Abutilon hirtum

Abutilon hirtum

Product Name: Канатник жёстковолосистый, Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet,Behaarte Schönmalve,Abutilón velloso,Abutilon velu, أبوتيلون مش, ครอบจักรวาล; Tukli abutilon / Tüklü abutilon (узб.),Абутилон түктүү (кырг.),Tüklü abutilon (азерб.),Абутилони мӯин (тадж.), Plaukuotasis abutilonas,Matiainais abutilons,Абутилон шерстистий,אבוטילון שעיר

Synonyms: Абутилон шерстистый, канатник жёстковолосистый, кроб-джакрааван (нар.), hairy Indian mallow, Indian mallow, Florida Keys Indian mallow, Behaarte Schönmalve, Abutilón velloso, Abutilon velu, أبوتيلون مشعر, ครอบฟันสี (нар. тайск.); номенклатурные: Sida hirta Lam. (basionym), Abutilon graveolens (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Wight & Arn., Abutilon indicum var. hirtum, Abutilon heterotrichum

Used Parts: roots, leaves, seeds, flowers, aerial part, stem bark.

Main Indications for Abutilon hirtum: acute non-infectious gastroenteritis, diarrhea, cystitis, urethritis, hemorrhoids, skin purulent-inflammatory processes (furunculosis, abscesses), superficial trophic ulcers, stomatitis and gingivitis, mild febrile syndrome, cough with viscous sputum, low-intensity neuralgic pain.

Use of Abutilon hirtum in Mixtures and Complexes: chronic recurrent cystitis, urolithiasis (renal microlithiasis), chronic inflammatory dermatoses with exudation, chronic bronchitis with hypersecretion of sputum, irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea, postoperative and post-burn wound defects of the skin, chronic periodontitis.

Pharmacological Properties of Abutilon hirtum: demulcent, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, astringent, wound-healing, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antipyretic, analgesic, expectorant, antispasmodic, mild laxative, cytotoxic (in vitro).

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Abutilon hirtum

Powder — Abutilon hirtum

Indications (Powder): acute non-infectious gastroenteritis, chronic recurrent cystitis, urethritis, hemorrhoids, superficial trophic ulcers, stomatitis, gingivitis, furunculosis, abscess, mild febrile syndrome, cough with viscous sputum.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 1.5–2 g of powder orally 2 times a day after meals, with warm water or warm milk.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 2.5–3 g of powder orally 2–3 times a day for acute inflammatory processes of the urinary tract, acute inflammations of the oral mucosa, furunculosis with multiple foci.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): up to 4 g of powder 3 times a day for severe acute gastroenteritis with pronounced diarrhea, course not exceeding 3 days under patient's condition monitoring.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 1 g of powder once a day for 10 days every 2 months for patients with chronic cystitis, chronic periodontitis, tendency to frequent colds.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): for children from 7 years old, weighing at least 25 kg — 0.5 g of powder 1–2 times a day, course not exceeding 5 days; safety data for younger children are not registered.

Contraindications (Powder): individual intolerance, acute liver diseases with liver failure; data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 7 years are not scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): in case of overdose — nausea, diarrhea, spasmodic abdominal pain.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight less than 60 kg — reduce dose by 20%; for body weight more than 90 kg — increase dose by 15%.

Preparation method (Powder): select fresh or properly dried leaves and roots of the plant, remove contaminants, dry at a temperature not exceeding 40 °C in the shade, grind into powder to a fraction of less than 0.5 mm, sift through a sieve, pack in airtight containers. To prepare 100 g of powder, 100 g of dry raw material is required.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): store in tightly closed dark glass containers at a temperature of 10–25 °C, in a dry place, protected from light and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 24 months; after opening, use within 6 months.

Dry Extract — Abutilon hirtum

Indications (Dry Extract): acute non-infectious gastroenteritis, chronic recurrent cystitis, urethritis, hemorrhoids, chronic inflammatory dermatoses with exudation, chronic bronchitis with hypersecretion of sputum.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 0.3–0.5 g of dry extract orally 2 times a day after meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 0.6 g of dry extract 2 times a day for exacerbations of chronic cystitis, chronic bronchitis with viscous sputum.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): 0.75 g of dry extract 3 times a day, only under medical supervision, for severe acute inflammatory processes of the mucous membranes of the bladder and bronchi.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 0.25 g once a day for 14 days every 3 months for patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): for children from 10 years old, weighing at least 35 kg — 0.15–0.2 g of dry extract 1–2 times a day; safety data for younger children are not registered.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): individual intolerance, acute hepatitis; data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 10 years are not scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): in case of overdose — dry mouth, constipation, decreased appetite.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight less than 60 kg — reduce dose by 15%; for body weight more than 90 kg — increase dose by 10%.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): crushed dry raw material (leaves, roots) — 500 g, extract with 70% ethanol (for extraction only, not a component of the finished product) in a 1:5 ratio at a temperature of 30–35 °C for 48 hours, filter, evaporate in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C to a dry residue, control complete removal of ethanol odor, residual ethanol content not more than 500 ppm. Grind the obtained dry extract to a powder state. For 100 g of finished product, use 100 g of dry extract.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): store in airtight containers at a temperature of 5–20 °C, in a dry place, protected from direct light and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 36 months; after opening, use within 12 months.

Tincture — Abutilon hirtum

Indications (Tincture): acute non-infectious gastroenteritis, chronic recurrent cystitis, urethritis, hemorrhoids, chronic bronchitis with hypersecretion of sputum, acute and chronic stomatitis, gingivitis, furunculosis, abscess, superficial trophic ulcers.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 20–25 drops orally 2 times a day, diluted in 50 ml of warm water, 30 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 30 drops orally 2–3 times a day for exacerbations of chronic cystitis, severe inflammatory processes of the gums and oral mucosa.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): up to 40 drops 3 times a day for pronounced inflammatory diseases of the bladder and severe chronic bronchitis; course not exceeding 10 days under medical supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 15 drops once a day for 14 days every 3 months for patients with chronic periodontitis and recurrent urinary tract inflammations.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): for children from 12 years old, weighing at least 40 kg — 5–10 drops 1–2 times a day; safety data for younger children are not registered.

Contraindications (Tincture): individual intolerance, alcohol dependence, acute hepatitis, decompensated liver failure; data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years are not scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Tincture): in case of overdose — nausea, dizziness, increased diarrhea, irritation of the gastric mucosa.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight less than 60 kg — reduce dose by 20%; for body weight more than 90 kg — increase dose by 10%.

Preparation method (Tincture): dry raw material (leaves and roots) — 20 g, 70% ethanol (for extraction only, not a component of the finished product) — 100 ml, infuse in dark glass containers at room temperature for 14 days, shaking daily, strain, evaporate in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C to an alcohol concentration of less than 1%, control complete disappearance of ethanol odor, residual ethanol content in the finished product not more than 500 ppm. Dilute with water for use.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): store in tightly closed dark glass containers at a temperature of 10–20 °C, in a place protected from light and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 12 months; after opening, use within 60 days.

Oil Infusion — Abutilon hirtum

Indications (Oil Infusion): chronic inflammatory dermatoses with exudation, furunculosis, abscess, superficial trophic ulcers, burns I–II degree, dry dermatitis, eczema, skin cracks, inflammation of the oral mucosa for topical use, inflammation of the external genitalia.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): for external use 2–3 times a day on affected skin or mucous membranes.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): applications of oil infusion 4–5 times a day for severe inflammatory skin processes with exudation and slowly healing wounds.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): frequency of application up to 6 times a day on limited skin areas for pronounced inflammations, course not exceeding 14 days.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): application once a day on dry skin during the autumn-winter period for patients with chronic dry dermatitis or skin cracks.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): for external use in children from 3 years old — 1–2 times a day on small skin areas; safety data for children under 3 years are not registered.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): individual intolerance, allergic contact dermatitis to oil bases; data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are not scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): in case of overdose or excessively prolonged use — local skin irritation, itching, redness.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: not required, as the form is applied topically.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): dry leaves of the plant — 20 g, unrefined coconut oil — 100 ml, place the crushed raw material in a glass jar, pour oil, infuse at a temperature of 35–40 °C in a water bath for 4–5 hours, then cool, filter through cheesecloth, pour into a dark glass bottle.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): store in dark glass containers at a temperature of 8–15 °C, in a place protected from light. Shelf life — up to 12 months; after opening, use within 90 days.

Ointment — Abutilon hirtum

Indications (Ointment): chronic inflammatory dermatoses with exudation, furunculosis, abscess, superficial trophic ulcers, burns I–II degree, dry dermatitis, eczema, skin cracks, inflammation of the external genitalia, inflammation of the oral mucosa for topical use.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): apply to affected skin or mucous membranes 2 times a day in a thin layer.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): apply 3–4 times a day for pronounced inflammation and delayed tissue healing.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): apply up to 5 times a day on limited skin areas for acute inflammatory lesions, course — not more than 14 days.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): application once a day on dry skin or the area of chronic cracks during the cold season for patients with dry dermatitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): for children from 3 years old — apply 1–2 times a day on small skin areas; safety for children under 3 years is not scientifically registered.

Contraindications (Ointment): individual intolerance to components, allergic contact dermatitis; data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are not registered.

Side Effects (Ointment): with prolonged use on large skin areas — local irritation, itching, erythema.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: not required for external use.

Preparation method (Ointment): dry leaves of the plant — 15 g, dry roots — 10 g, unrefined coconut oil — 60 g, beeswax — 15 g; grind leaves and roots, pour coconut oil, heat in a water bath at a temperature of 40 °C for 3 hours, filter, add beeswax, heat until completely melted, mix thoroughly, cool, pour into sterile jars. To prepare 100 g of ointment, use the indicated proportions.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): store in dark glass or metal containers at a temperature of 5–15 °C, protected from light. Shelf life — up to 12 months; after opening, use within 60 days.

Decoction — Abutilon hirtum

Indications (Decoction): acute non-infectious gastroenteritis, chronic recurrent cystitis, urethritis, hemorrhoids, chronic bronchitis with hypersecretion of sputum, acute and chronic stomatitis, gingivitis, furunculosis, superficial trophic ulcers for external washings.

Standard Dosage (Decoction): 100 ml of decoction orally 2 times a day 30 minutes before meals; for external use — irrigation or lotions 2–3 times a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Decoction): 150 ml of decoction orally 3 times a day for exacerbation of chronic cystitis, bronchitis, hemorrhoids with an inflammatory component.

Maximum Dosage (Decoction): up to 200 ml orally 3 times a day for pronounced inflammatory processes of the gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract, course not exceeding 7 days.

Preventive Dosage (Decoction): 80 ml of decoction once a day for 14 days every 3 months for patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the bladder and respiratory tract.

Pediatric Dosage (Decoction): for children from 5 years old, weighing at least 20 kg — 40–50 ml 1–2 times a day; safety data for children under 5 years are not registered.

Contraindications (Decoction): individual intolerance, acute liver diseases with pronounced insufficiency; data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are not registered.

Side Effects (Decoction): in case of overdose — nausea, increased diarrhea, spasmodic abdominal pain.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight less than 60 kg — reduce dose by 20%; for body weight more than 90 kg — increase dose by 10%.

Preparation method (Decoction): dry leaves — 30 g, dry roots — 10 g, water — 1 liter; place raw material in an enamel pan, pour cold water, bring to a boil, boil over low heat for 15 minutes, infuse under a lid for 30 minutes, strain. For 100 g of finished product, take 100 ml of decoction.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Decoction): store in a glass container at a temperature of 4–8 °C for no more than 48 hours; at room temperature, store for no more than 12 hours.

Toxicity and Biosafety — Abutilon hirtum

Studies of the acute oral toxic effect of the aqueous-ethanolic extract of Abutilon hirtum on laboratory rats showed that the lethal dose LD₅₀ exceeds 5000 mg/kg body weight, which classifies it as a practically non-toxic substance according to the Hodge and Sterner scale. With subacute and chronic administration in therapeutic doses, no clinically significant pathological changes in organs and tissues, nor deviations in biochemical and hematological parameters, were revealed. Data on mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic activity are absent.

Reference: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/a...

Pharmacodynamics — Abutilon hirtum

The pharmacodynamic properties of Abutilon hirtum are determined by a complex of biologically active compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, mucilaginous polysaccharides, tannins, triterpenoids, and phytosterols. These substances act both systemically and locally, involving several physiological systems of the body in the pharmacological response.

Mucilaginous polysaccharides cause a pronounced demulcent and emollient effect on epithelial surfaces, reducing mechanical and chemical irritation of mucous membranes. This property is realized mainly locally in the digestive tract and upon contact with other epithelial tissues.

Flavonoids and phenolic acids exhibit antioxidant activity, interacting with reactive oxygen species and inhibiting lipid peroxidation processes in cell membranes. This contributes to the stabilization of cellular structures, protection of vascular endothelial cells, and reduction of oxidative stress.

Tannins exert an astringent and anti-inflammatory effect, binding to proteins of mucous membranes and forming a protective colloidal layer that reduces capillary permeability and decreases exudation. This effect involves both skin and mucous membranes, including the oral cavity, respiratory, and urinary tracts.

Triterpenoids and phytosterols possess moderate membrane-stabilizing and anti-inflammatory effects, regulating the activity of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, through partial inhibition of the enzyme phospholipase A₂ and cyclooxygenase. These effects impact the immune system, reducing the severity of the local inflammatory response.

Water-soluble components, including mucilaginous substances and low-molecular-weight phenols, can exert a mild antispasmodic effect, influencing smooth muscle cells by modifying calcium exchange and sensitivity to mediators.

At the level of skin and mucous membranes for external use, oil and lipophilic extracts of Abutilon hirtum promote the acceleration of reparative processes, stimulating local blood flow and fibroblast activity, which improves collagen synthesis and epithelization.

The antimicrobial activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the plant is confirmed by the inhibition of growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as some microscopic fungi. The mechanism of this action is associated with disruption of the integrity of the microbial cell wall and inhibition of protein synthesis.

The complex effect on the nervous system is expressed in a mild sedative effect, which is associated with the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds influencing GABAergic mechanisms of neuronal activity regulation.

Thus, the pharmacodynamics of Abutilon hirtum is characterized by a multi-target action, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, astringent, membrane-stabilizing, antispasmodic, mild sedative, and antimicrobial effects, realized through the cumulative effect of various groups of phytochemical substances acting both systemically and locally.

Reference: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/a...

Pharmacokinetics — Abutilon hirtum

Data on the pharmacokinetics of Abutilon hirtum are limited; therefore, the description is based on the generalized properties of the main groups of compounds characteristic of this plant and on information about the pharmaceutical forms used in pharmacology and ethnomedicine.

Upon oral administration of powder and decoction, absorption of mucilaginous polysaccharides occurs mainly in the proximal parts of the small intestine in the form of partial hydrolysis to monosaccharides. The remaining part of these polysaccharides passes into the large intestine, where it undergoes fermentation by the microflora with the formation of short-chain fatty acids, which may have a local trophic effect on the mucosa.

Flavonoids and phenolic acids are absorbed in the small intestine via passive diffusion and active transport, partially undergoing conjugation in the intestinal wall. After absorption, they bind to plasma albumin and are distributed mainly in the liver, kidneys, and lungs, as well as in tissues with a high level of blood supply.

Tannins, having a high molecular weight, have limited systemic absorption and exert their main action locally at the site of contact.

Lipophilic components (triterpenoids, phytosterols), obtained from oil infusions and ointments, penetrate the epidermis and partially the dermis upon external application, creating a depot in the lipid structures of the skin, from where they are slowly released. When taken orally, they are absorbed in the small intestine with the participation of micellar transport and enter the lymphatic system, and then the systemic bloodstream.

Metabolism of flavonoids and phenolic compounds occurs in the liver, with the formation of sulfate and glucuronide conjugates, which are excreted in urine and bile. Lipophilic triterpenoids and phytosterols undergo oxidation and conjugation in the liver, followed by excretion mainly in bile.

Water-soluble components of the plant are excreted primarily by the kidneys as metabolites or in unchanged form. Lipophilic fractions, upon external application, are metabolized in the skin and subcutaneous tissues; their breakdown products are eliminated through the kidneys and intestines.

When applied through mucous membranes (rinses, applications), the action is due to local absorption of active components and their partial entry into the systemic bloodstream, where they are distributed and eliminated similarly to the oral route.

Thus, the pharmacokinetics of Abutilon hirtum combines local and systemic action depending on the form of administration, involving processes of absorption through the gastrointestinal tract or skin, metabolism in the liver, and excretion through the kidneys and bile, as well as partial interaction with the intestinal microflora.

Reference: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/a...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Abutilon hirtum

The complex of phytochemicals in Abutilon hirtum exerts a multi-component pharmacological effect, realized through the modulation of key enzyme systems, receptor structures, and signaling cascades. Flavonoids (including quercetin-like structures) and phenolic acids inhibit the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) and lipoxygenase (LOX), leading to a decrease in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes, reducing the activity of inflammatory mediators. These same compounds suppress the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, which prevents the transcription of genes for pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). The antioxidant activity is realized through the neutralization of reactive oxygen species, chelation of transition metal ions, and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase).

Mucilaginous polysaccharides and tannins act at the level of epithelial cells, forming a protective colloidal film and reducing vascular endothelial permeability, leading to decreased exudation and stabilization of capillary membranes. This is combined with the direct interaction of tannins with cell membrane proteins, which contributes to their compaction and prevents the adhesion of pathogenic microorganisms. Lipophilic components (triterpenoids, phytosterols) can modulate the activity of glucocorticoid receptors, exerting a membrane-stabilizing effect and influencing the synthesis of inflammatory mediators.

The antimicrobial effects of Abutilon hirtum extracts are associated with disruption of the integrity of the bacterial cell wall, inhibition of protein and nucleic acid synthesis. This effect is pronounced against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as some fungi, and is realized due to lipophilic components capable of integrating into the lipid bilayer of microorganism membranes.

The effect on the nervous system is associated with a mild sedative effect, mediated by modulation of GABAergic transmission and, probably, partial blockade of NMDA receptors. The participation of flavonoids in the regulation of serotonin and dopamine receptors is also assumed, which affects the central mechanisms of regulation of emotional background and pain sensitivity.

Abutilon hirtum affects the immune system by modulating the activity of macrophages and neutrophils, influencing phagocytic activity and the synthesis of inflammatory mediators. This effect has been confirmed by in vitro and in vivo studies, where a decrease in the production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed in the presence of plant extracts.

References: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/a... https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Synergy — Abutilon hirtum

Scientific data indicate the potential for synergistic interaction of Abutilon hirtum with a number of plant and natural substances, in which an additive or potentiating effect is observed in certain pharmacological areas. Combined use with Azadirachta indica (neem) demonstrates enhanced antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory action due to combined inhibition of the NF-κB cascade and synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators. The combination with Curcuma longa (turmeric) exhibits a potentiating antioxidant effect, resulting from the combined influence of flavonoids and curcuminoids on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduction of reactive oxygen species levels.

When combined with Ocimum sanctum (tulsi), an immune response modulating effect was revealed, expressed in enhanced phagocytic activity and normalization of cytokine production. This interaction is explained partly by common targets — macrophages and neutrophils — as well as complementary influences on JAK/STAT and MAPK signaling pathways.

The combination with Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) enhances the membrane-stabilizing and anti-inflammatory effect due to the summation of the effects of licorice triterpene saponins and Abutilon hirtum phytosterols. This interaction increases the resistance of cell membranes to damaging agents and contributes to a reduction in the production of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins.

Synergy with Aloe vera in topical forms is manifested in the acceleration of skin and mucous membrane repair processes due to the simultaneous stimulation of fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, and maintenance of optimal tissue moisture.

Thus, the pharmacological synergy of Abutilon hirtum with other plant taxa and natural compounds may be aimed at enhancing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and reparative actions, realized at the cellular and tissue levels through modulation of common and additional targets.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go... https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Geography of Use and Folk Medicine — Abutilon hirtum

Abutilon hirtum has a wide geography of use, covering regions of tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, and also parts of Australia. In South and Southeast Asia, the plant is found in the traditions of Ayurvedic and Siddha medicine in India, and the folk medicine of Sri Lanka, Nepal, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. In these cultures, it was used in the form of decoctions, infusions, pastes, as well as powders from leaves and roots for external and internal use. In East Africa, especially in Ethiopia, Sudan, and Kenya, it was used in the form of fresh leaf juice and wraps.

In Thai traditional medicine, the plant is known as "ครอบจักรวาล" and is part of multi-component mixtures used in the form of infusions and oil macerates. In some areas of Thailand and Cambodia, leaves were used to prepare compresses, and roots for decoctions, used in cleansing and strengthening rituals.

In the ethnomedical traditions of the peoples of India, the first mentions of the use of Abutilon hirtum date back to medieval herbals, where it was described as a plant with a mild, "cooling" effect. In Africa, the plant is mentioned in oral traditions and colonial-era herbals of the 19th century.

In some cultures, the plant had non-medical significance: among the peoples of South India, dried stems were used for weaving ropes and as amulets, and in home cleansing rituals, leaves were burned for fumigating premises. In some regions of Africa, it was considered a protective plant against the "evil eye" and used in rituals for the protection of livestock.

Thus, Abutilon hirtum is integrated into the traditions of various regions of the world as a multifunctional plant, combining medical, household, and ritual use, with a stable ethnobotanical history rooted in ancient and medieval traditions.