacological Properties of Passiflora edulis: antioxidant, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, cardiotonic, antihypertensive, anxiolytic, sedative, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, regenerative.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Passiflora edulis

Powder — Passiflora edulis

Indications (Powder): Gallstone disease, metabolic syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, cerebral vascular atherosclerosis, fatty liver degeneration, functional dyspepsia, stage I–II hypertension.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 2.5 g of powder once daily, 30 minutes before meals, washed down with warm water (37–38 °C). Course — 30 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 2.5 g of powder twice daily, morning and evening, 30 minutes before meals. Recommended for pronounced metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and combined pathology of the gastrointestinal tract and liver.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): Up to 10 g of powder per day, divided into 4 doses. Permissible for obesity of degree III, steatohepatitis, combined therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and stage II hypertension. Duration — no more than 10 days.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 1.5 g once daily for 20 days each month. Recommended for patients with excess body weight, borderline hypertension, a family history burdened by type 2 diabetes mellitus, drivers, office workers, and people with physical inactivity.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): From 7 years of age and body weight of at least 25 kg — 1 g of powder once daily, in the first half of the day. From 12 years of age and body weight from 40 kg — 1.5 g once daily. Regardless of gender. Do not use in children under 7 years of age.

Contraindications (Powder): Individual intolerance to components, pronounced hypotension, acute gastritis with reduced acidity, exacerbation of gastric ulcer. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in childhood under 7 years of age have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): In case of overdose, dyspepsia, headache, and decreased blood pressure are possible. Hypersensitivity reactions have been registered in the presence of allergy to other Passiflora species.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): For body weight below 60 kg — use the lower limit of the standard dosage (1.5–2 g). For body weight above 90 kg — a dose increase up to 3.5 g per day is permissible within the standard regimen.

Preparation Method (Powder): To prepare 100 g of powder, use 500 g of fresh passion fruit (preferably varieties with bright yellow skin). Extract the pulp and skin, remove the seeds. Dry the pulp and skin at a temperature of 45–50 °C for 36 hours in a drying chamber with horizontal ventilation. After drying, grind to a fraction of less than 0.5 mm. Sift through a sieve. Store in an airtight glass container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a tightly closed light-impermeable glass container at a temperature of +5 °C to +22 °C, in a dry room protected from direct light and electromagnetic fields. Shelf life — up to 12 months. After opening, use within 60 days, avoiding contact with moisture.

Dry Extract — Passiflora edulis

Indications (Dry Extract): Cerebral vascular atherosclerosis, chronic gastritis with increased secretion, stage I hypertension, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety-depressive disorder, sleep disorders, metabolic syndrome.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 300 mg of dry extract once daily after meals. Course — 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 300 mg twice daily — morning and evening, for 14 days. Indicated for anxiety disorders, vegetative dystonia with elevated blood pressure, and chronic stress syndrome.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): Up to 1200 mg per day, divided into 3 doses. Permissible for pronounced sleep disturbance against the background of neurasthenia, sedative withdrawal syndrome, and concomitant cognitive impairments.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 150 mg once daily, in the evening, for 10 days each month. Recommended for people with a busy schedule, cognitive overload, a tendency to insomnia, and hyperreactive school-age children (over 7 years) under specialist supervision.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): For children from 7 to 12 years: 75–100 mg once daily. Body weight from 25 kg. For children from 12 years: 150 mg per day. Use in children under 7 years of age is not recommended.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Individual intolerance to components, pronounced hypotension, pregnancy and lactation (due to lack of data), childhood under 7 years of age. Concomitant use with benzodiazepines and sedatives should be avoided.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): Drowsiness, decreased concentration, mild headache. In isolated cases — nausea when taken on an empty stomach.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): For body weight less than 60 kg — reduce the dose to 200 mg/day. For body weight over 90 kg, an increase to 400–450 mg/day is possible in the absence of side effects.

Preparation Method (Dry Extract): To obtain 100 g of dry extract: use 1000 g of passion fruit skin and pulp. Carry out water-ethanol extraction (70% ethanol) at a temperature of 60 °C for 2 hours, extractant — 2 liters. Filter, then evaporate at a temperature not exceeding 45 °C to a semi-solid mass. Carry out freeze drying at −40 °C under vacuum. Grind the resulting extract to a homogeneous powder.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in an airtight dark glass jar at a temperature of +5 °C to +20 °C, in a dry, dark place protected from light and EMI. Shelf life — up to 18 months. After opening, use within 90 days.

Alcohol-Based Tincture — Passiflora edulis

Indications (Tincture): Neurasthenia, anxiety disorders, insomnia, stage I hypertension, chronic stress, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, mild depression, adjustment disorders.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 25 drops of alcohol tincture (in 70% ethanol) twice daily — in the morning and 30 minutes before sleep. Dilute in 50 ml of water. Course — 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 30–35 drops three times a day for increased anxiety, vegetative dysfunction with tachycardia, and a period of psychoemotional overwork. Duration — up to 10 days.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): Up to 45 drops 3 times a day. Permissible in acute stress, panic attacks, and withdrawal states under medical supervision. Maximum duration — no more than 7 consecutive days.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 15 drops once daily, in the evening. Used for a tendency to irritability, sleep disturbances, chronic fatigue, and in patients with high nervous excitability. Courses of 10 days with an interval of 20 days.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): From 12 years — 10 drops once daily in the evening, in diluted form. Below 12 years, not recommended due to alcohol content.

Contraindications (Tincture): Alcohol dependence, epilepsy, childhood under 12 years, pregnancy, lactation, severe forms of arterial hypotension, individual sensitivity to ethanol. During pregnancy and lactation, scientifically reliable contraindications have not been registered, but due to ethanol content, use is not recommended.

Side Effects (Tincture): Drowsiness, decreased blood pressure, dizziness, nausea, especially when taken on an empty stomach. Allergic reactions are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tincture): Body weight below 60 kg — initial dose of 15–20 drops. Body weight above 90 kg — an increase up to 35 drops is possible with good tolerance.

Preparation Method (Tincture): To obtain 100 ml of tincture, use 20 g of dried passion fruit skin and pulp, crushed to a fraction of 2–3 mm. Pour 100 ml of 70% ethanol, infuse in a tightly closed dark glass vessel at room temperature for 7 days, shaking daily. Then filter through gauze and pour into dark bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of +5 °C to +18 °C, away from sources of heat and direct light. Shield from sources of EMI. Shelf life — 24 months. After opening — use within 60 days.

Oil Infusion — Passiflora edulis

Indications (Oil Infusion): Atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, eczema, skin irritation after sun exposure, dry skin, hypersensitivity, damage to the epidermal barrier.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally — apply in a thin layer to the affected area 1–2 times a day after cleansing the skin. Course duration — 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Up to 3–4 times a day, in the form of applications to the zone of pronounced inflammation during exacerbation of dermatitis, psoriasis, fissures, and skin peeling. Duration — up to 5 days, then return to the standard regimen.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Application up to 5 times a day in the form of oil compresses on limited skin areas for acute inflammation. Use no more than 3 consecutive days, then switch to the standard regimen.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): Once daily, in the evening, for 7 days each month. Used for dry skin, age-related changes, and as part of care for hypersensitive and thin skin.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): From 3 years — apply no more than once daily to limited skin areas. From 7 years — 1–2 times a day. Use under adult supervision. Suitable for both sexes.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Individual intolerance, acute purulent skin lesions, dermatomycoses. No scientifically reliable data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 3 years of age have been registered. Application to damaged skin with compromised integrity should be avoided.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Rarely — contact dermatitis, hyperemia, burning sensation. In isolated cases — allergic reactions in the presence of sensitization to other Passiflora species.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): No dose adjustment is required — applied locally. For body weight below 30 kg (in children) — reduce the application area and frequency of use.

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion): To prepare 100 ml of infusion, use 20 g of dried passion fruit skin (crushed to a fraction of 1–2 mm) and 100 ml of organic cold-pressed jojoba or sesame oil. Pour the oil over the raw material in a glass jar and keep at a temperature of 40 °C for 48 hours in a warm place without access to light. Then filter and pour into a dark bottle. Do not use metal utensils.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store at a temperature of +5 °C to +20 °C in a dark place, in a tightly closed dark glass bottle. Protect from heat, light, and electromagnetic sources. Shelf life — up to 6 months. After opening — use within 45 days.

Ointment — Passiflora edulis

Indications (Ointment): Skin fissures, localized areas of inflammation in eczema and psoriasis, contact dermatitis, hyperkeratosis, skin itching of non-allergic origin, restoration of the epidermal barrier in diabetic foot and neurodermatitis.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply in a thin layer to the affected area twice daily — morning and evening. Do not rub in. Course duration — 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): Up to 3 times a day for pronounced inflammation and the presence of peeling or fissures. Use no more than 5 consecutive days, then switch to the standard regimen.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Up to 5 applications per day on limited areas of no more than 5% of body surface. Use only in a short course — no more than 3 consecutive days.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): Apply once daily in the evening to areas prone to dryness and microdamage. Recommended for individuals with chronic dermatoses in the remission stage, elderly patients with thinned skin, and patients with neuroendocrine disorders accompanied by dry skin.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): From 3 years — no more than once daily on limited areas. From 7 years — up to 2 times a day. Do not use for children under 3 years of age. Gender does not matter.

Contraindications (Ointment): Individual hypersensitivity, acute pyodermas, weeping dermatoses, pustular skin lesions. No scientifically reliable contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children over 3 years of age have been registered. During pregnancy, apply only to intact skin.

Side Effects (Ointment): Isolated cases of contact allergic reaction, itching, and hyperemia at the site of application have been registered. Rarely — irritation when applied to inflamed areas with compromised skin integrity.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ointment): No adjustment is required for external use. For body weight less than 30 kg — reduce the application area and course duration.

Preparation Method (Ointment): To prepare 100 g of ointment: take 10 g of dry passion fruit extract, 20 g of passion fruit seed oil, 60 g of unrefined organic beeswax, and 10 g of lanolin. Melt the wax and lanolin in a water bath (t = 60–65 °C), add the oil and extract. Stir until completely homogeneous for 15 minutes. Pour into sterile dark glass jars. Cool at room temperature.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store at a temperature of +5 °C to +15 °C in a tightly closed dark glass container. Avoid direct light and heating. Shield from sources of EMI. Shelf life — up to 6 months. After opening — use within 30 days.

Cream — Passiflora edulis

Indications (Cream): Dry skin, photoaging, skin sensitivity, hyperemia, irritation after shaving, contact dermatitis, early stage of couperose, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, decreased skin tone and elasticity.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply in a thin, even layer twice daily — morning and evening — to clean, dry skin of the face or body. Course — 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): Up to 3 times a day for exacerbation of skin sensitivity, peeling, and irritation against the background of stress loads or unfavorable weather conditions. Permissible for 5 days, then transition to the standard regimen.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): Up to 5 applications per day on limited skin areas (e.g., cheeks, area around the eyes, elbows, hands). Use no more than 3 consecutive days.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Once daily, in the evening, in continuous courses of 10 days per month. Suitable for the prevention of photoaging, restoration of the skin barrier function in persons over 40 years of age, as well as in winter and post-peeling periods.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): From 5 years — no more than 1 application per day, on limited skin areas. From 10 years — 1–2 times a day. Use in children under 5 years of age is not recommended.

Contraindications (Cream): Individual hypersensitivity, active herpes eruptions, fresh burns, acute inflammatory skin diseases. No contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and childhood over 5 years of age have been scientifically registered. Application to intact skin is permissible.

Side Effects (Cream): A burning or tingling sensation in the first minutes after application, allergic rash, redness at the site of application are possible. In rare cases — itching and swelling.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cream): No adjustment is required. In children with body weight up to 30 kg — reduce the frequency of application and the coverage area.

Preparation Method (Cream): To prepare 100 g of cream: take 10 g of aqueous dry passion fruit extract, 20 g of cold-pressed passion fruit seed oil, 5 g of vegetable glycerin, 10 g of emulsifier (based on lecithin and candelilla wax), and 55 g of distilled water. Heat the aqueous phase to 70 °C, while heating the oil phase to the same temperature. Combine the phases with intensive stirring. Cool to 30 °C with constant stirring. Package into sterile dispenser bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store at a temperature of +4 °C to +10 °C in a tightly closed bottle, away from light and heat sources. Shield from electromagnetic exposure. Shelf life — 90 days. After opening — use within 30 days.

Serum — Passiflora edulis

Indications (Serum): Decreased skin tone, photoaging, microinflammations, dull complexion, hyperpigmentation, post-acne, premature skin aging, inflammatory elements on oily and combination skin, damage to the skin barrier function.

Standard Dosage (Serum): Apply 3–4 drops to cleansed facial skin once daily — in the evening. Course — 28 days. Application under cream or as a standalone product is permissible.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): Twice daily, morning and evening, 4–5 drops on the face and neck for pronounced dullness of the skin, impaired microcirculation, and the presence of signs of glycation or pigmentation. Duration — 14 days, then switch to the standard regimen.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): Up to 6–7 drops 2–3 times a day on limited zones (nasolabial triangle, periorbital area, forehead). Use no more than 5 consecutive days.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): 2–3 drops once daily, in the evening, for 10 days each month. Recommended for patients over 35 years of age, smokers, under exposure to UV radiation, urban air pollution, and for tired and stressed skin.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): Not recommended for children under 14 years of age. From 14 years, use of 1–2 drops once daily is possible for post-acne, oily skin, and single inflammatory elements.

Contraindications (Serum): Individual intolerance, open skin damage, acute pustular process. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered; however, due to the high concentration of active components, caution is recommended. Do not apply to irritated skin.

Side Effects (Serum): Rarely — redness, feeling of warmth, short-term tingling. Allergic reactions are possible in individuals with hypersensitivity to Passiflora.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Serum): No dosage adjustment is required. In adolescence (body weight less than 50 kg), use the minimum amount — 1–2 drops.

Preparation Method (Serum): To prepare 100 ml: 5 g of dry aqueous passion fruit extract, 5 ml of passion fruit seed oil, 0.5 ml of natural stabilizer (rosemary extract), 5 ml of vegetable glycerin, and 85 ml of distilled water. Dissolve the extract in water at a temperature of 40 °C, add glycerin and stabilizer. Gradually introduce the oil phase with vigorous stirring. Pour into a glass pipette bottle. Store in the refrigerator.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): Store at a temperature of +4 °C to +8 °C in a tightly closed dark glass bottle. Protect from light and heating. Shelf life — up to 45 days. After opening, use within 20 days.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Passiflora edulis

In the course of experimental studies of the extract and powder of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), it was established that the toxicity of the plant is extremely low. In acute oral administration tests in laboratory animals (mice, rats), LD₅₀ values are more than 5000 mg/kg body weight, which allows the preparation to be classified as practically non-toxic. The absence of lethal and sublethal effects with repeated administration at doses up to 2000 mg/kg, including histological control of the state of the liver, kidneys, and CNS, was also confirmed.

Studies have not revealed teratogenic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic effects. The preparation does not have an embryotoxic effect and does not affect reproductive functions when used in therapeutic and preventive doses.

Thus, the fruit and skin of passion fruit in the form of powder or water-alcohol extracts are biologically safe with oral and external use, provided dosages are observed and individual intolerance is excluded.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Pharmacodynamics — Passiflora edulis

The pharmacodynamic properties of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) are due to a multitude of active phytochemical compounds localized in the skin and pulp of the fruit. The most studied substances are flavonoids (including vitexin, isovitexin, orientin, isoorientin), phenolic acids, cyanogenic glycosides, alkaloids, carotenoids (mainly β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene), as well as essential oils and fatty acids contained predominantly in the skin. The combination of these compounds forms a multi-profile pharmacological profile, manifested both at the systemic and local levels.

At the systemic level, the antioxidant action of the active compounds of passion fruit has been proven, realized through direct interaction with reactive oxygen species, as well as induction of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase). This property is accompanied by stabilization of cell membranes and prevention of oxidative modification of lipids and proteins, which is especially important for the cells of the liver, skin, blood vessels, and neurons.

In the nervous system, passion fruit demonstrates a moderate sedative and anxiolytic effect mediated through modulation of GABA receptor activity (in particular, GABA_A subtypes), as well as possible regulation of the expression of the enzyme monoamine oxidase. The influence on the central and vegetative components of neurosignaling has been confirmed by a decrease in sympathetic stimulation activity and moderate normalization of the neurotransmitter balance under the action of alcohol extracts of the skin.

At the level of the gastrointestinal tract, spasmolytic and gastroprotective activity is noted, realized through a decrease in the contractile activity of the intestinal smooth muscle, a decrease in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators (cytokines TNF-α, IL-6), as well as indirect inhibition of gastric juice secretion. Active phenolic compounds interact with PPAR receptors involved in the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, which confirms their potential participation in metabolic regulation.

The local action of the skin and pulp of the fruit is characterized by pronounced anti-inflammatory and regenerative activity, which is due to the high concentration of α-linolenic acid, β-carotene, as well as bioflavonoids. These compounds contribute to the suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, stimulation of epidermal proliferation, and restoration of the skin barrier function. Oil forms have a direct effect on epidermal receptors and the lipid matrix.

The immunomodulatory effect is observed both with oral and local use and is manifested by normalization of the ratio of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The participation of the active components of passion fruit in the regulation of the activity of macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells has been proven, which determines its pharmacological value as an adaptogenic and restorative agent.

At the level of endocrine regulation, an influence on glucose and lipid metabolism has been recorded, mediated through activation of PPAR-γ and PPAR-α receptors, which may be explained by the content of polyphenolic compounds and carotenoids. The indirect antihypertensive effect is associated with inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), as well as a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance.

Thus, the pharmacodynamics of passion fruit covers a wide range of systemic and local effects confirmed by preclinical and laboratory studies. This makes it a potential ingredient of multifunctional preparations aimed at normalizing metabolic, neurogenic, immune, and skin processes.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Pharmacokinetics — Passiflora edulis

The pharmacokinetic features of preparations based on the fruits and skin of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) depend on the type of dosage form used, the groups of substances included in its composition, and the route of administration. The most common routes of administration are oral (powder, extract, infusion) and transdermal (ointment, cream, serum, oil infusion).

With oral administration of powder or extract, the main absorption of active compounds occurs in the small intestine. Flavonoids, phenolic acids, and carotenoids undergo partial transformation by the intestinal microflora, including hydrolysis, deglycosylation, and reduction processes. The bioavailability of some compounds (e.g., orientin flavones) may depend on the enzymatic activity of the microbiota, which determines individual metabolic characteristics in different patients. Cyanogenic glycosides, when consumed in moderation, do not exhibit toxicity, as they are rapidly metabolized to inactive compounds in the liver.

The distribution of active substances after absorption is predominantly associated with lipophilic tissues, including the liver, kidneys, lungs, and skin. Carotenoids and fat-soluble fractions are deposited in the subcutaneous tissue and epidermal structures. Water-soluble flavonoids circulate in plasma in the form of glucuronides and sulfates, undergoing phase II biotransformation in the liver.

Metabolism occurs mainly in hepatocytes with the participation of cytochrome P450 enzymes, uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases, and sulfotransferases. Many metabolites do not retain their original pharmacological activity but may possess their own biological effects — in particular, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Alkaloid components and terpenoid fractions contained in the skin also undergo intensive metabolism in the liver with the participation of enzymes of the redox cycle.

Excretion occurs predominantly by the kidneys — in the form of conjugated metabolites with glucuronic and sulfuric acids, as well as in a small amount — in unchanged form. Some fractions are excreted through bile with subsequent enterohepatic recirculation, which can lengthen the period of action. Volatile components (e.g., essential oils) are partially eliminated through the lungs, especially with inhalation or transdermal use.

With external application (in the form of cream, ointment, serum, or infusion), absorption is limited to the surface layers of the skin, especially in the presence of lipophilic transport substances. The main accumulation is noted in the stratum corneum and epidermis. Some substances can penetrate into the dermis and have a systemic effect with regular use, especially on areas with increased vascularization. At the same time, metabolism is carried out locally (in the skin) and in the liver after transcutaneous absorption.

Thus, the pharmacokinetics of passion fruit covers a complex cascade of processes, including enzymatic transformation, participation of intestinal microbiota, accumulation in tissues, and multidirectional routes of excretion, which determines a prolonged and balanced physiological action in various dosage forms.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://link.springer.com/arti...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Passiflora edulis

The pharmacological activity of the fruits and skin of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) is due to the high content of biologically active compounds, predominantly of a flavonoid, phenolic, and carotenoid nature. Key components such as vitexin, isovitexin, orientin, and isoorientin have demonstrated a direct influence on the activity of various receptor, enzyme, and cellular targets, which explains the multisystem pharmacological effects of this taxon.

One of the leading mechanisms of action is antioxidant activity, realized through activation of endogenous enzyme systems — superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as direct interaction with reactive oxygen species and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. These effects are associated with modulation of the NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling cascades regulating the inflammatory response and antioxidant defense at the cellular level. Such regulation leads to a decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and stabilization of cell membranes.

The sedative and anxiolytic action of Passiflora edulis extracts is associated with their ability to enhance GABAergic neurotransmission through interaction with GABA_A receptors. Bioflavonoids, especially vitexin, are presumed to increase the sensitivity of these receptors to γ-aminobutyric acid, reducing neuronal excitability. Some studies also note the inhibitory effect of passion fruit components on the enzyme monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A), which may contribute to the normalization of serotonin and dopamine concentrations in the central nervous system.

At the level of the inflammatory response, inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activity has been noted, which reduces the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. This is accompanied by a decrease in the expression of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in macrophages and epithelial cells, as well as suppression of the NF-κB cascade. Passion fruit flavonoids demonstrate the ability to stabilize lysosomal membranes and reduce neutrophil chemotaxis, decreasing the intensity of the inflammatory process.

The immunomodulatory effect of passion fruit is associated with an influence on the Th1/Th2 balance and activation of the phagocytic function of macrophages, which is confirmed by in vitro models. Some components demonstrate the ability to modulate the expression of interleukins and regulatory molecules at the level of peripheral immune cells. This action may be associated with PPAR-α/γ regulation characteristic of phenolic compounds of plant origin.

Lipophilic fractions of the fruit, rich in linoleic and α-linolenic acids, have the ability to restore the lipid matrix of the skin and affect epidermal receptors, activating keratinocyte proliferation and the expression of growth factors. The influence on the epidermal barrier is associated with modulation of the activity of the transcription factor AP-1, as well as suppression of the enzymatic destruction of collagen and elastin.

Additionally, it has been established that some flavonoids of the skin and pulp of passion fruit have an inhibitory effect on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which potentially reduces the activity of the renin-angiotensin system and indirectly affects vascular tone and pressure. This activity may also be due to an effect on the endothelium through NO signaling, although this mechanism requires additional validation.

Thus, the mechanism of action of passion fruit is formed by a complex of regulatory influences on neurotransmitter, cytokine, and enzyme systems, as well as on cellular signaling cascades, which allows this taxon to be considered a multi-target pharmacological agent with confirmed targets in nervous, immune, skin, and vascular regulation.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...
https://link.springer.com/arti...

Synergy — Passiflora edulis

The pharmacological synergy of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) with other natural substances has been confirmed by a number of experimental and clinical studies, predominantly in the context of sedative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolically modulating action. The most studied directions of synergy are combined effects with other flavonoid-containing plants, polysaccharides, fatty acids, and biologically active alkaloids.

The sedative-anxiolytic activity of Passiflora edulis is enhanced with combined use with plants containing GABA_A receptor activators — such as valerian (Valeriana officinalis), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), and hops (Humulus lupulus). This interaction is due to the similarity of the structures of flavonoid components, which act as positive allosteric modulators of GABA receptors. As a result, potentiation of the central inhibitory signal, a decrease in the level of excitation, and normalization of sleep are observed. Such synergy is classified as potentiating and is tissue-specifically realized in the structures of the limbic system.

Anti-inflammatory synergy has been established between passion fruit extracts and curcumin (from Curcuma longa), as well as epigallocatechin (from green tea). In vitro studies demonstrate additive inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cascades NF-κB and COX-2, which leads to a decrease in the production of IL-6, TNF-α, and PGE2. The simultaneous influence on the expression of genes encoding inflammatory response enzymes determines the enhancement of the cell-protective and membrane-stabilizing effect against the background of inflammatory processes.

Antioxidant synergy is noted when combining passion fruit with anthocyanins (e.g., from blueberry or chokeberry) and vitamin E. Studies have shown that passion fruit flavonoids enhance the effect of other antioxidants by increasing the expression of phase II detoxification enzymes and stabilizing the redox balance. Combined use increases the activity of catalase and glutathione-S-transferase, reduces the level of malondialdehyde in tissues, and maintains the level of reduced glutathione. This effect is systemic in nature and is manifested predominantly in the liver and endothelium.

Metabolically directed synergy has been established in the combination of passion fruit with inulin (from chicory) and quercetin. In animal and cell line models, an additive and modulating influence on the PPAR-γ and AMPK pathways has been described, which ensures the normalization of lipid and glucose metabolism. Such interaction contributes to the regulation of adiponectin expression and increases peripheral insulin sensitivity. The mechanisms of interaction include a coordinated influence on nuclear receptors and metabolic enzymes.

Additionally, a synergistic effect has been described when combining passion fruit with omega-3 fatty acids (alpha-linolenic and docosahexaenoic acids), where a protective effect on neurons and vascular endothelium is observed. The combined action is realized through anti-inflammatory inhibition of eicosanoid production and stabilization of the membrane structure.

Thus, Passiflora edulis demonstrates multiple pharmacological synergies with plant and natural compounds, exhibiting potentiating, additive, and modulating interaction at the levels of receptor, enzyme, and cellular regulation. These effects are confirmed by in vitro, in vivo data, and limited clinical observations.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
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Geography of Use and Folk Medicine – Passiflora edulis

Passiflora edulis is traditionally used in folk medicine and cultural practices in the tropical and subtropical regions of South and Central America, as well as in India, Southeast Asia, East and West Africa. The plant's homeland is considered to be Brazil, where passion fruit was actively used in the herbal medicine of indigenous peoples — the Guarani, Tupi, Kayapo — as well as in local forms of Brazilian folk medicine (medicina caseira). In these traditions, both ripe fruits and the peel, seeds, and leaves of the plant were used. Passion fruit juice was used as a sedative, while the peel and pulp were used in decoctions, tinctures, and steam baths. Dried parts of the plant in some regions were used for fumigation and for making amulets, especially in the practice of Candomblé and Macumba, where passion fruit was considered a symbol of gentleness and feminine energy that balances internal conflicts.

In Jamaica and Barbados, the passion fruit was often used in traditional island medicine in the form of fresh juice, which has cooling properties. In tropical Africa, especially in Uganda, Kenya, Ghana, and Cameroon, passion fruit is known as "granadilla" and "passion fruit" and is used in the form of aqueous decoctions, including in combination with local plants — for cleansing baths, wraps, and compresses. Folk healers in these regions attached particular importance to the passion fruit peel, believing it capable of "soothing hot blood."

In traditional Indian medicine (in particular, in Ayurvedic and Siddha practices), passion fruit appears in a number of local compendia (nighantu), where it is mentioned as a component of cooling infusions and pastes used externally. In South Indian villages, the peel was ground and combined with other components for applications to the head for ritual purposes during lunar fasts, linking the plant to the influence of the planet Chandra.

In Southeast Asia, passion fruit became widespread in the folk medicine of Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia already in the 20th century. In Thailand, the peel and pulp are used in the form of cold infusions and steam inhalations. In a number of ethnic communities of northern Thailand — the Karen, Lao, and Shan — passion fruit is used in the form of steam procedures, including during childbirth and the postpartum recovery period. In the Philippine archipelago, passion fruit is included in homemade ointments prepared with coconut oil and is used in home practice passed down through the female line.

In Papua New Guinea, passion fruit was considered a plant that connects earthly and heavenly states of consciousness. Among the Huli and Simbu tribes, the dried peel was used in rituals of contemplation and meditation. In Polynesian communities, passion fruit also had ritual significance and could be used in rites of passage and initiation.

In the countries of Eastern Europe, the traditional use of passion fruit was not recorded until the 20th century. However, in recent decades it has begun to enter the folk practice of herbalists, mainly in the form of exotic powders and oils purchased through trade connections. In the Slavic context, the plant has not established itself as an element of ethnographic tradition, but has been assimilated as an ingredient in original recipes with an anti-stress and adaptogenic profile.

Thus, Passiflora edulis has a pronounced ethnobotanical presence in the cultures of South America, Africa, and Asia, where it is used as a means of ritual and health-related character. Its use is accompanied by a rich variety of forms — from infusions to amulets — in close connection with local beliefs and the natural environment.