​Psoralea corylifolia L

Psoralea corylifolia L

Product Name: Псилосемум индийский, Psoralea corylifolia, Indischer Bärenklau, Culén indio, Psoralée de l’Inde, الباكوش الهندي, โกฐจุฬาลัมพา, Bakuchi, Бакучи, Bakuçi, Бакучӣ, Indinis psoralėja, Indijas psoralija, Псоралея індійська, בָּקוּצִ'י

Synonyms: Бабчи, Псоралея лещинолистная, Псоралея индийская, Индийский псорален, Bakuchi, Babchi, Malay tea, Psoralea seed, Indian scurfpea, Indischer Färberkümmel, Culan indio, Psoralée indienne, باكوشي, เมล็ดโกฐจุฬาลัมพา, เมล็ดบาบจิ

Parts used: fruit, seeds, leaves, stems, roots, essential oil, seed coat extracts, aerial part extracts, underground part extracts, seeds

Main indications for the use of Psoralea corylifolia: vitiligo, psoriasis, chronic eczema, allergic contact dermatitis, neurodermatitis, tinea of smooth skin, leukoderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, papulopustular acne, alopecia areata, seborrheic dermatitis, chronic prostatitis, bacterial vaginosis, chronic urethritis, osteoporosis, hypoestrogenism, hypothyroidism, chronic hepatitis, diabetic neuropathy, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia.

Use of Psoralea corylifolia in mixtures and complexes: rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, chronic pyelonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, condylomatosis, bacterial cystitis, chlamydia, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, climacteric syndrome, erectile dysfunction, bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, varicose veins, hemorrhoids, chronic venous insufficiency.

Pharmacological properties of Psoralea corylifolia

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, photosensitizing, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, estrogenic, osteogenic, antitumor, antiandrogenic, neuroprotective, antidepressant, sedative, antiproliferative, reparative, geroprotective, fungicidal, lipid-lowering, fibrinolytic, antispasmodic, scarring, anticarcinogenic, wound-healing, adaptogenic, cardioprotective, antihypertensive, antipruritic, thyrotropic, antibacterial, photoprotective, phytormonal, enterosorbing, phytoestrogenic, antiosteopenic.

Dosage of pharmaceutical forms — Psoralea corylifolia

Powder — Psoralea corylifolia

Indications (Powder): vitiligo, psoriasis, chronic eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, papulopustular acne, leukoderma, neurodermatitis, alopecia areata, hypoestrogenism, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, hypothyroidism, chronic hepatitis, diabetic neuropathy.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 0.5 to 1 gram of powder 2 times a day orally after meals, with warm water. Duration of course — from 30 to 90 days, with the possibility of extension under medical supervision.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 1.5 grams 2 times a day, used for resistant forms of vitiligo, systemic lupus erythematosus, pronounced hypoestrogenism, diabetic neuropathy. Duration of use — up to 3 months, under laboratory monitoring of liver function.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): no more than 2 grams 2 times a day. Allowed only for severe skin forms of vitiligo or psoriasis, under the supervision of a dermatologist. Total duration of intake no more than 30 days.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.5 gram once a day for 20 days per month with a 10-day break. Recommended for hereditary predisposition to autoimmune dermatoses, women in perimenopause, patients with chronic hypothyroidism.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): for children over 12 years old and weighing at least 40 kg — no more than 0.25 gram of powder once a day. Use in children under 12 years of age has not been scientifically registered.

Contraindications (Powder): acute hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, individual intolerance, photodermatoses, pregnancy. Data on contraindications during lactation and in children under 12 years of age have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): photosensitization of the skin, headache, liver dysfunction, skin itching, nausea. All side effects were detected when exceeding the dosage of more than 4 grams per day for a long period.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight less than 60 kg — dosage is reduced by 25%. For body weight over 90 kg — an increase in dosage to 1.2 grams per dose is permissible with tolerance monitoring.

Preparation method (Powder): Clean ripe seeds of Psoralea corylifolia from the husk, rinse in running water, dry at a temperature not exceeding 40 °C in the shade. Then grind in a mill to a powder state with a particle size of no more than 100 microns. To prepare 100 grams of powder, 110 grams of dry seeds are required (considering losses during grinding and sieving). Store in an airtight container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): store in a dark, airtight glass container at a temperature of 15 to 25 °C, in a dry place, without access to direct sunlight, protect from electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 12 months. After opening, use within 60 days.

Dry Extract — Psoralea corylifolia

Indications (Dry Extract): vitiligo, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, chronic urethritis, osteoporosis, hypoestrogenism, hypothyroidism, hyperglycemia, chronic hepatitis, diabetic neuropathy.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 200–300 mg of dry extract 2 times a day after meals, with warm water. Standard course — 60 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 400–500 mg 2 times a day for severe forms of vitiligo, generalized eczema, hormone-dependent osteoporosis, hypoestrogenism. Used for no more than 45 days under blood biochemistry control.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): 600 mg 2 times a day in a hospital setting. Exceeding is not allowed due to the risk of phototoxicity and hepatotoxicity.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 100–150 mg of dry extract once a day. Recommended for menopausal women, persons with chronic hypoglycemia, patients with autoimmune predisposition. Preventive course — 20 days per month, for 3 consecutive months.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): for children over 14 years old weighing more than 45 kg — no more than 100 mg once a day. Use in children under 14 years of age is not recommended due to lack of clinical data.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): liver failure, individual hypersensitivity, photodermatitis, pregnancy. Data on contraindications during lactation and in children under 14 years of age have not been registered.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): toxic hepatitis, photodermatitis, skin itching, dizziness. Noted at dosages exceeding 1 gram per day.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight less than 60 kg — dosage is reduced to 150 mg 2 times a day. For body weight over 90 kg, an increase to 400 mg is permissible without exceeding the daily limit.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): Dried seeds are ground into a coarse powder. Pour 96% ethanol in a ratio of 1:5. Infuse for 72 hours in a dark place, stirring periodically. After that, filter and evaporate in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C until complete alcohol removal. Control of removal — complete disappearance of the ethanol odor. Residual content should not exceed 100 ppm. Then the resulting thick extract is dried in a vacuum dryer at a temperature of 45–50 °C until a dry powder is obtained. For 100 grams of finished product, 800 grams of seeds and 2 liters of ethanol are required.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): store in an airtight dark glass jar at a temperature not exceeding 25 °C, in a dry, well-ventilated place, protected from sunlight and EMR. Shelf life — 24 months. After opening — use within 90 days.

Tincture — Psoralea corylifolia

Indications (Tincture): vitiligo, leukoderma, psoriasis, neurodermatitis, papulopustular acne, chronic prostatitis, chronic urethritis, hypoestrogenism, osteoporosis, hypothyroidism, chronic hepatitis, hyperglycemia.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 15 drops (approximately 0.8 ml) 2 times a day 20 minutes before meals, diluted in 30 ml of water. Standard course — 21 days, repeat after 7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 25 drops 2 times a day for pronounced hypoestrogenism, chronic prostatitis, dermatoses of autoimmune genesis. Duration — up to 30 days, under blood biochemistry control.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): up to 1 ml 2 times a day for no more than 14 days. Used only under observation for resistant forms of vitiligo and hormone-dependent osteoporosis.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10 drops once a day for 15 days per month. Recommended for premenopausal women, patients with chronic hypothyroidism prone to hormonal imbalances. Prevention course — up to 3 consecutive months.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): Data on the safety of using Tincture in children have not been scientifically registered. Not used in pediatrics.

Contraindications (Tincture): alcoholism, liver pathologies, pregnancy, individual hypersensitivity, age under 18 years. During lactation and in childhood — data on contraindications have not been registered.

Side Effects (Tincture): nausea, dizziness, photosensitization, skin rash, sleep disturbance. Noted when exceeding the dosage of more than 2 ml per day.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for weight less than 60 kg — dosage is reduced by 30%. For weight more than 90 kg — an increase of 20% from the standard dose is possible in the absence of side effects.

Preparation method (Tincture): Ground seeds of Psoralea corylifolia (100 grams) are poured with 70% ethanol (500 ml), infused in a tightly closed glass vessel in the shade at a temperature of 20–25 °C for 14 days, with daily shaking. After infusion, the extract is filtered and squeezed. Stored as a concentrate. If necessary, diluted to an alcohol content of 30%. Internal use is allowed only with complete confidence in ethanol tolerance.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): store in a dark glass bottle, at a temperature of 5 to 20 °C, away from heat sources and EMR, in a place protected from light. Shelf life — 24 months. After opening — use within 60 days.

Oil Infusion — Psoralea corylifolia

Indications (Oil Infusion): vitiligo, psoriasis, leukoderma, chronic eczema, neurodermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, acne, alopecia areata, systemic lupus erythematosus (cutaneous form).

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): apply 1–2 ml to the affected skin area once a day, in the evening, without rubbing. Duration of course — 30 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): apply 2–3 ml to the area 2 times a day for pronounced hypopigmentation (vitiligo, leukoderma), combined with solar or UV exposure. The course should not exceed 21 consecutive days.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): up to 5 ml on an extensive skin area, no more than once a day. Use no longer than 14 consecutive days. Only under controlled phototherapy.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): apply 1 ml to the area at risk of pigmentation disorders 2 times a week. Used for a tendency to vitiligo, in women with menopausal hormonal background, in patients with hereditary leukoderma. Course — 3 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): use is allowed from 12 years of age for localized vitiligo. Dosage — 0.5 ml per area of no more than 2 cm² once every 2 days. If the skin is photosensitive, use is contraindicated.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): photodermatoses, acute inflammatory skin processes, exudative psoriasis, pregnancy. During lactation and in children under 12 years of age — data on contraindications have not been registered.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): skin burns when combined with UV radiation, itching, erythema, hyperpigmentation. Recorded when exceeding the dosage and failing to comply with restrictions on sun exposure.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: not required. Oil forms are applied locally, the volume is determined by the area of the lesion.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): Oil Infusion — 100 grams of ground dry seeds are poured with 200 ml of unrefined coconut oil, infused for 7 days at a temperature of 45–50 °C in a water bath, with daily stirring. Then kept for 7 days at room temperature in a dark place. After infusion, the mixture is filtered through cheesecloth and squeezed. The resulting infusion is poured into dark glass containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Oil Infusion — store at a temperature of 5 to 20 °C, in dark glass packaging, away from sunlight and heat sources. EMR protection is mandatory. Shelf life — 12 months. After opening — use within 60 days.

Ointment — Psoralea corylifolia

Indications (Ointment): vitiligo, psoriasis, chronic eczema, contact dermatitis, neurodermatitis, leukoderma, systemic lupus erythematosus (cutaneous form), seborrheic dermatitis.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): apply 2 times a day in a thin layer to affected skin areas, without rubbing. Duration of course — up to 4 weeks.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): apply 3 times a day for extensive hypopigmentation, pronounced itching, chronic recurrent psoriasis and neurodermatitis. Combination with sun exposure is permissible (as prescribed by a doctor). Duration — no more than 14 days.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): up to 4 applications per day on limited areas (no more than 10% of the body surface). Used for resistant dermatoses, strictly under medical supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): once a day for 10 days per month on areas of possible hypopigmentation. Used in individuals at risk of vitiligo and chronic recurrent dermatitis. Courses of 3 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): use is allowed from 10 years of age. Apply no more than once a day to limited areas (up to 3 cm²). If the skin is photosensitive, use is contraindicated.

Contraindications (Ointment): acute inflammatory dermatoses with weeping, photosensitivity, pregnancy, individual intolerance. During lactation and in children under 10 years of age — data on contraindications have not been registered.

Side Effects (Ointment): burning, hyperemia, itching, phototoxic reactions. Recorded when used in combination with sun exposure and when exceeding the frequency of application.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: not required. Application is local, dosage is determined by the area of the lesion.

Preparation method (Ointment): Dry seed extract (10 grams), coconut oil (60 grams), beeswax (30 grams). Melt the wax in a water bath at a temperature of up to 60 °C, add coconut oil and mix thoroughly. After melting, add the dry extract and stir until completely homogeneous. Cool to room temperature, pour into sterile jars. Volume: 100 grams of ointment.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): store at a temperature of 5 to 15 °C, in an airtight dark container. Avoid exposure to sunlight and EMR. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening — use within 30 days.

Cream — Psoralea corylifolia

Indications (Cream): vitiligo, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, chronic eczema, contact dermatitis, acne, neurodermatitis, rosacea.

Standard Dosage (Cream): apply 1–2 times a day to clean skin in areas of hypopigmentation and inflammation. Duration of use — up to 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): apply 3 times a day during exacerbation of psoriasis, severe seborrhea, intense itching. Use for up to 14 consecutive days, then a 7-day break.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): up to 4 applications per day with a limited area (no more than 5% of the body surface). Use with caution on areas with increased sensitivity (face, neck).

Preventive Dosage (Cream): apply once a day for 10 days per month on areas prone to hypopigmentation or exacerbations of seborrhea. Course — 3 months with breaks.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): from 10 years of age — no more than once a day on a skin area of no more than 2 cm². For children under 10 years of age, use is not recommended.

Contraindications (Cream): acute weeping dermatoses, photodermatoses, pregnancy, individual hypersensitivity. During lactation and in children under 10 years of age — data on contraindications have not been registered.

Side Effects (Cream): skin rash, irritation, increased hyperpigmentation upon UV exposure, allergic dermatitis. Noted with frequent use on sensitive areas.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: not required. The cream is applied locally.

Preparation method (Cream): Aqueous phase: licorice root decoction — 50 ml. Fatty phase: coconut oil — 30 grams, beeswax — 10 grams. Active phase: dry extract of Psoralea corylifolia — 5 grams, glycerin — 5 ml. Heat the fatty phase to 60 °C, add the extract and glycerin, then, while stirring, add the licorice decoction until an emulsion is obtained. Cool and pour into sterile containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): store in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4 to 8 °C. Avoid light and exposure to EMR. Shelf life — up to 2 months. After opening — use within 20 days.

Serum — Psoralea corylifolia

Indications (Serum): vitiligo, leukoderma, seborrheic dermatitis, acne, rosacea, chronic eczema, hyperpigmentation, post-inflammatory pigmentation spots.

Standard Dosage (Serum): apply 2–3 drops of serum to clean skin of the face or body once a day, in the evening, avoiding UV exposure. Duration of course — 28 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): apply 2 times a day (morning and evening) of 3 drops for pronounced signs of vitiligo, post-inflammatory depigmentation, seborrhea. Course — up to 21 days, then a break.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): up to 4 drops 2 times a day on limited skin areas. Used for forms of vitiligo and acne with scar deformation resistant to therapy. Do not exceed a course of 14 days.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): 1 drop once a day 3 times a week. Used for hereditary predisposition to vitiligo, for the prevention of acne recurrences, in postmenopausal women. Course — 3 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): from 12 years of age — no more than 1 drop per day, spotwise, on areas of no more than 1 cm². For children under 12 years of age, use is not recommended.

Contraindications (Serum): photosensitivity, pregnancy, acute skin inflammations. Data on contraindications during lactation and in children under 12 years of age have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Serum): feeling of burning, redness, peeling, phototoxic reactions. Noted when used without protection from UV rays.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: not required, applied locally in microdoses.

Preparation method (Serum): Aqueous phase: Centella asiatica hydrolate — 30 ml. Active phase: dry extract of Psoralea corylifolia — 2 grams, hyaluronic acid (low molecular weight) — 0.5 grams, glycerin — 2 ml. The phases are mixed at a temperature not exceeding 35 °C until a homogeneous liquid is obtained. Package into dropper bottles of 10 ml.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): store in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4 to 8 °C. Avoid sunlight and exposure to EMR. Shelf life — up to 45 days. After opening — use within 20 days.

Decoction — Psoralea corylifolia

Indications (Decoction): chronic urethritis, chronic prostatitis, bacterial vaginosis, osteoporosis, hypoestrogenism, hyperglycemia, chronic gastritis, hypothyroidism.

Standard Dosage (Decoction): 50 ml of decoction 2 times a day 30 minutes before meals. Standard course — 20 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Decoction): 70 ml 2 times a day for pronounced hypoestrogenism, osteoporosis, chronic inflammation of the genitourinary system. Course — up to 30 days under medical supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Decoction): 100 ml 2 times a day. Used for exacerbation of chronic urethritis and dishormonal disorders. Do not exceed a course of 14 days.

Preventive Dosage (Decoction): 50 ml once a day for 10 days per month. Used for ovarian exhaustion syndrome, in premenopause, in men with signs of decreased testosterone. Course — up to 3 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Decoction): use is allowed from 14 years of age. Dosage — no more than 25 ml once a day. In children under 14 years of age, use is not recommended.

Contraindications (Decoction): severe liver failure, photodermatosis, individual intolerance. There is no data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 14 years of age.

Side Effects (Decoction): nausea, bitterness in the mouth, dyspepsia, photosensitization. Noted when exceeding the dosage and with prolonged use.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for weight less than 60 kg — reduction of volume by 20%. For weight more than 90 kg — an increase of 20% is permissible.

Preparation method (Decoction): Pour 10 grams of crushed seeds with 200 ml of water, bring to a boil, boil over low heat for 10 minutes. Infuse for 30 minutes, strain. The volume is calculated for 1 day of intake (2 doses of 100 ml). Store for no more than 24 hours.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Decoction): store in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4–6 °C. Use within 24 hours after preparation. Repeated boiling is not allowed. Protect from light and EMR.

Aqueous Infusion — Psoralea corylifolia

Indications (Aqueous Infusion): chronic urethritis, hypoestrogenism, osteoporosis, chronic gastritis, hyperglycemia, hypothyroidism, diabetic neuropathy, chronic prostatitis.

Standard Dosage (Aqueous Infusion): 100 ml of infusion 2 times a day 30 minutes before meals. Duration of course — 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Aqueous Infusion): 150 ml 2 times a day for pronounced hypoestrogenism, osteoporosis, hypoglycemia, chronic prostatitis. Duration — up to 14 days.

Maximum Dosage (Aqueous Infusion): no more than 200 ml 2 times a day. Permissible for a short time (up to 5 days) under medical supervision for severe hormonal disorders.

Preventive Dosage (Aqueous Infusion): 100 ml once a day for 10 days per month. Recommended for climacteric syndrome, chronic hyperglycemia, subclinical hypothyroidism. Course — up to 3 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Aqueous Infusion): from 14 years of age — 50 ml once a day. Under 14 years of age, use is not recommended.

Contraindications (Aqueous Infusion): hypersensitivity, severe liver failure, active photodermatoses. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 14 years of age have not been registered.

Side Effects (Aqueous Infusion): nausea, headache, increased photosensitivity. Noted when using doses above 300 ml per day.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for patients weighing less than 60 kg — reduce the dose by 20%. For body weight over 90 kg — an increase of 20% is permissible with good tolerance.

Preparation method (Aqueous Infusion): Pour 10 grams of dry seeds with 250 ml of boiling water, cover with a lid and infuse for 45 minutes. Strain. Use freshly prepared, the volume is calculated for 2 doses during one day.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Aqueous Infusion): store in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4–6 °C for no more than 12 hours. After infusion, the infusion is not subject to reheating. Protect from light and exposure to EMR.

Oil Extract — Psoralea corylifolia

Indications (Oil Extract): vitiligo, psoriasis, leukoderma, chronic eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, alopecia areata, acne, hyperpigmentation.

Standard Dosage (Oil Extract): apply 1 ml of extract to the affected skin area once a day in the evening. Course — 30 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Extract): apply 2 times a day of 1.5 ml for pronounced manifestations of vitiligo, extensive depigmentation, psoriasis. Duration — up to 21 days, under phototherapy control.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Extract): up to 3 ml per area of no more than 10 cm², once a day. Used for no more than 10 days. Exceeding may cause skin irritation.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Extract): 0.5 ml once a day 2 times a week for 2 months. Recommended for patients with hereditary predisposition to vitiligo and hyperpigmentation.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Extract): use is allowed from 12 years of age at a dosage of no more than 0.5 ml on a small area of skin once every 3 days. Use on the face is not recommended.

Contraindications (Oil Extract): increased photosensitivity, exudative dermatitis, pregnancy. Use during lactation and in children under 12 years of age has not been registered in clinical practice.

Side Effects (Oil Extract): redness, itching, burning sensation, phototoxic reactions. All side effects are associated with exceeding the dosage and non-compliance with the photoprotection regimen.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: not required. Oil forms are applied locally and dosed by skin area.

Preparation method (Oil Extract): 100 grams of ground seeds are poured with 200 ml of coconut oil, infused in a thermostat at a temperature of 50 °C for 7 days. Then the mixture is filtered and evaporated in vacuum at a temperature of 40 °C to a volume of 100 ml. Check for the absence of solvent odor, permissible residual content — no higher than 50 ppm. The finished extract is poured into dark glass bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Extract): store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 5 to 15 °C. After opening, use within 30 days. Avoid exposure to direct light and EMR.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Psoralea corylifolia

Exact LD₅₀ values are not recorded in the available literature sources. However, a systematic review showed that with prolonged or excessive use, extracts of P. corylifolia can cause hepatotoxicity, phototoxicity (including contact dermatitis), as well as nephro- and reproductive toxicity. ScienceDirect+15SpringerLink+15Ся и Хэ Издательство+15. In clinical cases, according to a report on 84 patients, 55.95% of cases are associated with liver damage and 38.10% with phototoxic contact dermatitis Европейский PMC+1. The composition of toxic components includes coumarins — in particular, psoralen, isopsoralen, psoralenoside, and isopsoralenoside — which are associated with hepatotoxicity ResearchGate+1.

Pharmacodynamics — Psoralea corylifolia

The pharmacodynamic action of the taxon Psoralea corylifolia is associated with a wide range of physiological effects confirmed by in vitro and in vivo studies. The main directions of action affect the nervous, endocrine, immune, cutaneous, hepatobiliary, bone, and reproductive systems. Pronounced antioxidant properties have been established, due to the presence of flavonoids, coumarins, and bakuchiol, which exhibit activity in suppressing reactive oxygen species, stabilizing cell membranes, and inhibiting lipoperoxidation processes. The pharmacological action at the skin level is realized through a photosensitizing mechanism, in which coumarin derivatives are activated by ultraviolet radiation and trigger cascade reactions of lipid peroxidation, modulating local processes of melanocyte proliferation and differentiation. Psoralea corylifolia has a predominantly modulating effect on the immune system: data have been revealed on the normalization of pro-inflammatory cytokine production and increased macrophage activity, which is due to the action of phenolic compounds and terpenes. Studies demonstrate a modulating effect on the activity of nuclear receptors, including PPARγ and estrogen receptors, indicating a systemic endocrine influence, especially regarding sex hormones and lipid metabolism. It has been proven that the phytocomponents of the plant can inhibit tyrosinase, lipoxygenase, and cyclooxygenase, which mediates anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects. In the nervous system, Psoralea corylifolia exhibits a mild sedative and anxiolytic effect, likely related to an influence on GABAergic mechanisms and potentiation of dopaminergic receptor activity. There is evidence of an effect on osteoblastic activity and bone tissue remodeling through activation of the Wnt signaling pathway, as well as potential participation in the regulation of mineral homeostasis. The level of action of most pharmacological effects is systemic, while cutaneous and photosensitizing effects are realized locally with transdermal application. The detected inhibition of microbial activity indicates interaction with bacterial membranes and inhibition of bacterial enzyme activity. The phytochemical profile of the taxon includes molecules with proven affinity for multiple cellular receptors and enzymatic targets, making it pharmacodynamically active in a wide range of physiological processes.

References: 
https://link.springer.com/arti...   
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p... 
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...   
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Pharmacokinetics — Psoralea corylifolia

The pharmacokinetics of Psoralea corylifolia depends on the pharmaceutical form used, route of administration, and composition of the active fractions. Upon oral administration of dry powder or aqueous infusions, the absorption of biologically active substances occurs primarily in the small intestine via passive diffusion. Preparations containing coumarins and flavonoids demonstrate moderate absorption, sensitive to pH and the presence of food components. When extracted with organic solvents, active substances are better released from plant material but require complete removal of the solvent before use. Transdermal forms (oil infusions, ointments, serums) have low systemic absorption but provide effective local accumulation in the epidermis and dermis, especially when using coconut oil as a carrier. Coumarins are characterized by metabolism involving liver enzymes (cytochrome P450), which can lead to the formation of active or toxic metabolites. Preferential excretion occurs in bile and urine, in conjugated form (glucuronides and sulfates). Enterohepatic recirculation of some compounds is possible, which prolongs their pharmacological action. Some components (e.g., bakuchiol and psoralen derivatives) demonstrate a tendency to accumulate in adipose tissue and skin, especially with repeated use. In the case of intravaginal or rectal administration, absorption occurs partially bypassing the portal blood system, which may reduce hepatic transformation. The involvement of the intestinal microbiota in the metabolism of flavonoid glycosides with the formation of more polar metabolites possessing different biological activity has been noted. Inhalation and parenteral forms are not described and are not used. Elimination of metabolites occurs primarily through the kidneys and partially through the skin with prolonged external use.

References: 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go... 
https://www.researchgate.net/p...   
https://www.sciencedirect.com/... 
https://link.springer.com/arti...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Psoralea corylifolia

The pharmacological activity of Psoralea corylifolia is realized through a complex of biologically active compounds, including coumarins (psoralen, isopsoralen), flavonoids (bakuchiol, quercetin, isobavachinin), terpenoids, and meroterpenes. It has been established that the key targets of action are the enzymatic cascades of the inflammatory reaction, apoptosis signaling pathways, and nuclear hormone receptor complexes. Coumarin derivatives inhibit the activity of the enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (LOX), leading to a reduction in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. This mediates the anti-inflammatory action of the plant at the systemic level. Bakuchiol has demonstrated the ability to activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, promoting the proliferation of bone tissue cells and reparative activity. At the same time, it inhibits the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3 proteins, indicating its anti-degradative activity against connective tissue. At the level of neurohumoral regulation, components of Psoralea corylifolia interact with GABA and dopamine receptors, modulating the neurotransmitter balance, which is confirmed by sedative and anxiolytic effects. Furthermore, bakuchiol has demonstrated affinity for estrogen receptors α and β, indicating phytoestrogenic activity, in particular with systemic endocrine influence. Antioxidant properties are realized through the activation of endogenous antioxidant defense enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase) and inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. It has also been shown that phytochemical components inhibit the expression of the nuclear transcription factor NF-κB and modulate the JAK/STAT pathway, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). At the cellular level, a decrease in the activity of macrophages and neutrophils in acute inflammation is observed, as well as regulation of phagocytic function. Flavonoids and phenolic acids of the plant inhibit tyrosinase and participate in the regulation of melanogenesis. The combined action of Psoralea corylifolia compounds is realized predominantly systemically, with a local effect during transdermal application and high tropism for the skin, liver, bone, and endocrine systems. Several effects are mediated by interaction with signaling proteins MAPK, p38, and ERK, regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and anti-inflammatory response.

References: 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...  
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...     
https://link.springer.com/arti... 
https://www.tandfonline.com/do... 
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.g...

Synergy — Psoralea corylifolia

In vitro and in vivo studies confirm the presence of pharmacological synergy between Psoralea corylifolia and a number of plant taxa and biomolecules. It has been established that when combined with Withania somnifera, a potentiation of antioxidant and adaptogenic effects is observed, which is due to the complementary effect on the enzyme systems SOD and CAT, as well as the regulation of cortisol levels. The combination with Curcuma longa demonstrates an additive anti-inflammatory effect, realized through the combined inhibition of the NF-κB pathway and COX-2 expression. When combined with Glycyrrhiza glabra, an enhancement of the immunomodulatory effect was revealed due to additional regulation of the Th1/Th2 balance and interleukin production. Oil extracts of Psoralea corylifolia in combination with essential oil of Nigella sativa demonstrate synergism in stabilizing cell membranes and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, especially in dermatological practice. The addition of Trigonella foenum-graecum potentiates the effect on glycemic homeostasis, which is confirmed by the combined modulation of the AMPK signaling pathway. Synergy with Angelica sinensis is manifested in phytoestrogenic activity through additive binding to estrogen receptors, which enhances the hormone-modulating effect. The interaction with Panax ginseng stands out, where an enhancement of overall cellular resistance to oxidative stress and inhibition of apoptotic cascades via the p53 pathway is observed. Synergism has been confirmed experimentally and at the molecular level by assessing the expression of key signaling proteins and enzymes, as well as by testing on cell lines.

References: 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...   
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...  
https://link.springer.com/arti...  
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...  
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Psoralea corylifolia

Psoralea corylifolia has been traditionally used in the medical systems of South Asia, East Asia, and parts of the Middle East. Historically, its use is most deeply rooted in the Indian Ayurvedic tradition, where it is known by the Sanskrit name Bakuchi and is part of a number of classical remedies. The first mentions of the plant are found in Ayurvedic texts starting from the 1st millennium AD, particularly in the 'Charaka Samhita' and 'Sushruta Samhita', which indicated the specifics of collection, drying, and use of seeds. In Tibetan medicine, the plant is classified as a warming agent with a strong effect on the vital principles, especially in case of imbalance of the 'moon' energy. In traditional Chinese medicine (under the name Bu Gu Zhi), Psoralea corylifolia has been mentioned since the Tang era (7th–10th centuries) as a component of recipes for restoring 'primary energy' (yuan qi) and is used in the form of decoctions and powders. In Islamic phytotherapy of the Middle East, plant seeds were used for steam treatments, rubs, and the preparation of oil infusions, as recorded in the works of Persian physicians of the 10th–12th centuries. In Southeast Asia (Thailand, Cambodia, Laos), the plant is part of local traditional medicine preparations, used in the form of tinctures and wraps, as well as a vegetable dye. Among the Thai people, Psoralea corylifolia was also used for ritual purposes: dry seeds were placed in the swaddling clothes of newborns for protection from 'dark spirits', and the burning of charred seeds was used in space cleansing rituals. In South India, the plant is considered a 'power' plant and is associated with the cult of fire — in several regions, its oil was used for ritual rubbing. In the folk medicine of Uzbeks, Tajiks, and Uyghurs, the plant was used in the form of warm compresses and infusions, and the seeds were part of magical amulets for protection from the 'evil eye'. In the Middle East, dried seeds were part of amulets to strengthen vital energy and protect the home. In the cultures of South China and Vietnam, it was often associated with inner strength capable of restoring harmony between spirit and body. Thus, Psoralea corylifolia has a rich ethnomedical history, associated with both medicinal and ritual practices, widespread from the Himalayas to Indochina.