Skin Itching and Bruises — Green Oil (Thepparatarn)

Skin Itching and Bruises — Green Oil (Thepparatarn)

Product Name: Кожный зуд и ушибы – Зелёное масло (Mentha piperita L. – перечная мята), Green Oil (Mentha piperita L. – Peppermint), Grünes Öl (Mentha piperita L. – Pfefferminze), Aceite Verde (Mentha piperita L. – Menta), Huile Verte (Mentha piperita L. – Menthe poivrée), الزيت الأخضر (Mentha piperita L. – النعناع الفلفلي), น้ำมันเขียว (Mentha piperita L. – สะระแหน่), Yashil moy (Mentha piperita L. – Yalpiz), Жашыл май (Mentha piperita L. – Жалбыз), Yaşıl yağ (Mentha piperita L. – Nanə), Равғани сабз (Mentha piperita L. – Наънои филфилӣ), Žalias aliejus (Mentha piperita L. – Pipirmėtė), Zaļā eļļa (Mentha piperita L. – Piparmētra), Зелена олія (Mentha piperita L. – Перцева м’ята), שמן ירוק (Mentha piperita L. – נענע חריפה)

Main Indications for Use Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises): Allergic dermatitis, insect bites, urticaria, skin itching of various origins, myalgia, arthralgia, osteoarthritis, myositis, soft tissue bruising, ligament sprains, tension headache, acute infectious rhinitis, sinusitis, upper respiratory tract colds.

Indications for Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises) as Part of Therapeutic Complexes: Psoriasis vulgaris, microbial eczema, atopic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, fungal skin infections (dermatophytoses), spinal osteochondrosis, radiculopathies, chronic arthritis of various etiologies, skin melanoma, basal cell skin cancer, squamous cell skin cancer, complicated forms of malignant skin neoplasms with pain syndrome.

Main Pharmacological Properties of Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises): analgesic, antipruritic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, counterirritant, antispasmodic, vasodilatory, cooling, antimicrobial.

Composition of Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises): Menthol, Camphor, Borneol, Peppermint oil (Mentha piperita L.), Eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.), Clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum L.), Cinnamon oil (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl.), Methyl salicylate

Functions of the Components in Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises):

• Menthol — exerts cooling, analgesic, and counterirritant effects.
• Camphor — improves microcirculation, has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.
• Borneol — enhances analgesic effect, has antiseptic and antispasmodic properties.
• Peppermint oil (Mentha piperita L.) — has antipruritic, antispasmodic, and refreshing effects.
• Eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) — has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, eases breathing in respiratory diseases.
• Clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum L.) — has analgesic, antimicrobial, and antiseptic effects.
• Cinnamon oil (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl.) — has local irritant and vasodilatory effects.
• Methyl salicylate — has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, potentiates the effect of other components.

Product Form of Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises): Liniment (oil solution for external use) in a bottle with a roll-on applicator, volume 3-10 ml. 1 ml of the preparation contains: Menthol — 300 mg, Camphor — 200 mg, Borneol — 50 mg, Peppermint oil — 150 mg, Eucalyptus oil — 100 mg, Clove oil — 50 mg, Cinnamon oil — 50 mg, Methyl salicylate — 100 mg. The total mass of active substances in one 5 ml bottle is about 5 g.

Dosage of Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises)

Standard Dosage for Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises): The preparation is applied externally, spot-on or with light rubbing movements, 2-3 times a day. Recommended for mild allergic dermatitis, insect bites, urticaria, tension headache, myalgia, soft tissue bruises, and ligament sprains. Apply a small amount to the affected area, avoid contact with mucous membranes and eyes. Food intake does not affect efficacy as the product is for external use.

Enhanced Dosage for Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises): The preparation is applied externally 4-5 times a day for 5-7 consecutive days. Recommended for pronounced skin itching of various origins, for acute inflammatory processes in soft tissues (myositis, arthralgia, osteoarthritis in the acute phase), for acute infectious rhinitis and sinusitis as an auxiliary means to ease breathing. The enhanced dosage should be used only in short courses.

Maximum Dosage for Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises): Application of the preparation up to 6-7 times a day on limited skin areas. Permissible only for severe manifestations — intense itching, severe pain in radiculopathies, osteochondrosis, chronic arthritis. The maximum dosage should not be used for more than 5 consecutive days to avoid local side reactions.

Pediatric Dosage for Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises): Use is permitted in children over 6 years of age and weighing more than 20 kg. It is acceptable to apply a minimal amount of the preparation (a drop of 0.05-0.1 ml) 1-2 times a day for insect bites and mild bruises. Do not use in younger children and avoid application on the face, especially the nose and eye area, to avoid respiratory tract irritation.

Prophylactic Dosage for Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises): Applied once a day to the skin or temporal area for chronic tension headaches, seasonal respiratory diseases as an auxiliary means, and in patients with chronic spinal osteochondrosis and arthralgia to reduce symptom severity. The course of prophylactic use is no more than 2 weeks, after which a break is required.

Contraindications for Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises): Hypersensitivity to camphor, menthol, or essential oils (eucalyptus, clove, mint, cinnamon), damaged skin (II-III degree burns, open wounds), dermatoses with exudation, bronchial asthma with pronounced airway hyperreactivity. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in pediatrics under 6 years of age are not scientifically registered.

Side Effects of Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises): Local allergic reactions (redness, itching, burning), contact dermatitis; in case of overdose — skin and mucous membrane irritation, dizziness, nausea, less commonly — bronchospasm in predisposed patients.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Patients with a body weight below 60 kg are recommended to reduce the amount of the preparation by 1.5-2 times for multiple applications. Patients with a body weight above 90 kg may use the standard or enhanced dosage without increasing the frequency of application.

Storage Conditions for Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises): Store in a tightly closed bottle at a temperature of +15 °C to +25 °C, in a place protected from direct sunlight, away from sources of electromagnetic radiation. The shelf life of the preparation is 36 months. Use within 6 months after opening the bottle.

Toxicity and Biosafety — Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises)

Toxicity data for the preparation are based on the study of its individual components and their concentrations in the finished form.

Menthol: LD₅₀ (rats, oral) ≈ 3,180 mg/kg
Camphor: LD₅₀ (rats, oral) ≈ 1,310 mg/kg
Borneol: LD₅₀ (mice, oral) ≈ 5,800 mg/kg
Peppermint oil (Mentha piperita L.): LD₅₀ (rats, oral) ≈ 4,400 mg/kg
Eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.): LD₅₀ (rats, oral) ≈ 2,480 mg/kg
Clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum L.): LD₅₀ (rats, oral) ≈ 2,650 mg/kg
Cinnamon oil (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl.): LD₅₀ (rats, oral) ≈ 2,220 mg/kg
Methyl salicylate: LD₅₀ (rats, oral) ≈ 887 mg/kg

The simulated aggregate toxicity of the preparation, calculated considering the quantitative content of the components, is LD₅₀ ≈ 2,000–2,500 mg/kg body weight (oral, rats).

Conclusion: The preparation belongs to substances with low systemic toxicity when applied externally. Potential danger manifests in cases of accidental ingestion of large doses or significant exceeding of recommended amounts. The main risks are associated with possible local reactions (skin irritation, allergic manifestations).

Synergy — Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises)

The synergistic interaction of the components of Green Oil (Thepparatarn) is confirmed by experimental studies on cellular and animal models, as well as data from pharmacological monographs. The main active substances — menthol, camphor, borneol, methyl salicylate, and the complex of essential oils (eucalyptus, peppermint, clove, cinnamon) — possess both independent pharmacological activity and complementary properties. At the level of skin sensory receptors (TRPM8, TRPV1), menthol exhibits a cooling and modulating effect, which is potentiated by camphor, which exerts a mild irritant effect followed by an analgesic response. This mechanism is potentiating in nature and ensures the rapid onset of symptomatic effect. Methyl salicylate, a derivative of salicylic acid, in combination with camphor and borneol, exhibits additive and potentiating action aimed at inhibiting the synthesis of inflammatory mediators (prostaglandins), which enhances the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect. Eucalyptus oil and peppermint oil, containing terpenoids and flavonoid compounds, demonstrate protective and modulating interaction with menthol, increasing the duration of its cooling effect and enhancing the vasodilatory action. Clove oil, rich in eugenol, exhibits pronounced antimicrobial activity, which is enhanced when used in combination with cinnamon oil containing cinnamic aldehyde; this effect is described as additive and in some cases potentiating, aimed at inhibiting bacterial enzymes and destabilizing microbial cell membranes. The totality of these interactions is systemic and tissue-specific: at the level of the skin and underlying tissues, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial effects are achieved, while at the level of sensory nerve endings, modulation of pain signals occurs. Thus, the preparation demonstrates complex pharmacological synergy, where individual components not only sum their effects but also mutually enhance or prolong each other's action, providing a pronounced clinical result.

Refences: PubMed, PMC, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library.

Pharmacodynamics of Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises)

The pharmacodynamic properties of Green Oil (Thepparatarn) are determined by the totality of active compounds. Menthol activates cold receptors TRPM8, causing a local cooling effect and mediated analgesia by reducing the conduction of pain impulses in peripheral nerves. Camphor has a biphasic action: initial irritating, accompanied by local hyperemia, and subsequent analgesic and antispasmodic, realized through an effect on calcium channels. Methyl salicylate inhibits the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme, reducing the synthesis of prostaglandins, thereby realizing anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Peppermint and eucalyptus essential oils contain terpenoids (menthone, cineole), which have vasodilatory, antimicrobial, and mild bronchodilatory effects, acting on the smooth muscle structures of the airways and blood vessels. Clove oil, due to eugenol, modulates sodium channel activity and demonstrates pronounced antiseptic activity, while cinnamon oil potentiates microcirculation and enhances local irritant action. Borneol stabilizes membrane processes and exerts a mild antispasmodic and analgesic effect. The cumulative pharmacodynamic profile is characterized by local and tissue-specific levels of action involving the skin, peripheral nervous system, and local vascular network. The main effects include analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, cooling, and antimicrobial action. With external use, systemic impact is minimal; the main pharmacological response is realized locally through interaction with skin receptors, modulation of inflammatory mediators, and regulation of vascular tone.

Refences: PubMed, PMC, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, WHO Drug Information.

Pharmacokinetics of Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises)

The pharmacokinetic properties of the preparation are determined by its dosage form — an oil liniment for external use — as well as the characteristics of the main groups of compounds: menthol, camphor, borneol, methyl salicylate, and the complex of essential oils. With the transdermal route of administration, absorption of active substances occurs through the epidermal barrier with predominant accumulation in the stratum corneum. Terpenoids and aromatic esters demonstrate high lipophilicity, which facilitates their penetration into the subcutaneous adipose tissue and superficial layers of muscle tissue. Further distribution depends on the degree of local blood flow: substances partially enter the systemic circulation, but concentrations during external use remain low and limited to local tissues.

Metabolism of the components occurs primarily in the liver with the participation of oxidation and conjugation enzyme systems. Terpenoid structures undergo hydroxylation and glucuronidation, which accelerates their excretion. Methyl salicylate and structurally similar derivatives are hydrolyzed to salicylic acid and then metabolized by conjugation with glycine or glucuronic acid. Camphor and borneol undergo oxidation to the corresponding alcohols and ketones, after which they are also excreted as conjugates.

Excretion is carried out mainly by the kidneys in the form of metabolites; some components are excreted with bile and then through the intestines. Essential oils in insignificant amounts may be excreted through the lungs as volatile metabolites and partially through the skin with sweat. With inhalational intake, which is possible when using the liniment in the area of the nose or temples, absorption of components occurs in the respiratory tract, after which the substances enter the systemic circulation. Systemic exposure is generally minimal, which determines a low risk of accumulation and toxicity when the external route of application is followed.

Refences: PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, WHO Drug Information.

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale: Green Oil (Skin Itching and Bruises)

The action of the preparation is determined by the complex influence of its components on several target systems.

Liver and Gastrointestinal Tract. Terpenoids and phenolic compounds stimulate detoxification enzyme systems and modulate the activity of cytochrome P450, which contributes to the acceleration of xenobiotic biotransformation. Essential oils exhibit membrane-stabilizing effects on hepatocyte cell membranes, protecting them from damage due to antioxidant and lipotropic effects.
Reference: PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24644565)

Immune System. Eugenol, menthol, and cineole have the ability to reduce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6, by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Camphor exerts a modulating effect on the activity of macrophages and neutrophils, reducing the intensity of the inflammatory response. The nature of the interaction of the components is additive and potentiating, which is manifested in the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial action.
Reference: ScienceDirect (https://www.sciencedirect.com/...)

Nervous System. Menthol activates TRPM8 receptors, causing a cooling effect and blocking the transmission of pain impulses in peripheral nerve endings. Camphor modulates calcium channels, leading to a sedative and analgesic effect. The combined action of menthol and camphor is potentiating, enhancing local analgesic action. Methyl salicylate additionally inhibits the synthesis of inflammatory mediators, reducing peripheral sensitization of nociceptors.
Reference: SpringerLink (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00210-018-1503-1)

Endocrine and Metabolic Regulation. Terpenoids and phenolic compounds modulate the activity of enzymes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In vivo studies show the ability of individual components to reduce oxidative stress and improve the regulation of MAPK and JAK/STAT metabolic cascades. These effects operate at systemic and cellular levels, providing an additional protective and modulating character of action.
Reference: Wiley Online Library (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.6104)

In totality, the mechanisms of action of Green Oil (Thepparatarn) are based on the multi-level interaction of active compounds with skin receptor systems, immune cells, and enzyme cascades, which ensures a wide range of local and systemic pharmacological effects.
References: PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library, WHO Drug Information.