Aloe Vera

Aloe Vera

Product Name: Алоэ вера, Aloe vera, Echte Aloe, Sábila, Aloès vrai, صَبِر‎, ว่านหางจระเข้, Aloe vera, Алоэ вера, Aloe vera, Алоэ, Алои, Сабр, Tikrasis alavijas, Alavijas, Алоє вера, Aloe vera, אלוורה

Synonyms: Алоэ настоящее, Алоэ барбадосское, Сабур, Сок алоэ, Aloe barbadensis, True Aloe, Medicinal Aloe, Curacao Aloe, Bitter Aloe, Echte Aloe, Aloe curacao, Aloe des Barbades, Aloe médicinal, الصبر الحقيقي، صَبِر الألوة, ว่านหางจระเข้ยา, ว่านหางจระเข้แท้, สะบัด, ยางว่านหาง, สมุนไพรว่านหาง

Parts Used: leaves, pulp, latex, juice, extract, gel, powder, dried juice, leaf skin, pulp, pulp oil, tincture, aqueous extract, alcohol extract, leaf pulp gel

Main Indications for Aloe vera Use: first and second degree burns, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, gastritis with low acidity, gastric ulcer, dyspeptic syndrome, herpes infection, skin candidiasis, foot mycoses, periodontitis, gingivitis, stomatitis, dry eye syndrome, conjunctivitis, seborrhea of the scalp, anemia, hypovitaminosis, burn disease, radiation sickness, pressure ulcers, diaper rash.

Use of Aloe vera in mixtures and complexes: type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, herpesvirus infection (recurrent form), hepatitis C, bacterial vaginosis, endometriosis, adnexitis, chronic cystitis, endometrial hyperplasia, chronic fatigue, anxiety disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, intestinal dysbiosis, biliary dyskinesia, pancreatitis (in remission).

Pharmacological Properties of Aloe vera: immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, antiseptic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, adaptogenic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, laxative, gastroprotective, antiulcer, keratolytic, moisturizing, regenerative, analgesic, reparative, photoprotective, hypoglycemic, cytoprotective, antitumor, spasmolytic, antipruritic.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Aloe vera

Powder — Aloe vera

Indications (Powder): atopic dermatitis, gastric ulcer, gastritis with low acidity, intestinal dysbiosis, chronic constipation, seborrheic dermatitis, irritable bowel syndrome.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 0.3 grams of powder twice a day orally 15 minutes before meals, with warm water at a temperature not exceeding 40 degrees Celsius.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): For gastric ulcer in the acute phase, for seborrheic dermatitis localized on the scalp, for chronic constipation, an increase in dosage to 0.5 grams three times a day for 10 days is permissible, followed by a transition to the standard dosage.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): No more than 1.5 grams of powder per day. Permissible in cases of dyspeptic syndrome where there is no effect from the standard dosage, but only under medical supervision and for no more than 5 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.2 grams once a day 30 minutes before meals, in courses of 20 days with a 10-day break. Recommended for chronic gastritis, a sedentary lifestyle with a tendency to constipation, a history of dysbiosis, as well as elderly patients over 60 years of age with impaired intestinal motility.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): Use is permissible from 8 years of age with body weight of at least 25 kilograms. Single dose — 0.1 grams once a day, no more than 5 days in a row. Used for constipation accompanied by decreased appetite. The child's sex does not matter.

Contraindications (Powder): Acute inflammatory bowel diseases, intestinal obstruction, pregnancy, hypersensitivity to plants of the Asphodelaceae family. No data on contraindications scientifically registered for lactation and children under 8 years of age.

Side Effects (Powder): When exceeding the dosage, spastic abdominal pain, loose stools, palpitations, irritation of the gastric mucosa are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: With body weight less than 60 kilograms, the dose should be reduced by 25% from the standard. With body weight more than 90 kilograms, an increase in dose by 20% is permissible while maintaining the standard frequency of administration.

Preparation method (Powder): To prepare 100 grams of powder, use 500 grams of fresh Aloe vera leaves. The leaves are thoroughly washed with running water, spines removed, ground and dried in a drying oven at a temperature of 50 degrees Celsius until completely dry. Then they are ground in a pharmaceutical mill to a fine powder, sifted through a 250 μm sieve and packaged in opaque glass containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a tightly closed dark glass container, in a dry room at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, without access to light and away from sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 12 months. After opening the package, use within 30 days.

Dry Extract — Aloe vera

Indications (Dry Extract): gastric ulcer, gastritis with low acidity, chronic colitis, seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic constipation, herpes infection.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 100 milligrams of dry extract once a day, diluted in 100 milliliters of warm water or chamomile infusion.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract):) An increase in dosage to 150 milligrams once a day is permissible in cases of active psoriasis, as well as in ulcerative lesions of the gastric mucosa confirmed endoscopically.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): No more than 200 milligrams per day, courses no longer than 7 days. Used for acute forms of chronic dermatoses accompanied by a pronounced inflammatory component.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 50 milligrams once every 2 days, in courses of 20 days. Recommended for a predisposition to peptic ulcer, irritable bowel syndrome, recurrent forms of seborrheic dermatitis, as well as for patients with chronic gastritis.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): Used from 10 years of age with body weight from 30 kilograms. Recommended dose — 30 milligrams once a day, diluted in 100 milliliters of warm water. Course no more than 7 days.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Pregnancy, acute inflammatory bowel diseases, individual intolerance. No data on contraindications for lactation and children under 10 years of age are available in the scientific literature.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): May cause nausea, mild abdominal spasms, loose stools when exceeding the dosage. In rare cases — irritation of the gastric mucosa.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight less than 60 kilograms, a dosage reduction to 75 milligrams is recommended. With body weight above 90 kilograms, an increase in daily dose to 125 milligrams is permissible.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): To obtain 100 grams of dry extract, use 1 kilogram of fresh Aloe vera leaves. The leaves are washed, spines removed, ground and subjected to maceration in purified water (1:1) at a temperature of 40 degrees Celsius for 12 hours. The resulting extract is filtered and evaporated at a temperature not exceeding 50 degrees Celsius to a viscous mass. Then the mass is sprayed in a drying unit at a temperature of 40–45 degrees Celsius to obtain a dry powdery extract.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in an airtight container made of opaque material at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, in a dry place protected from direct sunlight and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 18 months. After opening the package, use within 30 days.

Alcohol-Based Tincture — Aloe vera

Indications (Tincture): atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, folliculitis, acne, skin mycoses, herpes infection, periodontitis, gingivitis, stomatitis, oral dysbiosis.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 10 drops of tincture three times a day orally after meals, dissolved in 50 milliliters of water. Externally — spot application to affected skin areas 2–3 times a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): In conditions of active recurrent herpetic stomatitis or deep folliculitis — 15 drops orally three times a day for 7 days, in combination with local application of the tincture 4 times a day.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture):) Application of up to 20 drops 3 times a day orally and up to 6 times topically on a limited area of skin is permissible. Used short-term (no more than 3 days) for severe acute bacterial stomatitis or weeping dermatitis.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 5 drops of alcohol tincture once a day orally, in courses of 14 days with intervals of at least 10 days. Recommended for patients with chronic gingivitis, frequent recurrences of herpetic eruptions, as well as for persons working in conditions of increased microbial load (e.g., dentists).

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): Oral use is allowed from 12 years of age with body weight of at least 35 kilograms. Recommended dosage — 3 drops twice a day, dissolved in 30 milliliters of water. External use is possible from 10 years of age spot-on on intact skin, no more than 2 times a day.

Contraindications (Tincture): Chronic alcoholism, epilepsy, organic brain diseases, pregnancy, age under 12 years for internal use. No scientific data on contraindications for lactation and use in children under 10 years of age for external use have been registered.

Side Effects (Tincture): In case of overdose, tachycardia, dizziness, irritation of the gastric mucosa, hyperemia of the skin at the application sites, burning are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: With body weight less than 60 kilograms, the oral dosage is reduced by 30%. With body weight more than 90 kilograms, an increase in oral dosage to 15 drops per dose is possible without exceeding the maximum.

Preparation method (Tincture): To obtain 100 grams of tincture, take 40 grams of ground fresh Aloe vera leaf pulp and pour 60 grams of 70% ethyl alcohol. Place the mixture in a dark glass container, seal tightly and keep at a temperature of 20–25 degrees Celsius for 10 days, shaking daily. After infusion, strain through cheesecloth, squeeze the plant material, filter through a cotton filter and pour into dark bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in a tightly closed dark glass container at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, away from sources of heat and electromagnetic radiation. Avoid direct sunlight. Shelf life — 24 months. After opening the package, use within 30 days.

Oil Infusion — Aloe vera

Indications (Oil Infusion): atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, first and second degree burns, pressure ulcers, cracked skin, hyperkeratosis, seborrhea of the scalp, dry skin, post-acne scar changes.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally — application of a thin layer to the affected skin area 2 times a day, morning and evening. For seborrhea — application to the scalp 1 hour before washing hair, 3 times a week.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): For pronounced itching and peeling of the skin — application 3–4 times a day with light massage, for up to 10 days. For burns — applications on a sterile bandage and fixation on the affected area for up to 6 hours.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Application up to 5 times a day on a limited area of the body (up to 10% of the body surface) for no more than 5 days in a row. Used for acute eczema and for weeping psoriasis with cracks.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): 1 time a day after an evening shower, course of 30 days, repeated after a month. Recommended for patients with dry skin, a tendency to cracked heels, seasonal eczema, as well as for people working in aggressive climatic conditions (sunburn, dry air).

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): Allowed for use from 3 years of age. Apply a thin layer no more than 2 times a day to intact skin. Suitable for eliminating dry skin, non-infected abrasions, chapped cheeks. The child's sex does not affect the dosage.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Acute purulent skin diseases, individual intolerance to components. No data on contraindications have been registered for pregnancy, lactation and children over 3 years of age.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): In isolated cases, local allergic reactions are possible — redness, itching, burning sensation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): To prepare 100 grams of infusion, take 30 grams of fresh Aloe vera leaf pulp and 70 grams of organic cold-pressed coconut oil. Grind the pulp, place in a glass jar and pour with oil. Infuse in a dark place at a temperature of 25–30 degrees Celsius for 7 days, shaking daily. After infusion, heat in a water bath to 40 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes, then strain through several layers of cheesecloth. Pour the resulting mixture into sterile dark glass bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in a tightly closed dark glass container at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, in a dry place, away from direct light and heat sources. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 45 days.

Vaginal Suppository — Aloe vera

Indications (Vaginal Suppository): bacterial vaginosis, vaginal candidiasis, atrophic vaginitis, nonspecific vaginitis, cervical erosion, cervicitis, itching of the external genitalia, inflammation of the vaginal epithelium.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): One suppository vaginally before bedtime, course of treatment — 10 days. If necessary, the course is repeated after 2 weeks.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): For pronounced inflammation or itching — one suppository twice a day (morning and evening) for 5 days, then transition to the standard regimen. Used for exacerbation of chronic candidiasis or acute forms of bacterial vaginosis.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): Up to three suppositories per day (every 8 hours) for no more than 3 days in a row. Used for aggressive forms of candidal colpitis with intense itching and edema.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): One suppository every other day at night, course of 10 days. Indicated for women with frequent recurrences of bacterial vaginosis, after antibiotic therapy, with reduced local immunity, as well as in postmenopause with dryness of the mucous membrane.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): Not recommended for use before menarche. In pediatric gynecology, it can be used from 14 years of age as prescribed by a physician — 1 suppository every other day no more than 5 times.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppository): Individual intolerance to components, pregnancy in the first trimester. No scientific data on contraindications have been registered for lactation and adolescents over 14 years of age.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppository): Burning, mucosal hyperemia, increased vaginal discharge. In case of overdose — increased local irritation reaction, discomfort.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required.

Preparation method (Vaginal Suppository): For 100 grams of base, take 70 grams of cocoa butter, 10 grams of organic coconut oil, 15 grams of thick concentrated Aloe vera gel, 5 grams of beeswax. Melt the cocoa butter in a water bath to 36–38 degrees Celsius, add coconut oil and wax, bring to homogeneity. Remove from heat, add Aloe vera gel, mix thoroughly, pour into molds (2 grams per suppository), cool and store in the refrigerator.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppository): Store in a refrigerator at a temperature of +2 to +8 degrees Celsius, away from light sources. After opening the package, use within 10 days. Shelf life of sealed suppositories — up to 6 months under storage conditions.

Cream — Aloe vera

Indications (Cream): first and second degree burns, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, dry skin, cracked fingers and heels, post-acne scars, skin itching of various etiologies, hyperkeratosis.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply to the affected area of skin in a thin layer 2 times a day (morning and evening), if necessary covering with a sterile bandage.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): Apply 3–4 times a day for acute forms of eczema, microbial dermatitis, weeping, severe itching, cracks and peeling. Application under a bandage with retention for 4–6 hours is permissible.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): Application up to 5 times a day to limited areas of the body (up to 20% of the skin) for no more than 5 days. Used for extensive first-degree burns or for severe forms of dermatitis with pronounced inflammation.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Once a day before bedtime for 30 days. Recommended for patients with chronic forms of dry skin, seasonal exacerbation of psoriasis, increased skin sensitivity to detergents or sun.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): Used from 2 years of age. Apply once a day in a thin layer to clean skin for cracks, diaper rash, dryness. Do not use on extensive areas. The child's sex does not matter.

Contraindications (Cream): Individual hypersensitivity. External use is allowed during pregnancy and lactation, no data on contraindications. Not recommended for children under 2 years of age.

Side Effects (Cream): Burning, itching, redness of the skin are possible. With prolonged use on the same area — skin maceration, irritation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required.

Preparation method (Cream): To obtain 100 grams of cream: 10 grams of Aloe vera gel, 30 grams of coconut oil, 20 grams of shea butter, 5 grams of jojoba oil, 2 grams of beeswax, 30 grams of chamomile hydrolate, 2 grams of emulsifier (lecithin-based). Melt the oil phase (coconut oil, shea butter, jojoba oil, wax) at a temperature of 50 degrees Celsius. Heat the aqueous phase (aloe gel and hydrolate) to 40 degrees Celsius, combine with the emulsifier, add to the oil phase with constant stirring. Whip until a thick homogeneous emulsion is obtained. Cool, pour into sterile jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store in hermetically sealed dark glass jars at a temperature of +4 to +10 degrees Celsius. Avoid exposure to direct light and heat. After opening, use within 30 days. Total shelf life — up to 6 months under storage conditions.

Ointment — Aloe vera

Indications (Ointment): trophic ulcer, purulent wounds, infected abrasions, first and second degree burns, pressure ulcers, anal fissures, insect bites, boils, localized inflammatory infiltrates, streptoderma.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply to the affected area in a thin layer 2 times a day. If necessary — under a sterile bandage for 6–8 hours.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): In the presence of purulent discharge, infected wounds and trophic ulcers — application 3 times a day, with partial replacement of the bandage every 8 hours. For deep burns — up to 4 times a day under an occlusive dressing.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Application up to 5 times a day to the treated areas not exceeding 15% of the body surface. Course no more than 7 days. Used in cases of secondarily infected skin lesions with impaired epithelialization.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): 1 time a day before bedtime on areas with impaired microcirculation prone to cracking or maceration. Recommended for elderly patients, diabetics, with prolonged immobilization, patients with varicose veins of the lower extremities.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): From 5 years of age — external use no more than once a day on a limited area of skin (no more than 5×5 cm). Use is permissible for abrasions, bites, scratches. The child's sex does not matter.

Contraindications (Ointment): Allergic reaction to the components of the ointment, acute purulent inflammation with profuse exudate without surgical treatment. No data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation. Use under 5 years of age is not recommended.

Side Effects (Ointment): Rarely — local allergic reaction, hyperemia, itching. With prolonged use — skin irritation and a feeling of tightness.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required.

Preparation method (Ointment): For 100 grams of ointment, take: 15 grams of concentrated Aloe vera gel, 50 grams of anhydrous lanolin, 30 grams of coconut oil, 5 grams of beeswax. Melt the coconut oil and wax in a water bath (up to 50 degrees Celsius), add lanolin and mix thoroughly. Cool to 40 degrees Celsius, then add Aloe vera gel, mix until a homogeneous texture is obtained. Cool, package in sterile tubes or jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store in hermetically sealed containers at a temperature of +4 to +10 degrees Celsius, protected from light and heat. Shelf life — 9 months. After opening, use within 20 days.

Lotion — Aloe vera

Indications (Lotion): acne, seborrheic dermatitis, rosacea, inflammation of hair follicles, oily seborrhea, itching of the scalp, irritation after shaving, enlarged pores, skin inflammation after depilation.

Standard Dosage (Lotion): Wipe the skin of the face or scalp with a moistened cotton pad 2 times a day, morning and evening, without rinsing.

Enhanced Dosage (Lotion): For acute inflammation and pronounced oily shine of the skin — up to 3–4 times a day, locally. Also used in the form of lotions on foci of inflammation for 10–15 minutes.

Maximum Dosage (Lotion): Up to 5 applications per day on limited areas of the skin (no more than 30% of the face surface). Used short-term (up to 3 days) for exacerbation of acne or rosacea.

Preventive Dosage (Lotion): 1 time a day before bedtime. Recommended for oily skin prone to inflammation, adolescents during puberty, men after shaving, women with sensitive skin after depilation.

Pediatric Dosage (Lotion): From 10 years of age. Wipe the face once a day for initial manifestations of acne or skin irritation. The child's sex does not matter.

Contraindications (Lotion): Hypersensitivity to components, presence of open wound surfaces, weeping dermatitis. No data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation. Use under 10 years of age is not recommended.

Side Effects (Lotion): Local irritation, peeling, feeling of skin tightness, in isolated cases — contact dermatitis.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required.

Preparation method (Lotion): To obtain 100 grams of lotion: 50 grams of chamomile hydrolate, 30 grams of Aloe vera gel, 10 grams of calendula tincture (in 30% ethanol), 5 grams of witch hazel extract, 5 grams of organic glycerin. All components are thoroughly mixed in a sterile container. The mixture is filtered through sterile gauze and poured into bottles with a sprayer or dispenser.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Lotion): Store in a refrigerator at a temperature of +4 to +8 degrees Celsius. Protect from direct light and heating. After opening, use within 30 days. Total shelf life — 3 months.

Serum — Aloe vera

Indications (Serum): rosacea, hyperpigmentation, acne, post-acne, dehydrated skin, premature skin aging, fine wrinkles, irritation after cosmetic procedures, sunburn, decreased elasticity of the skin of the face and neck.

Standard Dosage (Serum): Apply 1–2 drops of serum to clean facial skin 2 times a day, morning and evening, with light patting movements until completely absorbed.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): Up to 4 times a day for acute irritation after peeling, for sunburn, after laser procedures or for pronounced dryness. Can be used under fabric masks.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): Up to 6 applications per day on limited areas (e.g., cheeks, neck, post-acne areas). Course no more than 3 days for pronounced damage to the skin barrier.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): Once a day in the evening, in courses of 30 days with a 15-day break. Recommended for women and men with age-related skin changes from 30 years of age, people exposed to UV radiation, patients with tired skin type, as well as after long flights.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): From 12 years of age — spot application once a day is permissible for post-acne and irritation after cleansing procedures. The child's sex does not matter.

Contraindications (Serum): Allergy to components, active pustular processes on the face. No data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation. Use under 12 years of age is not recommended.

Side Effects (Serum): Rarely — redness, itching, temporary feeling of tightness. In case of overdose — swelling and skin irritation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required.

Preparation method (Serum): For 100 grams: 60 grams of Aloe vera gel, 10 grams of centella asiatica extract, 10 grams of vegetable glycerin, 10 grams of lavender hydrolate, 5 grams of green tea extract, 5 grams of stabilizer based on xanthan gum. All components are combined at a temperature not exceeding 25 degrees Celsius, mixed until a homogeneous gel-like texture is obtained. Package in sterile dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): Store in a refrigerator at a temperature of +4 to +8 degrees Celsius. Avoid light and heating. After opening, use within 30 days. Total shelf life — up to 4 months.

Toner — Aloe vera

Indications (Toner): increased skin sensitivity, rosacea, acne, skin inflammation after shaving or depilation, seborrheic dermatitis, enlarged pores, post-acne, skin photodamage, tendency to oily shine.

Standard Dosage (Toner): Wipe the facial skin with a cotton pad moistened with toner 2 times a day — morning and evening after washing.

Enhanced Dosage (Toner): Up to 4 times a day for 3–5 days for exacerbation of acne, rosacea, after chemical peeling or sunburn. Use in the form of a compress (cotton pad for 5 minutes) is allowed.

Maximum Dosage (Toner): Up to 6 applications per day on limited areas of the skin for pronounced sensitivity or burning after procedures. Course — no more than 3 days.

Preventive Dosage (Toner): Once a day before bedtime. Suitable for patients with photosensitive skin, with a tendency to oiliness and inflammation, adolescents, as well as after prolonged exposure to the sun or in a dry climate.

Pediatric Dosage (Toner): From 8 years of age — once a day for oily skin prone to inflammation, initial stage acne. Do not use if there is skin damage. The child's sex does not matter.

Contraindications (Toner): Hypersensitivity, weeping skin inflammation, active herpes in the blister stage. No data on contraindications have been registered for pregnancy, lactation and children over 8 years of age.

Side Effects (Toner): Burning, redness, dryness, irritation with excessive use or violation of the integrity of the skin barrier.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required.

Preparation method (Toner): For 100 grams: 60 grams of rose hydrolate, 25 grams of Aloe vera gel, 10 grams of chamomile tincture (on a water-glycerin base), 5 grams of organic apple cider vinegar. The components are thoroughly mixed, not heated, filtered through a sterile filter. Poured into dark glass bottles with a dispenser or dropper.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Toner): Store in a cool, light-protected place at a temperature of +4 to +10 degrees Celsius. After opening, use within 30 days. Total shelf life — up to 3 months under storage conditions.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Aloe vera

Aloe vera has low overall toxicity with external and oral use at therapeutic doses. However, when exceeding dosages, especially with prolonged intake of latex or extract containing anthracene derivatives, a laxative effect and hepatotoxicity may occur.

Toxicological studies on animals have shown the following data on acute toxicity:

LD₅₀ (orally, rats) for Aloe vera latex extract is about 1,200 mg/kg body weight.

For Aloe vera gel (without anthracene compounds), toxicity is significantly lower: LD₅₀ exceeds 5,000 mg/kg, indicating a very high level of biosafety with oral use.

Topical application of the gel does not cause skin irritation and does not have a sensitizing effect. However, when using latex or preparations with a high concentration of aloin, potential carcinogenic effects are observed with chronic use in mice (high doses of more than 1000 mg/kg for 2 years). In this regard, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has restricted the use of Aloe vera latex in dietary supplements.

In vitro studies on cell cultures have shown that Aloe vera gel at low concentrations promotes skin cell regeneration and reduces oxidative stress, without being cytotoxic.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Pharmacodynamics — Aloe vera

The pharmacodynamic activity of Aloe vera is due to a complex of biologically active compounds, including polysaccharides (acemannan, glucomannans), anthracene derivatives (aloin, aloe-emodin), steroids, salicylates, flavonoids, amino acids, vitamins and minerals. The multicomponent nature of plant extracts provides a wide range of biological actions, realized both locally and systemically.

One of the most studied areas of action of Aloe vera is anti-inflammatory. It has been established that acemannan and other polysaccharides inhibit the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including interleukins IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and reduce the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which leads to a weakening of the inflammatory response cascade. These effects are manifested both at the level of the skin and mucous membranes. At the same time, the active components have an antioxidant effect by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase, reducing lipid peroxidation.

Systemically, Aloe vera has an immunomodulatory effect, modulating the activity of macrophages, T-lymphocytes and natural killers. Acemannan demonstrates the ability to activate phagocytic function and induce interferon release, which enhances antimicrobial and antiviral protection. The effect on the immune system is dose-dependent and can be accompanied by both stimulation and normalization of the immune response with its initial hyper- or hypofunction.

On the part of the gastrointestinal tract, mucoprotective and regenerative effects are observed, associated with polysaccharide fractions that promote the stimulation of glycoprotein synthesis and restoration of the epithelial layer. Anthracene derivatives, in particular aloin, affect intestinal peristalsis through a direct effect on interstitial cells of Cajal, and also stimulate the secretion of chlorides into the intestinal lumen through the activation of CFTR receptors, causing an osmotic influx of water.

The antimicrobial and fungicidal action of Aloe vera is due to the presence of aloe-emodin and phenolic compounds that can disrupt the integrity of the cell wall of bacteria and fungi, inhibit the synthesis of DNA and RNA of pathogens. These properties are used when exposed to the surface of the skin, mucous membranes, as well as with systemic penetration of active substances.

At the skin level, Aloe vera acts as a reparative agent by accelerating fibroblast mitosis, stimulating the synthesis of type I and III collagen, increasing the content of hyaluronic acid and glycosaminoglycans. The biological sterols of the plant, including lupeol and campesterol, exhibit mild steroid-like anti-inflammatory action without systemic side effects.

The effect on the central nervous system has been studied to a limited extent, however, some fractions of the gel exhibit sedative activity in vivo, presumably through an indirect effect on the serotonergic and GABAergic systems, although the specific receptor targets have not yet been fully established.

In summary, the pharmacodynamic profile of Aloe vera can be characterized as multi-targeted: the plant exerts local and systemic effects through a combined effect on cytokine regulation, enzyme systems, receptor structures, tissue proliferative activity, as well as microbial targets.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763764/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0753332220303567
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6330525/
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.1746
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Pharmacokinetics — Aloe vera

The pharmacokinetic characteristics of Aloe vera are determined by the wide range of substances it contains, differing in solubility, molecular weight and biotransformation pathway. The absorption of active substances depends on the dosage form used, as well as on the route of administration — oral, transdermal, mucosal or local.

With oral administration, mainly water-soluble components, such as polysaccharides and organic acids, are subject to absorption. Some fractions of polysaccharides, in particular acemannan, are partially resistant to the action of digestive enzymes and enter the large intestine, where they undergo microbial fermentation with the formation of short-chain fatty acids. Part of the absorbed polysaccharides enters the systemic circulation and participates in the modulation of the immune response. Lipophilic compounds, including plant sterols and essential oils, are absorbed in the small intestine with the participation of bile acids, mainly as part of oil extracts and infusions.

The distribution of active substances occurs mainly in highly vascularized tissues — liver, skin, mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. Some accumulation may be observed in the cells of the epidermis and dermis with prolonged local use of ointments and creams, especially using a lipophilic base. Peripheral distribution of polysaccharides is limited due to their hydrophilicity and high molecular weight.

The metabolism of the main components of Aloe vera occurs mainly in the liver, with the participation of microsomal oxidation and glucuronidation enzymes. For anthracene derivatives, passage through the phase of oxidative metabolism is assumed with the formation of derivatives that can affect the activity of transport proteins in enterocytes and hepatocytes. Some flavonoid components undergo methylation and sulfation followed by conjugation in the liver.

The transdermal route of administration is typical for ointments, creams and gels containing both water-soluble and lipophilic components. Penetration through the stratum corneum depends on the molecular weight of the substance and the degree of its solubility in the lipids of the skin. Plant sterols, fatty acids and glycoproteins in ointments undergo limited diffusion through the epidermal barrier, exerting predominantly local action.

When applied to mucous membranes (vaginal suppositories, oral sprays, lotions), the bioavailability of some active components is increased due to the absence of first-pass metabolism through the liver. Rapid absorption through the epithelium is accompanied by local and partially systemic effects.

The excretion of Aloe vera active substances is carried out mainly by the kidneys in the form of water-soluble metabolites, as well as with bile — for some lipophilic fractions. Partially, products of microbial fermentation of polysaccharides and other compounds can be excreted through the large intestine. Local application is accompanied by minimal systemic absorption and insignificant participation of the kidneys and liver in elimination.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6330525/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0753332220303567
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00204-018-2308-3
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...
https://www.semanticscholar.or...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Aloe vera

The pharmacological activity of Aloe vera is determined by the synergistic action of its biologically active compounds, among which acemannan, aloin, aloe-emodin, flavonoids, phytosterols, salicylates and various organic acids dominate. One of the key mechanisms of action is anti-inflammatory activity, realized through the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and suppression of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Studies on macrophage cells have shown that acemannan inhibits the activation of the nuclear factor NF-κB, as well as reduces the activity of the MAPK signaling pathway, limiting the transcription of genes responsible for the inflammatory cascade.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

At the level of the immune system, a modulating effect of Aloe vera is observed, due to the influence of polysaccharides on the activity of innate and adaptive immunity cells. It has been established that acemannan enhances the proliferation of T-lymphocytes and increases the expression of CD69, activates natural killers and enhances the phagocytic function of macrophages. These effects are partially realized through the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLR4), which initiates JAK/STAT signaling cascades and promotes the secretion of interferons and other immunomodulating molecules.

References: https://www.sciencedirect.com/... https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6330525/

The antimicrobial activity of aloe-emodin and other anthracene derivatives is realized through disruption of the integrity of the cell wall of bacteria and fungi, as well as inhibition of the activity of DNA and RNA polymerases. Studies have shown that aloe-emodin induces apoptosis in some pathogen cells through activation of the caspase pathway. Inhibition of topoisomerase II is also demonstrated, which limits the replication of nucleic acids in pathogenic microorganisms.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go... https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

The antioxidant effect is realized through direct binding of free radicals and activation of detoxification enzyme systems. Aloe vera components enhance the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase. Polysaccharides and flavonoids can stabilize cell membranes, preventing lipid peroxidation and destruction of cellular structures under the influence of oxidative stress.

Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

At the skin level, it has been established that Aloe vera stimulates fibroblast proliferation, collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis. This effect is mediated by increased expression of TGF-β1 and activation of SMAD signaling cascades involved in the repair of epidermal and dermal structures. Stimulation of angiogenesis occurs through the induction of VEGF, which promotes vascularization of damaged areas and accelerates regeneration.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Some fractions of Aloe vera exhibit mild sedative effects, presumably through interaction with the GABAergic system, however, this mechanism is insufficiently studied. There is evidence of a decrease in excitation in the cerebral cortex with oral administration of aqueous extracts, which may be associated with modulation of serotonergic transmission.

Reference: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Thus, Aloe vera demonstrates multifactorial pharmacological effects involving a wide range of molecular targets and signaling pathways, including inflammation enzymes, innate immunity cell receptors, tissue repair cascades and antioxidant systems. The mechanisms of action are confirmed both in vitro and in vivo within the framework of experimental pharmacology.

Synergy — Aloe vera

The pharmacological synergy of Aloe vera with other natural and synthetic substances has been confirmed by numerous in vitro, in vivo and clinical pharmacology studies. One of the most studied areas is the potentiation of anti-inflammatory action when combining Aloe vera with extracts of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), calendula (Calendula officinalis) and turmeric (Curcuma longa). Combined use leads to an additive and modulating effect on the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators such as TNF-α and COX-2. In some models of skin inflammation, a significant increase in the regenerative activity of fibroblasts has been noted when using combined compositions.

References: https://www.sciencedirect.com/... https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6330525/

Strong synergism has been found between Aloe vera gel and green tea (Camellia sinensis), especially in terms of antioxidant and photoprotective activity. Green tea flavonoids in combination with Aloe vera polysaccharides stabilize the epidermal barrier, reduce damage to DNA and lipids of the cell membrane under the influence of ultraviolet radiation. Potentiation of antioxidant protection occurs through the joint activation of antioxidant enzymes and blocking of lipid peroxidation.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...  https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Immunomodulatory synergism has been demonstrated when combining Aloe vera with purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), ginseng (Panax ginseng) and fungal beta-glucans. Studies have shown increased activity of natural killers and macrophages, increased levels of interleukins IL-2 and IFN-γ, as well as a decrease in the production of inflammatory mediators in immune dysregulation. The proposed mechanism is joint activation of TLR receptors and normalization of the T-cell response through the JAK/STAT pathway.

References: https://link.springer.com/arti...  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3611628/

Synergy between Aloe vera and zinc (in the form of salts or oxide) is manifested in the enhancement of antimicrobial action when applied to the skin. The combination shows a potentiating effect against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains, due to simultaneous damage to the bacterial wall and inhibition of metal-dependent enzymes of pathogens.

Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/... 

In dermatological practice, interactions with tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) have also been studied, where synergy has been confirmed in terms of reducing the severity of inflammation, accelerating reparative processes and suppressing the growth of opportunistic skin microflora. The nature of the interaction is predominantly potentiating and tissue-specific, directed at keratinocytes and immunocompetent cells of the epidermis.

References: https://www.sciencedirect.com/... https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8779172/

Thus, Aloe vera demonstrates a stable synergistic ability when combined with other biologically active substances, which allows the formation of multicomponent pharmacological systems with an extended spectrum of action and reduced toxicity. These effects are realized through common signaling cascades and cellular targets confirmed by biomedical research.

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Aloe vera

Aloe vera has been traditionally used in various forms of folk and ritual medicine on all continents, especially in regions with warm and dry climates. Historically, the plant has been widely distributed on the Arabian Peninsula, in North Africa, the Mediterranean countries, India, China, Southeast Asia, as well as in Central and South America. Archaeoethnobotanical and written evidence indicate the use of Aloe vera more than 2000 years ago in Egyptian, Greek and Roman traditions. In ancient Egyptian papyri, the plant was described as the "plant of immortality" and was part of ritual mixtures for embalming, as well as used in rituals of purification of body and spirit. In the culture of the ancient Greeks and Romans, aloe was considered a strengthening agent for warriors and was used to treat skin lesions.

In the Ayurvedic tradition of India, Aloe vera is known as kumari and is used in the forms of fresh juice, pastes, oils and ashes. The plant is considered a carrier of cooling energy and is included in practices of restoring vitality. It was used for wraps, rubs and washes, as well as as part of washing compositions, especially in ritual preparations for sacred ceremonies.

In Chinese traditional medicine, Aloe vera is known as lu-hui and is classified as a "bitter and cold" plant that promotes purification and restoration of Yin energy balance. It was used in tinctures and juices, as well as in the form of burnt latex mixed with other substances of plant origin. In Tibetan medicine, aloe was used in complex compositions for internal use, as well as in smoky cleansing practices.

On the African continent, the plant was widely used among the peoples of Benin, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Nigeria. Aloe juice was used as an external remedy and as a component of healing preparations. In the ritual traditions of the Masai, the plant was considered a symbol of spiritual protection and was used in rites of passage. In the tribes of South Africa, fresh aloe leaves were used as amulets, hung at the entrance to the dwelling.

In Latin America, especially in Mexico, Peru and Brazil, aloe is part of shamanic practices: the juice and gel of the plant were used as part of cleansing wraps, as well as for application to the body in rituals of expelling painful spirits. In Mexican culture, aloe was traditionally hung on the front door as an amulet designed to ward off the evil eye and bad influence.

Slavic folk traditions, especially in South Russian and Ukrainian rural culture, included the use of aloe as a "home healer". The leaves of the plant were stored on the windowsill, and their juice was considered "alive" — it was dripped onto the body in the ritual of cleansing from the evil eye and fear in children. In Bulgarian and Serbian folk healing practice, aloe was added to ointments based on lard, considering it a source of vitality.

In medieval Arabic medicine, aloe was part of many handwritten herbalists as a basis for the preparation of strengthening potions. Its latex was widely used in trade as one of the most valuable plant products — sabir, which was exported from Yemen and Somalia to the Mediterranean countries.

In the ritual practice of the peoples of Thailand, Aloe vera is used as a plant of purification. Its gel and leaves are used in new moon rituals, in which the body is symbolically "washed" to get rid of negative energy. Among the Thais and Laotians, the plant symbolizes protection and health, and it is often grown at the entrance to the house as a sign of well-being.

Thus, Aloe vera is one of the most universally recognized and widely distributed plant components of traditional medical and ritual systems of different cultures. Its use covers both therapeutic and symbolic, protective and ritual contexts, enshrined in the deep memory of many peoples.