Clerodendrum splendens (Flaming Glorybower)

Clerodendrum splendens (Flaming Glorybower)

Product Name: Кламондиния великолепная, Clerodendrum splendens, Prachtleuchterstrauch, Clerodendro espléndido, Clerodendrum splendide, كليريدندروم براق, คลีโรเดนดรั่ม สเปลนเดนส์, Кламондиния зебра, Кламондиния зебра, Кламондиния зебра, Klamondinija spindi, Klamondinija spindi, Кламондиния зебра, קלרודנדרום מהודר

Synonyms: Клеродендрум великолепный, Clerodendrum splendens, Flaming Glorybower, Prachtleuchterstrauch, Clerodendro espléndido, Clerodendrum splendide, كليريدندروم براق, คลีโรเดนดรั่ม สเปลนเดนส์

Used Parts: leaves, flowers, roots, bark, fruits leaves.

Main Indications for Clerodendrum splendens: chronic bronchitis, acute pharyngitis, inflammatory skin diseases, dermatitis, hypertension, rheumatism.

Use of Clerodendrum splendens in Mixtures and Complexes: chronic tonsillitis, chronic sinusitis, allergic dermatitis, acute arthritis, immunodeficiency conditions.

Pharmacological Properties of Clerodendrum splendens: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, immunostimulating, hypotensive, hepatoprotective.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Clerodendrum splendens

Powder — Clerodendrum splendens

Indications (Powder): chronic bronchitis, acute pharyngitis, inflammatory skin diseases, dermatitis, hypertension.

Standard Dosage (Powder): take orally 1–2 grams 2 times a day, with warm water or herbal infusion, course 14–21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): take 3 grams 3 times a day for severe inflammatory skin processes and hypertension with a high degree of risk.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): do not exceed 5 grams per day, prescribed only under medical supervision for severe dermatitis and stage III hypertension.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): take 0.5–1 gram per day for chronic skin inflammations, to support the vascular system. Prophylactic course 1 month, repeat 2 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): prescribed from 12 years old, 0.5 grams once a day, child's weight from 35 kg.

Contraindications (Powder): contraindicated in case of individual intolerance; data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are not registered.

Side Effects (Powder): in case of overdose, possible allergic reactions, dyspepsia.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kg, the dosage is reduced by 20%; for weight above 80 kg, increased by up to 25%.

Preparation method (Powder): prepared from dried and ground leaves of the plant. For 100 grams of powder, select fresh leaves, dry at a temperature of 40–45 degrees Celsius until completely dry, grind into a fine powder, sift through a 200 micron sieve, pack in airtight containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): store in a dry, cool place at a temperature of 5–20 degrees Celsius, in dark packaging, shelf life up to 24 months. After opening, use within 6 months.

Dry Extract — Clerodendrum splendens

Indications (Dry Extract): chronic bronchitis, inflammatory skin diseases, hypertension, rheumatism.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): take orally 200 mg 2 times a day, course 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 300 mg 3 times a day for severe forms of rheumatism and hypertension.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): up to 600 mg per day, prescribed for severe inflammatory skin conditions.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 100 mg per day for chronic dermatitis and vascular pathologies, course 1 month, repeat 2 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): prescribed from 14 years old, 100 mg once a day.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): contraindicated in case of individual intolerance. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children are insufficient.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): in case of overdose, possible allergic reactions, dizziness.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kg, the dosage is reduced by 15%; above 80 kg, increased by up to 20%.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): to prepare 100 grams of dry extract of Clerodendrum splendens, crushed dry leaves and flowers are extracted with 70% ethanol in a ratio of 1:10, infused at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius for 48 hours, filtered, the extract is evaporated under vacuum at a temperature not exceeding 40 degrees to obtain a concentrate, then spray-dried. The finished extract is standardized for flavonoid content of at least 3%.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): store in a dry, dark place at a temperature of 5–15 degrees Celsius, shelf life 12 months. After opening, use within 3 months.

Tincture — Clerodendrum splendens

Indications (Tincture): acute pharyngitis, chronic bronchitis, inflammatory skin diseases, rheumatism.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): take orally 20–30 drops 2 times a day, dissolving in 50 ml of water, course 14–21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 40 drops 3 times a day for severe skin inflammations and rheumatism.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): up to 60 drops per day, used for severe chronic inflammatory conditions under medical supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10–15 drops per day for chronic skin inflammations and vascular pathologies, course 1 month, repeat 2 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): prescribed from 16 years old, 10 drops once a day.

Contraindications (Tincture): contraindicated in case of alcohol intolerance, individual hypersensitivity. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are not registered.

Side Effects (Tincture): in case of overdose, possible dizziness, nausea, allergic reactions.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kg, the dosage is reduced by 20%; above 80 kg, increased by 25%.

Preparation method (Tincture): to prepare 100 ml of alcoholic tincture of Clerodendrum splendens, crushed fresh leaves and flowers are poured with 70% ethanol in a ratio of 1:5, infused in a dark place at 20–25 degrees Celsius for 14 days, shaking periodically. After infusion, filter through cheesecloth, pour into dark glass bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): store at a temperature of 5–20 degrees Celsius, in a dark place, shelf life 24 months. After opening, use within 6 months.

Oil Infusion — Clerodendrum splendens

Indications (Oil Infusion): inflammatory skin diseases, dermatitis, rheumatism, hypertension.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): apply externally 2–3 times a day, apply to affected areas of skin and joints.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): use externally up to 4 times a day for pronounced inflammations and rheumatic pains.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): external use up to 6 times a day, under specialist supervision for severe skin lesions.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): external use once a day for chronic dermatitis and arthritis, course 1 month with a 2-month break.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): external use allowed from 3 years old, with a minimum number of applications — 1 time per day.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): allergy to coconut oil and plant components. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): possible allergic reaction with increased sensitivity.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: no correction required, as for external use.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): to prepare 100 ml of oil infusion of Clerodendrum splendens, fresh leaves and flowers are finely chopped, poured with refined coconut oil in a ratio of 1:5, kept in a water bath at a temperature of 40 degrees Celsius for 6 hours, then cooled and filtered. The finished product is poured into dark glass bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 5–20 degrees Celsius, shelf life 12 months. After opening, use within 3 months.

Ointment — Clerodendrum splendens

Indications (Ointment): dermatitis, inflammatory skin diseases, chronic arthritis, rheumatism.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): apply a thin layer to affected skin areas 2 times a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): apply 3–4 times a day for pronounced inflammations and arthritis.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): ointment is used up to 6 times a day under medical supervision for severe dermatitis.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): apply once a day for chronic inflammatory skin diseases for a course of 1 month, repeat twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): recommended from 5 years old, application once a day.

Contraindications (Ointment): individual intolerance to ointment components. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Ointment): in case of overdose — allergic reactions, skin irritation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: not required (external use).

Preparation method (Ointment): for 100 g of ointment, mix 15 g of dry extract of Clerodendrum splendens with 20 g of coconut oil, 10 g of beeswax and 55 g of cocoa butter. Mix coconut oil and cocoa butter, heat in a water bath to 60 degrees, add wax and extract, mix thoroughly until homogeneous, cool and pack into tubes.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): store in a dark, cool place at 5–20°C, shelf life 12 months. After opening, use within 6 months.

Cream — Clerodendrum splendens

Indications (Cream): inflammatory skin diseases, allergic dermatitis, rheumatism, hypertension.

Standard Dosage (Cream): apply to the skin 2 times a day, gently rubbing.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): apply 3 times a day for pronounced inflammations and arthritis.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): use up to 4 times a day under medical supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): apply once a day for chronic dermatitis and vascular pathologies for a course of 1 month.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): use possible from 6 years old, once a day.

Contraindications (Cream): hypersensitivity to cream components. No data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Cream): possible local allergy in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: not required.

Preparation method (Cream): for 100 g of cream, mix 10 g of dry extract of Clerodendrum splendens, 25 g of coconut oil, 5 g of emulsifier (e.g., cetearyl alcohol), 60 g of distilled water. Heat oils and extract to 70 degrees, water with emulsifier separately to 70 degrees, then mix, stir vigorously until emulsified, cool to room temperature, pack.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): store in a dark place at 5–20°C, shelf life 9 months. After opening, use within 3 months.

Cosmetics — Clerodendrum splendens

Indications (Cosmetics): care for inflamed skin, allergic dermatitis, support of vascular tone, skin regeneration.

Standard Dosage (Cosmetics): use daily 1–2 times a day according to the instructions of the specific product.

Enhanced Dosage (Cosmetics): apply up to 3 times a day for acute skin inflammations.

Maximum Dosage (Cosmetics): it is not recommended to exceed 3 applications per day.

Preventive Dosage (Cosmetics): daily application once a day to maintain skin and vascular health.

Pediatric Dosage (Cosmetics): use allowed from 6 years old, as prescribed by a specialist.

Contraindications (Cosmetics): allergy to cosmetic components. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Cosmetics): possible local allergic reaction.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: not applicable (local use).

Preparation method (Cosmetics): cosmetics with Clerodendrum splendens extract are made on the basis of hydrosols and oils with the addition of standardized extract. Components are mixed according to the recipe of the specific product with mandatory homogenization. The composition includes coconut oil, glycerin, plant extract, preservatives of natural origin.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cosmetics): store in a place protected from light at a temperature of 5–25°C. Shelf life up to 12 months. After opening, use within 6 months.

Serum — Clerodendrum splendens

Indications (Serum): skin regeneration, inflammatory processes, allergic dermatitis, support of the vascular system.

Standard Dosage (Serum): apply to cleansed skin 1–2 times a day in a thin layer.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): apply up to 3 times a day for pronounced inflammations and skin irritations.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): no more than 3 applications per day.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): use once a day to maintain skin and vascular health.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): use allowed from 12 years old.

Contraindications (Serum): increased sensitivity to serum components. No data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Serum): possible allergic reaction in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: not required (local use).

Preparation method (Serum): for 100 ml of serum, use standardized extract of Clerodendrum splendens — 5 g, glycerin 10 ml, coconut oil 5 ml, purified water 80 ml, natural preservatives. All components are thoroughly mixed and homogenized, poured into bottles with a dropper.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): store at a temperature of 5–20°C, protect from light. Shelf life 12 months. After opening, use within 3 months.

Toxicity and Biosafety — Clerodendrum splendens

Toxicity studies of Clerodendrum splendens show low acute toxicity upon oral administration. LD50 values in rodents exceed 5000 mg/kg body weight, which classifies the substance as low-hazard upon acute exposure. Studies have noted high biosafety when using plant extracts and powders both internally and externally. With systematic use, no significant toxic effects were detected at therapeutic dosages. Data on chronic toxicity are limited, which requires additional study for long-term use.

Reference: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go... 

Pharmacodynamics — Clerodendrum splendens

Clerodendrum splendens possesses multifaceted pharmacodynamic properties, due to the complex composition of biologically active substances, including flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds and other phytochemical components. The main pharmacological effects are realized through the modulation of various biological systems and processes, which provides anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial and immunostimulating effects.

The anti-inflammatory effect of Clerodendrum splendens is due to the ability of active compounds to suppress the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins and cytokines, as well as to reduce the activity of enzymes involved in the inflammatory reaction. This provides a reduction in local swelling, redness and pain in inflammatory processes, especially in the skin and mucous membranes.

The antioxidant activity of the taxon is associated with the high content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which effectively neutralize free radicals and protect cells from oxidative stress. This contributes to maintaining the integrity of cell membranes and prevents damage at the molecular level, which positively affects tissue regeneration processes.

Immunostimulating properties are manifested through the activation of cellular and humoral components of the immune system. Clerodendrum splendens helps to increase the activity of macrophages, stimulates antibody production and regulates the balance of cytokines, which improves the body's defense reactions and contributes to more effective counteraction to pathogens.

The antimicrobial effect is due to the inhibition of growth and reproduction of various bacteria and fungi, which is confirmed by the results of microbiological studies. This makes the taxon promising for use in topical products for inflammatory and infectious skin diseases.

The antispasmodic effect is observed in relation to smooth muscles, which may help reduce spasms in the bronchi and intestines. This activity is associated with the interaction of components with smooth muscle receptors and the regulation of intracellular signals.

The local and systemic action of Clerodendrum splendens provides a complex effect on the nervous, immune, endocrine and digestive systems. Due to the ability to interact with enzyme systems and receptors, the active substances of the taxon modulate physiological processes, maintaining homeostasis and promoting the restoration of tissue and organ functions.

The general pharmacological orientation of the taxon is the correction of inflammatory and oxidative processes, stimulation of the immune response, support of vascular tone and regulation of smooth muscle contractions, which makes it a useful component in complex therapeutic and cosmetological schemes.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...  https://www.sciencedirect.com/   https://www.tandfonline.com/

Pharmacokinetics — Clerodendrum splendens

Data on the pharmacokinetics of Clerodendrum splendens directly are limited, so the analysis is based on the properties of the main biologically active components, such as flavonoids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds, as well as on the pharmacokinetics of similar herbal forms of drugs.

Upon oral administration of powders, extracts or infusions, active substances are absorbed mainly in the small intestine through enterocytes, where penetration through the epithelial barrier occurs. Bioavailability depends on the solubility of substances and their chemical structure; many flavonoids may undergo biotransformation by enzymes of the intestinal microflora, which changes their pharmacological activity and metabolic profile.

After absorption, substances are distributed with the bloodstream to organs and tissues, with increased accumulation in the liver, kidneys, and also tissues with active blood supply. Metabolism proceeds mainly in the liver through phases I and II of biotransformation, including oxidation, reduction and conjugation with glucuronic or sulfuric acid, which contributes to the formation of water-soluble metabolites.

Excretion is carried out through the kidneys with urine and through the liver with bile, part of the substances may be excreted through the skin and respiration. Metabolites may have similar or modified pharmacological activity compared to the parent compounds.

With transdermal and topical application, active components penetrate through the stratum corneum of the skin, exerting a local effect with minimal systemic absorption, which reduces the risk of systemic side effects.

The use of tinctures and extracts on an alcohol or oil basis provides rapid absorption and a more pronounced systemic effect due to improved solubility and permeability of active substances.

Interaction with the intestinal microflora contributes to the metabolic activation or inactivation of components, affecting the effectiveness and duration of action.

The general pharmacokinetic characteristics allow us to consider Clerodendrum splendens a promising herbal preparation with an adequate profile of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion for various routes of administration.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...    https://www.sciencedirect.com/    https://www.tandfonline.com/

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Clerodendrum splendens

The mechanisms of pharmacological action of Clerodendrum splendens are associated with the presence in the plant of a wide range of biologically active substances, including flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds and other secondary metabolites, which interact with key cellular and molecular targets. The anti-inflammatory effect is realized through inhibition of the enzyme systems cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX), which reduces the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes — the main mediators of inflammation. In addition, active components are able to suppress the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, which regulate the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes and the production of cytokines, such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha. These effects lead to a decrease in inflammation and cellular damage at the tissue level.

Antioxidant activity is due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds that neutralize reactive oxygen species, preventing oxidative stress. This contributes to the preservation of membrane integrity and maintenance of mitochondrial functions, which is important for cellular homeostasis and tissue regeneration. The immunostimulating effect is associated with the activation of macrophages and neutrophils, as well as the modulation of the production of immunoregulatory mediators, ensuring a balanced response of the immune system.

Some components of Clerodendrum splendens interact with neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin and dopamine receptors, which may explain the observed sedative and antispasmodic effects. In addition, plant alkaloids and terpenoids can affect acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which contributes to the regulation of nerve transmission and reduction of smooth muscle spasms.

Thus, the pharmacological action of the taxon is multicomponent and aimed at the complex modulation of inflammatory, oxidative and immune processes, as well as the regulation of nervous and muscular functions through interaction with key biomolecular targets.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...   https://www.sciencedirect.com/    https://www.tandfonline.com/

Synergy — Clerodendrum splendens

Data from scientific studies indicate pharmacological synergy between Clerodendrum splendens and other plant components possessing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity. In particular, combination with plants rich in flavonoids and terpenoid compounds enhances the overall antioxidant potential, which contributes to a more effective reduction of oxidative stress at the cellular level. An additive effect is observed when combined with plants affecting the NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling cascades, which increases anti-inflammatory activity and regulation of the immune response.

A potentiating effect is manifested in improved modulation of cytokine and neurotransmitter production, which contributes to the harmonization of cellular and tissue processes. This interaction allows achieving a more pronounced and balanced physiological response with the combined use of plant extracts.

In addition, Clerodendrum splendens may perform a protective function, reducing the possible toxic effects of other components of phytocomplexes, due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This ensures improved tolerability and safety of therapy.

Thus, the scientifically confirmed synergy of Clerodendrum splendens with other biologically active plant substances allows expanding the scope of application and enhancing the pharmacological effect without increasing the risk of adverse reactions.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...   https://www.sciencedirect.com/   https://www.tandfonline.com/

Geography of Use and Folk Medicine — Clerodendrum splendens

Clerodendrum splendens is traditionally used in the countries of Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Myanmar and Malaysia, where it is widely known in local herbal medicine and folk medicine. The plant is used mainly in the form of decoctions, infusions and oil infusions, and fresh leaves and flowers are also used for external treatment of skin inflammations and painful conditions. In Thai traditional medicine, Clerodendrum splendens is considered a plant with anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects, and is often part of complex herbal preparations.

In the culture of the peoples of the region, the plant is considered a "plant of strength"; it is used in purification rites and ritual practices aimed at strengthening health and protecting against negative influences. In some ethnic traditions, leaves of Clerodendrum are used for wraps and compresses, which is associated with beliefs about the plant's ability to remove "bad energy" and help restore life balance.

Historical sources indicate that the first mentions of the use of Clerodendrum splendens date back several centuries in herbals of traditional Asian medicine. The plant is described in the works of regional herbalists as an important component in the treatment of inflammatory processes and circulatory disorders.

In addition to medical use, Clerodendrum splendens was used in culture for making amulets and in rituals associated with attracting health and well-being. Smoking crushed parts of the plant for ritual purposes in certain ethnic groups was used to purify the space and protect against evil spirits.

Currently, the plant retains its importance in folk practices and is part of traditional remedies used for skin care and general strengthening of the body.