Sambucus nigra (Black Elder)

Sambucus nigra (Black Elder)

Product Name: Бузина чёрная, Sambucus nigra, Schwarzer Holunder, Saúco negro, Sureau noir, الخمان الأسود, สำรองดำ, Qora бузина, Кара бузина, Qara mürver, Себи сиёҳ, Juodasis šeivamedis, Melnā plūškoka, Чорна бузина, שׁוּם צָפוֹן

Synonyms: Бузина аптечная, Бузина лекарственная, Чёрная бузина, Elderberry, Black elder, European elder, Schwarzer Holunder, Apotheker-Holunder, Saúco común, Saúco negro, Sureau commun, Sureau noir, الخمان الأسود, البيلسان الأسود, สำรองดำ, มะตูมดํา

Used Parts: flowers, berries, bark, leaves, roots, young shoots, flowers.

Main Indications for Use of Sambucus nigra: Acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, viral pneumonia, sinusitis, rhinopharyngitis, influenza, common cold, laryngotracheitis, allergic rhinitis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, airway obstruction, intestinal dysbiosis, hyperthermia of unspecified etiology, upper respiratory tract infections, myalgia.

Use of Sambucus nigra in Mixtures and Complexes: Atopic dermatitis, herpes infection, secondary immunodeficiency, bronchial asthma, autoimmune thyroiditis, chronic fatigue syndrome, chronic tonsillitis, Epstein–Barr virus, hepatitis C, chronic cystitis, pyelonephritis.

Pharmacological Properties of Sambucus nigra: anti-inflammatory, antiviral, immunostimulating, diaphoretic, antipyretic, antioxidant, diuretic, laxative, antiseptic, anti-edematous, mucolytic, spasmolytic, sedative, hypoglycemic.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Sambucus nigra

Powder — Sambucus nigra

Indications (Powder): Viral pneumonia, acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, rhinopharyngitis, influenza, rheumatoid arthritis, allergic rhinitis, hyperthermia of unspecified etiology, myalgia, systemic lupus erythematosus.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 1 gram of powder 2 times a day 30 minutes before meals, with warm water. Course — 10 days with the possibility of repetition after a 5-day break.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 1.5 grams of powder 3 times a day for viral pneumonia, influenza with high fever, viral myalgia, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Course — up to 14 days under medical supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): 2 grams of powder 3 times a day. Short-term use (no more than 3 days in a row) is permissible for acute viral respiratory tract infection with fever above 39°C or pronounced myalgic syndrome.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.5 grams of powder once a day in the morning on an empty stomach. Recommended for patients with chronic tonsillitis, bronchial asthma, and atopic dermatitis. Frequency — 20-day courses with a 10-day break.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): From 6 years of age, with a body weight of at least 20 kg — 0.3 grams of powder once a day. From 10 years — 0.5 grams 2 times a day. Only as prescribed by a pediatrician. Not recommended for children under 6 years due to the risk of gastrointestinal irritation.

Contraindications (Powder): Individual intolerance, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, acute pancreatitis. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 6 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): Diarrhea, spastic abdominal pain, and nausea have been registered when exceeding the dosage of more than 3 grams per day.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight less than 60 kg — reduce the dosage by 25%. For body weight above 90 kg — increase the dosage by 25%, but do not exceed the maximum permissible daily volume (6 grams).

Preparation Method (Powder): Dried black elder flowers are used to prepare the powder. 100 grams of powder are obtained from 120 grams of dry raw material. The raw material is ground in a stepped mill or a household coffee grinder to a fine powder state, then sifted through a sieve with 0.5 millimeter mesh. Stored in a tightly closed glass container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a dark, dry place at a temperature of +8 to +20°C, without access to light and moisture, away from sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 12 months. After opening, use within 60 days.

Dry Extract — Sambucus nigra

Indications (Dry Extract): Acute rhinopharyngitis, viral pneumonia, laryngotracheitis, upper respiratory tract infections, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic fatigue syndrome.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 200 milligrams of dry extract 2 times a day orally, dissolved in 100 milliliters of warm water or rosehip decoction. Course — 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 400 milligrams 3 times a day for systemic lupus erythematosus, recurrent rhinopharyngitis, and rheumatoid arthritis with fever. Course — up to 14 days under medical supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): 600 milligrams 3 times a day for 3 days for viral pneumonia and laryngotracheitis with a high risk of stenosis. Exceeding the dosage requires monitoring of liver enzyme levels.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 100 milligrams of dry extract once a day for 20 days. Recommended for patients with chronic forms of rhinopharyngitis and weakened immunity in the spring-autumn period. Repeat every 3 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): From 6 years of age and body weight of at least 22 kilograms — 50 milligrams of dry extract once a day. From 10 years — 100 milligrams 1–2 times a day. Not used in children under 6 years.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Hypersensitivity, autoimmune thyroidopathies, ulcerative gastric lesions. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 6 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): Dyspeptic disorders (nausea, flatulence) are possible; rarely — allergic skin rash in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Up to 60 kilograms — reduction of dosage by 20%. Over 90 kilograms — increase in dosage by 20%, not exceeding 1800 milligrams per day.

Preparation Method (Dry Extract): To prepare 100 grams of dry extract, take 500 grams of dried black elder flowers, pour with 1 liter of 40% ethanol, infuse in an airtight glass container for 5 days at a temperature of +25°C, shaking periodically. Then the extract is filtered, evaporated in a water bath to obtain a thick extract, and further dried in a vacuum dryer at +40°C to a powder state.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in a tightly closed opaque jar at a temperature of +5 to +25°C in a dry, light-protected, and EMI-protected place. Shelf life — 18 months. After opening, use within 45 days.

Tincture — Sambucus nigra

Indications (Tincture): Influenza, acute rhinopharyngitis, viral pneumonia, rheumatoid arthritis, allergic rhinitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic bronchitis, hyperthermia of unspecified etiology, upper respiratory tract infections.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 15 drops of alcohol tincture 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals, diluted in 50 milliliters of water. Standard course — 7–10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 25 drops 3 times a day for influenza with a temperature above 38.5°C, viral pneumonia with intoxication syndrome, and prolonged rheumatoid arthritis. Duration no more than 5 days.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): 30 drops 3 times a day, permissible for no more than 3 days for pronounced fever, polyarthralgia, and acute bronchitis with cough syndrome. If exceeded, monitoring of liver parameters is required.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10 drops once a day in the morning on an empty stomach in 30 ml of water. Used during the flu and ARVI epidemic season, recommended for persons with chronic lung diseases, autoimmune conditions, and school-age children (in the absence of contraindications). Course — 14 days.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): From 12 years: 5 drops 2 times a day, diluted in 30 ml of water. For children under 12 years, alcohol tinctures are not recommended.

Contraindications (Tincture): Alcoholism, epilepsy, pronounced liver diseases, hypersensitivity to ethanol. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and under 12 years have not been scientifically registered, but use is not recommended.

Side Effects (Tincture): In case of overdose, dizziness, nausea, tachycardia, gastric mucosal irritation, and skin hyperemia are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight less than 50 kilograms — start with 10 drops 2 times a day. Over 90 kilograms — an increase to 25 drops 3 times a day is permissible in the absence of hepatic pathology.

Preparation Method (Tincture): 100 grams of dry elder flowers are poured with 500 milliliters of 40% ethyl alcohol. The mixture is infused in a dark glass container at a temperature of +20–25°C for 10 days. Shake 1–2 times a day. After infusion, filter through cotton fabric, pour into dark glass vials.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store at a temperature of +8 to +25°C, in a light-protected place, away from heat sources and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 24 months. After opening — use within 60 days.

Oil Infusion — Sambucus nigra

Indications (Oil Infusion): Atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, herpetic skin infection, seborrheic dermatitis, first-degree burns, skin fissures, hyperkeratosis.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Apply a thin layer 2 times a day to cleansed and dry skin of the affected areas. Course — 10–14 days. Extension to 21 days is possible with good tolerability.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Use 3 times a day under a compress for psoriasis with a hyperkeratotic component, deep skin fissures, and dry foci in chronic eczema. Duration — up to 10 days.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Application up to 5 times a day on limited foci (no more than 5% of the body surface) is permissible for pronounced inflammation, pruritic dermatosis, and herpetic skin lesions. Use no more than 5 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): Once a day in the evening for 10 days during the autumn-winter period on skin areas prone to windburn and peeling (elbows, heels, face). Recommended for patients with chronic dermatoses, a tendency to skin fissures, and dryness.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): Permitted from 3 years of age. Apply once a day in a thin layer on limited skin areas (no more than 1% of the body surface) provided there is no damage to the epidermis. Do not use under a bandage.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Allergic contact dermatitis in history to plants of the Adoxaceae family, acute purulent skin lesions. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 3 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Cases of local irritation, mild hyperemia, and itching with individual intolerance or exceeding the frequency of use have been registered.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required, as the form is applied locally. For children under 15 kilograms — strictly limited amount of the preparation (up to 0.5 ml per application).

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion): 100 grams of fresh elder flowers are crushed and poured with 200 milliliters of organic cold-pressed coconut oil. Infused in a glass container at a temperature of +35–40°C in a water bath for 2 hours, then left at room temperature for 48 hours. The mixture is strained through gauze, and the sediment is squeezed out. The finished infusion is filtered through a cotton filter and poured into sterile glass vials.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in a tightly closed glass container at a temperature of +5 to +15°C, in a light-protected place. Avoid contact with metal objects. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Cream — Sambucus nigra

Indications (Cream): Atopic dermatitis, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, papulopustular acne, chronic dry skin, pruritus of unspecified etiology, couperose, initial stage of rosacea, irritation after dermatological procedures.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply to cleansed skin 2 times a day — morning and evening, with light rubbing movements. Course — 10–20 days depending on clinical dynamics.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): Apply 3 times a day and additionally under an occlusive dressing at night for pronounced itching, peeling, psoriatic plaques, and persistent couperose. Duration — up to 10 days.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): Up to 5 times a day on local areas (no more than 10% of the skin surface). Used for acute skin inflammations accompanied by intense itching and hyperemia, for 3 days.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Once a day in the evening, especially during the period of seasonal skin dryness, for patients with neurodermatitis in remission, seborrhea, and reactive skin after peels or climate changes. Preventive courses — 14 days with repetition every 2 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): From 3 years: once a day, in a thin layer, on limited areas (up to 2% of the body surface). In the absence of irritating additives, use for up to 30 days is possible.

Contraindications (Cream): Individual intolerance to components, acute pustular skin lesions, weeping forms of dermatoses. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 3 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Cream): Local burning, redness, a feeling of skin tightness, and allergic dermatitis in rare cases with individual sensitivity.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Adjustment is not required. In children and patients with a body weight below 30 kilograms — the volume of application should not exceed 0.5 grams per application.

Preparation Method (Cream): For 100 grams of cream: elder flower extract (hydroglyceric) — 15 grams; cold-pressed coconut oil — 20 grams; jojoba oil — 10 grams; distilled water — 50 grams; plant-based emulsifier — 4 grams; potassium sorbate — 0.6 grams; citric acid — 0.2 grams (for pH 5.5). The oil and water phases are heated to 65°C, combined with the emulsifier with constant stirring. After cooling to 40°C, the extract, preservative, and acidifier are introduced. The resulting mass is mixed and packaged in airtight cosmetic containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store in a dark place at a temperature of +5 to +10°C. Do not freeze. Shelf life — 90 days in an airtight package. After opening — use within 21 days.

Ointment — Sambucus nigra

Indications (Ointment): Trophic ulcer, first-degree burn, herpetic skin infection, neurodermatitis, psoriasis, superficial skin injury, infected skin fissures, chronic eczema, perianal dermatoses.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply 1–2 times a day in a thin layer to a pre-cleansed affected skin area. If necessary — under a sterile bandage. Course duration — up to 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): Apply 3 times a day on ulcerative, infected, or inflamed foci, in herpetic lesions, and in the presence of purulent discharge (in combination with antiseptic treatment). Course — no more than 7 days.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Up to 5 applications per day, strictly locally, on an area of no more than 3% of the body surface. Permissible for first-degree burns, herpetic vesicles, and dermatoses with weeping. Use no more than 5 days.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): Apply once every 2 days in the evening, for chronic skin diseases in remission — especially on skin areas subject to friction, irritation, or dryness. Recommended for persons with diabetic angiopathy, varicose veins, and psoriasis in the latent phase.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): From 5 years: apply once a day in a thin layer on limited areas. Maximum — 2 grams per day. Use no more than 5 days in a row.

Contraindications (Ointment): Purulent skin inflammations without preliminary antiseptic treatment, weeping forms of dermatoses without drying, allergy to ointment base components. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and under 5 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Ointment): Local irritation, increased weeping, allergic rash, and in case of overdose — skin maceration.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Adjustment is not required. For children and patients with a body weight of up to 30 kilograms — limit use to 1.5 grams per day.

Preparation Method (Ointment): For 100 grams of ointment: oil infusion of elder flowers (in coconut oil) — 30 grams; beeswax — 15 grams; anhydrous lanolin — 20 grams; calendula oil — 10 grams; zinc oxide — 5 grams; natural vitamin E — 1 gram; the main volume up to 100 grams — jojoba oil. The components are combined in a water bath at a temperature of 70–75°C, stirred until homogeneous. The mixture is cooled to 35–40°C, vitamin E is added, and thoroughly mixed. Pour into sterile jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store in an airtight dark jar at a temperature of +4 to +10°C, away from heat and light sources. Do not freeze. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Serum — Sambucus nigra

Indications (Serum): Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, initial stage of rosacea, skin photoaging, vascular network, couperose, acne in remission, increased skin sensitivity, facial edema, dull skin color.

Standard Dosage (Serum): Apply 1–2 times a day to pre-cleansed facial and neck skin, 3–5 drops of serum per zone. Recommended course — 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): Up to 3 times a day with spot application to areas of hyperpigmentation, telangiectasia, with pronounced edema and stress reactivity of the skin. Duration — 10–14 days.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): Up to 8 drops on the face and 5 on the neck, up to 4 times a day. Used under conditions of aesthetic procedures (electroporation, ultrasonic phonophoresis). Not used for more than 7 days without a break.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): Apply once a day in the evening with increased UV exposure, seasonal temperature changes, decreased skin turgor, and impaired microcirculation. Preventive course — 14 days, repeat monthly.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): Not used in children and adolescents under 14 years due to the lack of safety data for use in cosmetic serums.

Contraindications (Serum): Individual intolerance to components, acute inflammatory and pustular processes on the face, dermatitis in the exacerbation phase. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically registered, but use is possible with caution.

Side Effects (Serum): Rarely — a tingling sensation, short-term redness, and isolated rashes with hypersensitivity to elder extract or preservatives.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required. Correction is carried out only according to skin type and the severity of the vascular reaction.

Preparation Method (Serum): For 100 grams of serum: black elder hydrolate — 40 grams; glyceric extract of elder flowers — 10 grams; sodium hyaluronate (low molecular weight) — 0.8 grams; aloe vera gel — 20 grams; fractionated coconut oil — 5 grams; preservative (eco-certified, e.g., benzoic acid and potassium sorbate) — 0.5 grams; purified water — up to 100 grams. All components are mixed at a temperature of +20–25°C under sterile conditions. After mixing, the serum is filtered and packaged in dark dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): Store at a temperature of +5 to +8°C in the refrigerator, in an airtight container. Do not allow contact with air. Shelf life — 45 days. After opening, use within 14 days.

Cosmetic Emulsion — Sambucus nigra

Indications (Cosmetic Emulsion): Increased skin sensitivity, couperose, pigmentation, dull complexion, age-related skin changes, reactivity to cold and wind, restoration of the skin barrier function, redness after cosmetic procedures.

Standard Dosage (Cosmetic Emulsion): Apply 1–2 times a day to the skin of the face, neck, and décolleté area after cleansing and toning. Volume per application — 1.5–2.5 milliliters.

Enhanced Dosage (Cosmetic Emulsion): 3 times a day for pronounced dryness, irritation, peeling, and redness. Can be used in the form of compresses on cotton pads once a day for vascular reactions. Duration — no more than 7 days.

Maximum Dosage (Cosmetic Emulsion): Up to 4 applications per day on areas with chronic erythema, persistent irritation, and during recovery after peels and hardware procedures. Permissible for 3 days, then switch to the standard dosage.

Preventive Dosage (Cosmetic Emulsion): Once a day in the evening in a 20-day course during the off-season or after sun exposure. Recommended for patients with sensitive and redness-prone skin, as well as in age cosmetics after 40 years.

Pediatric Dosage (Cosmetic Emulsion): Not recommended for use in children under 12 years. In older children, occasional use once a day on limited areas is possible.

Contraindications (Cosmetic Emulsion): Individual intolerance, acute inflammatory skin processes, herpetic rashes. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered; use is permissible with good tolerability.

Side Effects (Cosmetic Emulsion): Mild tingling and isolated allergic reactions with individual sensitivity are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required. Correction is possible only according to skin type and the intensity of the reaction.

Preparation Method (Cosmetic Emulsion): For 100 grams of emulsion: aqueous extract of elder flowers — 20 grams; coconut oil — 15 grams; macadamia oil — 10 grams; plant-based emulsifier — 5 grams; glycerin — 5 grams; lavender hydrolate — 20 grams; distilled water — up to 100 grams; preservative — 0.5 grams. The aqueous and oil phases are heated separately to 70°C, then combined with continuous stirring. After cooling to 35°C, water-soluble components are added. The emulsion is stirred until homogeneous and packaged in dispenser bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cosmetic Emulsion): Store at a temperature of +4 to +10°C, away from direct light. Do not freeze. Shelf life — 3 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Fluid Extract — Sambucus nigra

Indications (Fluid Extract): Acute laryngotracheitis, viral pneumonia, recurrent sinusitis, rhinopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infections, hyperthermia of unspecified etiology, chronic fatigue syndrome, allergic rhinitis.

Standard Dosage (Fluid Extract): 1 milliliter 2 times a day orally, dissolved in 30 milliliters of warm water. Take 20–30 minutes before meals. Course — 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Fluid Extract): 1.5 milliliters 3 times a day for influenza, viral pneumonia, laryngotracheitis with pronounced cough syndrome and subfebrile condition. Duration — up to 7 days.

Maximum Dosage (Fluid Extract): 2 milliliters 3 times a day. Permissible at a temperature above 38.5°C, intoxication, and pronounced nasal congestion. Duration — no more than 3 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Fluid Extract): 0.5 milliliters once a day in the morning, in a 14-day course. Used during the cold season, recommended for patients with frequent respiratory infections, chronic sinusitis, and autoimmune diseases. Repeat every 2 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Fluid Extract): From 6 years — 0.25 milliliters once a day, diluted in 20 milliliters of water. From 10 years — 0.5 milliliters 1–2 times a day. Used only as prescribed by a pediatrician.

Contraindications (Fluid Extract): Hypersensitivity, acute gastritis, erosive gastric lesions, type 1 diabetes mellitus. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are insufficient — medical supervision is required.

Side Effects (Fluid Extract): Possible: nausea, mild diarrhea, a metallic taste in the mouth, and headache in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight up to 50 kilograms — reduce the dosage by 25%. For body weight above 90 kilograms — an increase of 25% is possible, provided the maximum volume of 6 milliliters per day is observed.

Preparation Method (Fluid Extract): For 100 milliliters of fluid extract: dry black elder flowers — 50 grams; purified water — 80 milliliters; 20% ethanol — 20 milliliters. The raw material is crushed and infused in a mixture of water and ethanol at a temperature of +20–25°C for 5 days, shaking 2 times a day. Filter, evaporate to a volume of 100 milliliters. The concentrated liquid is packaged in dark glass vials with a graduated pipette.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Fluid Extract): Store at a temperature of +8 to +25°C, in a light- and moisture-protected place. Shelf life — 12 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Sambucus nigra

Sambucus nigra in medicinal practice demonstrates a good biosafety profile when using standardized forms, mainly based on flowers. Flowers and ripe berries are considered non-toxic in recommended dosages. However, some parts of the plant (especially unripe berries, bark, leaves, and roots) contain cyanogenic glycosides, in particular sambunigrin, which can release hydrocyanic acid upon metabolism. This requires thermal or technological processing before neutralization.

Acute toxicity has been studied in preclinical models. When administering Sambucus nigra extract per os to laboratory animals (mice and rats), the following LD₅₀ indicators were determined:

— Aqueous flower extract: LD₅₀ > 5000 mg/kg orally in rats
— Ethanolic fruit extract: LD₅₀ about 7000 mg/kg orally in mice
— Dry flower extract: LD₅₀ > 2000 mg/kg orally in mice and rats

Thus, according to the OECD classification, black elder extracts belong to toxicity class 5 (lowest danger), which allows the plant to be considered low-toxic when technological processing and pharmacological standardization are observed.

Studies on genotoxicity and mutagenicity have not revealed any negative effects. No signs of teratogenic or carcinogenic effects have been registered. However, homemade forms, especially based on bark or unripe fruits, may be potentially toxic and are not recommended for oral intake.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Pharmacodynamics — Sambucus nigra

Sambucus nigra has a polymodal pharmacodynamic action, realized primarily through a complex of flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, triterpenes, phytosterols, and polysaccharides. The biologically active compounds of elder extracts affect both local and systemic levels, including the immune, respiratory, nervous, digestive, and cutaneous regulatory axes.

The basis of the pharmacological effect is the modulating effect on the inflammatory cascade. Studies show that aqueous and alcoholic extracts of flowers and fruits inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and prostaglandins, while not causing suppression of the basal activity of immune cells. Flavonoid compounds (in particular rutin, isoquercitrin, and kaempferol) are able to modulate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as well as reduce the activity of the lipoxygenase pathway, thereby reducing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes.

At the level of the immune system, black elder has a stimulating and balancing effect. The polysaccharide fractions of the plant activate macrophages and increase the production of interferons, especially when exposed to viral agents. This allows the mechanism of action to be considered immunotropic and antimicrobial, realized without the development of immunopathological hyperreactivity. It has also been found that anthocyanins stimulate the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, enhancing non-specific defense.

The antioxidant properties of black elder extracts have been confirmed in a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. In particular, significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation, scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), suppression of protein nitrosylation, and stabilization of mitochondrial membranes have been established. Anthocyanins, such as cyanidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin, bind to oxygen and nitrogen radical forms, preventing cascades of oxidative cell damage.

At the level of enzyme systems, black elder demonstrates reversible inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, which may participate in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, moderate inhibitory properties have been identified against hyaluronidase and elastase — enzymes involved in the destruction of the intercellular matrix of the skin and mucous membranes. This indicates possible dermatoprotective activity and stabilization of epithelial barriers.

As part of the phytocomplex, the plant also exerts a moderate sedative effect, probably through the interaction of flavonoids with GABA receptor complexes (in particular with the benzodiazepine site). This is confirmed by models of reduced anxiety and stabilization of autonomic functions under conditions of experimental stress.

Within the framework of the effect on the skin and mucous membranes, extracts exhibit pronounced regenerative and capillary-protective effects, contributing to a decrease in vascular permeability, a reduction in edema, and restoration of tissue trophism. Properties that increase the expression of aquaporins and tight junction proteins in epithelial layers have also been demonstrated, which improves skin hydration and enhances its barrier function.

Thus, the pharmacodynamic profile of black elder covers systemic and local mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunotropic, sedative, and dermatotropic effects, realized through the regulation of enzymes, mediators, and cellular receptors.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co...

Pharmacokinetics — Sambucus nigra

The pharmacokinetic properties of Sambucus nigra are determined mainly by the characteristics of flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and triterpenes contained in the flowers and fruits of the plant. With oral administration (powder, dry or liquid extract, infusion), the active compounds pass through the gastrointestinal tract, where they undergo partial transformation under the action of enzymes and microflora. Absorption of flavonoids and anthocyanins occurs mainly in the small intestine; however, a significant part of the glycosides is cleaved by the microbiota of the large intestine, releasing aglycones and phenolic metabolites capable of penetrating the systemic bloodstream.

The distribution of active substances is carried out mainly to highly vascularized tissues, including the liver, lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. Some anthocyanins and phenolic acids show a tendency for short-term accumulation in the capillary network and connective tissue structures, where they realize their antioxidant and vaso-strengthening potential. With prolonged use, deposition is possible not in the active form, but in the form of glucuronide and sulfate conjugates.

Transdermal forms (ointment, cream, infusion, emulsion) provide predominantly local action with limited systemic absorption. When applied to intact skin, the penetration of flavonoids and organic acids into the systemic bloodstream is minimal, but their accumulation in epidermal and dermal layers is possible, especially in the area of the capillary network and the basement membrane.

Mucosal routes of administration (inhalation, nasal, subbuccal) provide faster absorption and entry into the systemic circulation without passing through the phase of primary hepatic metabolism. This is especially characteristic of anthocyanins, which quickly bind to plasma proteins and reach target organs. Suppository forms (if confirmed) can provide systemic delivery through the venous network of the rectum and local action on the mucosa, bypassing part of the hepatogenic metabolism.

The metabolism of the main components of elder is carried out primarily in the liver. Flavonoids and anthocyanins are conjugated with glucuronic acid, sulfated, or methylated, followed by the formation of water-soluble metabolites. These compounds, as a rule, do not have toxic potential and are easily eliminated. Some transformation products are metabolized under the action of intestinal microflora with the formation of phenolic acids, which can be reabsorbed in the large intestine (enterohepatic circulation).

Excretion occurs primarily through the kidneys in the form of water-soluble metabolites in the urine. Partially, active components, especially triterpenoids and fat-soluble fractions, may be excreted in the bile. With local use (in the form of creams and ointments), some substances may be excreted through the sweat and sebaceous glands. The lungs and skin are not the main routes of elimination; however, with inhalation use, the removal of volatile components with exhaled air is possible.

Thus, the pharmacokinetics of black elder is characterized by complex absorption, multiorgan distribution, active hepatic metabolism, and predominantly renal excretion. The rate and severity of effects vary depending on the form of administration, the composition of the extract, and the individual characteristics of the microflora.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://link.springer.com/arti...
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co...

One of the key mechanisms is the suppression of pro-inflammatory signaling cascades, in particular NF-κB and MAPK, which leads to a decrease in the expression of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Anthocyanins and flavonoids inhibit the activation of the nuclear factor NF-κB by reducing the phosphorylation of its subunits. This limits the transcription of inflammatory response genes and stabilizes tissue structures, including the vascular endothelium and mucous membranes. In parallel, the activity of COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes decreases, which reduces the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes — mediators of acute and chronic inflammatory reactions.

The antioxidant properties of extracts are realized through the direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species (O₂⁻, OH·, H₂O₂) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation, which protects the membrane structures of cells and mitochondria. It has been established that elder anthocyanins stabilize the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase, increasing the level of reduced glutathione and reducing intracellular oxidative stress.

At the immunological level, polysaccharide fractions of elder stimulate the phagocytic activity of macrophages and the secretion of type I interferons. These components activate Toll-like receptors (TLR-3, TLR-7) on innate immune cells, enhancing the production of pro-inflammatory and antiviral signaling molecules. An increase in the expression of HLA-II on antigen-presenting cells and increased activity of natural killer (NK) cells have also been found, reflecting the immunomodulatory potential.

Elder flavonoids affect vascular reactivity and capillary permeability, interacting with endothelial cell receptors and increasing nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. This contributes to vasodilation, improved microcirculation, and reduced exudation. Simultaneously, the activity of hyaluronidase and elastase is inhibited, which protects the extracellular matrix of the skin and mucous membranes from degradation.

In vitro and in vivo studies show that elder extracts also have the ability to modulate neurotransmitter systems. Flavonoids can bind to GABA_A receptors, exerting a sedative and anxiolytic effect, as well as reducing cortisol levels through inhibition of the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Thus, the mechanism of action of Sambucus nigra covers anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and vasotropic pathways involving key signaling cascades and cellular targets. The action of plant components is manifested both at the systemic and local levels with different forms of administration and affects the regulation of homeostatic and protective processes.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4848651
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116305369
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30102836
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ptr.5954
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Synergy — Sambucus nigra

The pharmacological synergy of Sambucus nigra with other medicinal plants and active substances has been confirmed in a number of preclinical and clinical studies. First of all, synergistic interactions are recorded at the level of modulation of inflammatory and immune cascades, as well as in the area of antioxidant protection and cell membrane stabilization.

The most pronounced synergistic effect has been identified with the combination of Sambucus nigra extract with polyphenols and anthocyanins of other plants. Combining with echinacea extract (Echinacea purpurea) enhances interferon production and increases the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR-7 and TLR-9), reflecting potentiation of the antiviral and immunomodulatory response. This interaction is realized through enhanced activation of macrophages and dendritic cells, as well as through increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the early stages of immunostimulation.

In a synergy model with zinc, it has been established that elder anthocyanins contribute to an increase in the intracellular accumulation of zinc ions, which leads to inhibition of viral RNA replication in vitro. The simultaneous effect of flavonoids and metal ions has a complex effect on viral transcription and replication enzymes, and also modulates the activity of metalloproteinases in respiratory epithelial cells.

Biochemical studies also demonstrate an additive and potentiating effect when combining Sambucus nigra extract with vitamin C. It has been established that such a complex reduces the level of oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species, more effectively than individual components. The synergy is realized through enhanced antioxidant activity and stabilization of glutathione metabolism, as well as increased activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase.

When combined with ascorbigen and other derivatives of indole compounds, a modulating effect on the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes is observed, which may affect the biotransformation of endogenous and exogenous substrates, including hormones and drugs. This indicates tissue-specific synergy in the liver and gastrointestinal system.

In vivo studies reveal potentiation of the vasoprotective effect with the combined use of Sambucus nigra with rutin and hawthorn extract. The combination has a pronounced effect on the endothelium, reduces capillary permeability, increases the elasticity of the vascular wall, and enhances the expression of endothelial NO-synthase (eNOS). These data confirm the systemic angiotropic effect of complex phytoremedies.

Additionally, synergy between Sambucus nigra and fungal β-glucans has been established. In vitro studies demonstrate that combined stimulation of immune cells leads to a more pronounced phagocytic response and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This allows us to speak of complementary activation of the innate immune response through various receptor axes (Dectin-1 and TLR).

Thus, black elder demonstrates diverse synergistic properties with substances of natural origin (flavonoids, trace elements, vitamins, polysaccharides), including potentiation of antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects. Synergy is realized through common signaling cascades and receptor targets with a predominant effect at the systemic and cellular levels.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://link.springer.com/arti...
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co...

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Sambucus nigra

Sambucus nigra has an extensive history of use in the folk medicine and cultural practices of Europe, the Caucasus, the Mediterranean, and parts of the Middle East. The plant has been most actively used and continues to be used in the traditions of Germanic, Celtic, Slavic, and Romance peoples, where it is considered one of the most revered representatives of medicinal flora.

In Slavic folk healing, black elder has been known since pre-Christian times. It is mentioned in oral herbal books and rituals as a plant with a dual nature: possessing both healing power and the ability to "ward off illness" through ritual. A decoction of the flowers was used externally in the form of lotions and compresses. In some regions of southern Rus', it was believed that the smoke of burned dry elder branches "removes the evil eye" and cleanses the home of heavy energy. In Ukrainian tradition, on the night of Ivan Kupala, an elder branch was placed under the pillow "for protection of dreams."

In Germanic ethnomedicine, elder bears the sacred name Holunder and is associated with the goddess Holda. In peasant traditions of Germany, it was planted at the entrance to the house as a protective plant. A decoction of the bark and leaves was used for wraps and baths. The flowers were used for inhalations and rinses. In the British Isles, it was considered a "witch's tree" — both as a talisman and as a remedy for removing the evil eye. In Irish tradition, the smoke of burned inflorescences was used in purification rituals for sick cattle.

In the Balkans, elder was used in the form of infusion and jam, and its juice was used in everyday life as a natural dye and protective agent for the skin. In Romanian and Serbian villages, there was a custom of fumigating premises during epidemics with burned elder inflorescences.

In the Mediterranean region, especially in Italy and Greece, elder is known as "sambuco." Its flowers were collected during the summer solstice and used in infusions and olive oil infusions. In traditional Sicilian practice, the plant was part of washing remedies, and the branches were used as a protective amulet.

In Jewish culture, elder is found in Jewish village recipes of Eastern Europe — for the preparation of "purifying decoction." In Lithuanian and Latvian ethnobotany, its use in compresses and body washings has been recorded. In Polish chronicles of the 16th century, it is mentioned as a "herbalist's herb," part of healing brooms for bath procedures.

In the Caucasus, black elder was used by Armenians and Georgians in the form of a flower decoction. In Armenian village tradition, it was used to wash the body after funerals — as a purification ritual. Among the Adyghe, elder branches were used in ritual fumigation when concluding peace between clans.

In modern ethnobotany, elder remains one of the few plants actively used both in medical and ritual traditions — in Europe, the Middle East, and some parts of Central Asia. Its reputation as a "plant of transition" — between worlds, illness and health, the living and the dead — persists in folklore narratives to this day.