Verbena Officinalis (Common Vervain)

Verbena Officinalis (Common Vervain)

Product Name: Вербена лекарственная, Verbena officinalis, Echte Eisenkraut, Verbena común, Verveine officinale, رعي الحمام الطبي, เวอร์บีนาออฟฟิซินาลิส, Вербена, Вербена, Вербена, Вербена, Vaistinė verbenа, Īstā verbenа, Вербена лікарська, Dərman verbenası, ורבנה רפואית

Synonyms: вербена аптечная, железняк, голубиная трава, слезник, венечник, венечная трава, Verbena officinalis L., common vervain, herb of the cross, Eisenkraut, Heiligkraut, verbena común, hierba sagrada, verveine officinale, herbe sacrée, رعي الحمام, عشب الصليب, เวอร์บีนา, หญ้าเหล็ก

Used Parts: root, leaves, flowering tops, stem, seeds, herb (aerial part).

Main Indications for Use of Verbena officinalis: Neurasthenia, anxiety disorder, functional dyspepsia, acute and chronic gastritis, hypersecretory syndrome, bronchitis, pharyngitis, gingivitis, algodismenorrhea, aphthous stomatitis, hypogalactia, biliary dyskinesia, post-infectious asthenia, prolonged viral infections, myalgias in rheumatic conditions, chronic cholecystitis.

Use of Verbena officinalis in Mixtures and Complexes: Cephalgia in vascular dystonia, hypertensive syndrome, trigeminal neuralgia, trophic ulcers of the lower extremities, herpetic rashes, urolithiasis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, gout, osteoarthritis, post-influenza syndrome.

Pharmacological Properties of Verbena officinalis: antidepressant, anxiolytic, spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, antisecretory, hepatoprotective, choleretic, antiseptic, sedative, analgesic, galactogenic, immunomodulating, antipyretic, expectorant, antiviral, regenerative, mild diuretic, vasodilating, antihypertensive, adaptogenic.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Verbena officinalis

Powder — Verbena officinalis

Indications (Powder): Neurasthenia, anxiety disorder, hypersecretory gastritis, chronic cholecystitis, aphthous stomatitis, bronchitis, functional dyspepsia, post-infectious asthenia.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 1 gram of powder 2 times a day, 20 minutes before meals, with warm water. Course duration — 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 2 grams of powder 2 times a day for chronic cholecystitis, aphthous stomatitis, functional dyspepsia, and acute pharyngitis. Course — up to 10 days.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): 3 grams of powder 2 times a day for prolonged viral infection, post-inflammatory asthenia, and pronounced gastric hypersecretion. Use no more than 7 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.5 grams of powder once a day in the morning 30 minutes before breakfast. Recommended for sluggish gastritis, biliary dyskinesia, and frequent colds. Frequency: 14 days of intake, 21-day break, then possible repetition.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): For children over 7 years of age with a body weight of more than 25 kg — 0.25 grams once a day in the morning, course up to 5 days. For children under 7 years — not recommended due to the lack of sufficient clinical data. No gender differentiation is required.

Contraindications (Powder): Gastritis with low acidity, gastric and duodenal ulcer in the exacerbation phase, severe liver failure. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in childhood have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): When exceeding the dosage, dyspeptic disorders, nausea, and short-term increased gastric acidity have been registered.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight below 60 kg, a 25% dosage reduction is recommended. For patients with body weight above 90 kg, a 15% dosage increase is possible, provided there are no contraindications from the gastrointestinal tract.

Preparation Method (Powder): Dry verbena herb is washed, dried at a temperature not exceeding 45 degrees Celsius in a well-ventilated area, and ground to a powder with a fraction of less than 0.5 millimeters. For 100 grams of powder, 120 grams of dried raw material are required. Store in an airtight glass container. No additional ingredients are required.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in an airtight glass or ceramic container, in a dry place, at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, without direct sunlight. Do not store near sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 12 months. After opening, use within 45 days.

Dry Extract — Verbena officinalis

Indications (Dry Extract): Chronic cholecystitis, hypersecretory gastritis, anxiety disorder, pharyngitis, bronchitis, gingivitis, hypogalactia, myalgias in rheumatic conditions.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 200 milligrams of dry extract 2 times a day, 30 minutes before meals, with warm water. Course duration — 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 400 milligrams 2 times a day for pronounced bronchitis, hypogalactia, rheumatic muscle pain, and gingivitis. Duration of intake — up to 7 days.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): 600 milligrams 2 times a day for 3 days for acute inflammatory conditions of the respiratory tract and pronounced hypersecretory gastritis. Do not exceed the indicated dosage.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 100 milligrams once a day in the morning on an empty stomach. Recommended for chronic cholecystitis, episodes of post-infectious weakness, and seasonal exacerbations of bronchitis in patients over 40 years of age. Course — 10 days, repeat after 1 month.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): For children from 10 years of age and older, with a body weight of more than 30 kilograms — 50 milligrams once a day. Use in children under 10 years is not recommended due to the lack of verified clinical data.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Increased gastric acidity, peptic ulcer, allergic reaction to plant components. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in childhood have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): When exceeding the dose, epigastric pain, increased gastric secretion, and insomnia are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight less than 60 kilograms, a 20% dose reduction is recommended. For body weight over 90 kilograms — a dose increase to 500 milligrams is possible without exceeding the maximum threshold.

Preparation Method (Dry Extract): 500 grams of ground verbena herb are poured with 5 liters of water and extracted at a temperature of 90 degrees Celsius for 2 hours. The resulting decoction is evaporated in a water bath to obtain a thick extract, then dried in a drying oven at a temperature of 45–50 degrees to obtain a dry mass. The resulting dry extract is sifted and packaged in an airtight container. Yield: about 100 grams of dry extract.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in an airtight dark glass container or a pharmaceutical jar, in a dry, cool place at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, away from direct light and electromagnetic emitters. Shelf life — 18 months. After opening — use within 60 days.

Tincture — Verbena officinalis

Indications (Tincture): Anxiety disorder, hypogalactia, aphthous stomatitis, gingivitis, bronchitis, acute pharyngitis, neurasthenia, post-infectious asthenia.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 20 drops of alcohol tincture 2 times a day, diluted in 50 milliliters of water, 30 minutes before meals. Course — from 10 to 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 30 drops 2 times a day, diluted in water, for pronounced anxiety disorder, hypogalactia, pharyngitis, and neurasthenia. Course duration — up to 7 days.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): 40 drops 2 times a day for no more than 3 days in case of a sharp deterioration in condition with pharyngitis or pronounced asthenization after infection. It is not recommended to exceed the indicated dosage due to the risk of gastric mucosal irritation.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10 drops once a day in the morning, diluted in water. Used for chronic fatigue, seasonal susceptibility to respiratory viral infections, and a tendency to hypogalactia in the postpartum period. Take in a 10-day course, repeat no more than once a month.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): Use in children is not recommended due to the content of ethyl alcohol and the lack of reliable clinical data. The minimum permissible age by analogy with alcohol-based herbal tinctures is from 12 years, no more than 5 drops once a day, diluted with a large volume of water.

Contraindications (Tincture): Alcohol dependence, chronic gastritis with high acidity, gastric ulcer, organic liver damage. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in childhood have not been scientifically registered, but use is not recommended due to the presence of ethanol.

Side Effects (Tincture): A burning sensation in the stomach, dizziness, and palpitations are possible when exceeding the dose. In isolated cases — increased salivation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight less than 60 kilograms — reduce the dosage by 25%. For patients over 90 kilograms — a 20% increase in the standard dose is allowed, in the absence of gastrointestinal diseases.

Preparation Method (Tincture): 100 grams of ground dry verbena herb are poured with 500 milliliters of 70% ethyl alcohol. Infuse in a tightly closed glass container in a dark, cool place for 10 days, shaking daily. Then strain through gauze and pour into dark vials. Yield — about 450 milliliters of finished tincture.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, in a tightly closed dark glass container. Avoid exposure to direct light and heat. Shelf life — up to 24 months. After opening — use within 90 days.

Oil Infusion — Verbena officinalis

Indications (Oil Infusion): Atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, trophic ulcer, herpetic rashes, myalgias in rheumatic conditions, aphthous stomatitis, gingivitis.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally: apply a thin layer to the affected skin or mucosal area 2 times a day. For stomatitis — apply with a cotton swab to the oral mucosa after meals. Duration of use — up to 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally: 3 times a day for 5–7 days for exacerbation of atopic dermatitis, herpetic rashes, and trophic skin disorders. If necessary, cover the application area with a gauze bandage.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Up to 5 applications per day on limited skin areas for acute inflammatory dermatoses and localized psoriasis. Use no more than 3 days in a row, then return to the standard regimen.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): Once a day on cleansed facial and neck skin for the prevention of inflammatory elements in patients with oily and problem skin, as well as in areas prone to dermatitis. Course — 7 days, then a 14-day break.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): Permissible from 3 years of age with a body weight of at least 15 kilograms. Apply spotwise once a day for aphthous mucosal lesions or skin rashes, no more than 3 days in a row. No gender differentiation is required.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Individual intolerance to components, allergic contact dermatitis. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in childhood have not been scientifically registered, but external use is allowed with caution.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Local allergic reactions are possible: redness, itching, burning upon application. In rare cases — skin peeling.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Dose adjustment is not required, as the form is applied externally and locally. With a body weight of less than 60 kilograms, the volume of application may be reduced proportionally to the area of the affected surface.

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion): 100 grams of dried, ground verbena herb are poured with 500 milliliters of unrefined coconut oil. Infuse in a glass container in a water bath at a temperature of 40–45 degrees Celsius for 6 hours. Then keep for 48 hours at room temperature in a dark place. Strain, filter, and pour into a dark glass container. Yield — about 450 milliliters of oil infusion.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in a tightly closed dark glass container at a temperature of 10 to 25 degrees Celsius. Avoid exposure to direct sunlight. Shelf life — up to 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Vaginal Suppository — Verbena officinalis

Indications (Vaginal Suppository): Bacterial vaginosis, candidal vulvovaginitis, non-specific colpitis, cervicitis, algodismenorrhea, cervical inflammation, hypogalactia.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository vaginally at night for 7 days. Used after hygiene procedures, preferably in a lying position.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day (morning and evening) for exacerbated bacterial vaginosis, cervicitis, or candidal vulvovaginitis. Course duration — up to 5 days.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository 3 times a day for 3 days in conditions of pronounced inflammatory process in colpitis and cervical erosion. Long-term use in this regimen is not allowed.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository every other day for 10 days — for a tendency to recurrent vaginosis, in the recovery period after antibacterial therapy, and in perimenopausal women with mucosal dryness. A repeat course is possible no earlier than after 1 month.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): Use is not recommended in persons under 18 years of age due to the lack of reliable clinical data. Contraindicated before menarche.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppository): Intolerance to suppository components, acute vulvovaginitis of herpetic etiology. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically registered; however, use is possible only on the recommendation of a specialist.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppository): Local irritation, burning sensation in the vagina; in rare cases — contact dermatitis of the vulva with prolonged use.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required. The drug is intended for local use. However, in women with low body weight, sensitivity to the suppository base is possible — it is recommended to start with half the dosage.

Preparation Method (Vaginal Suppository): To prepare 100 grams of suppositories: 20 grams of dry verbena extract, 75 grams of coconut oil as a base, 5 grams of beeswax. Melt the wax and oil in a water bath at a temperature of 50 degrees Celsius, add the extract, mix thoroughly until homogeneous. Pour into suppository molds and cool until completely solidified. Weight of one suppository — 2 grams.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppository): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2 to 8 degrees Celsius in individual airtight packaging. Avoid exposure to sunlight and heat. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening the blister, use the suppository within 24 hours.

Rectal Suppository — Verbena officinalis

Indications (Rectal Suppository): Chronic proctitis, hemorrhoids, prostatitis, aphthous stomatitis (rectal administration for systemic therapy), inflammation of the rectal mucosa, post-infectious asthenia, prostate dysfunction.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository rectally at night after a cleansing enema or natural bowel evacuation. Course — 7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day (morning and evening) for exacerbation of hemorrhoids, prostatitis, and proctitis. Course — up to 5 days, then switch to the standard regimen.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository 3 times a day for 3 days in acute inflammatory conditions, severe pain, and edema in the anal canal area. After 3 days — mandatory transition to the standard dosage.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a week, preferably in the evening, in a 14-day course. Recommended for patients with a sedentary lifestyle, varicose veins of the rectum, and during the recovery period after exacerbations of hemorrhoids and prostatitis. Repeat course — after 30 days.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppository): Not used in children under 12 years. In the age group from 12 to 18 years, with a body weight of at least 40 kilograms — no more than 1 suppository once every 2 days. Prescribed only under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppository): Acute rectal bleeding, intolerance to components, anal fissures in the inflammation stage, allergy to wax or plant components. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in childhood have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppository): Rarely — irritation of the rectal mucosa, a feeling of itching or burning in the anal area. In isolated cases — increased stool frequency.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight below 60 kilograms, it is recommended to use half a suppository or apply once every two days. For body weight above 90 kilograms — an increase in the frequency of use to 2 times a day is permissible in the absence of contraindications.

Preparation Method (Rectal Suppository): To prepare 100 grams of suppositories: 20 grams of dry verbena extract, 75 grams of coconut oil, 5 grams of beeswax. Melt the oil and wax at a temperature of 50 degrees Celsius, add the extract, mix thoroughly. Pour the mass into rectal suppository molds and cool until solidified. Weight of one suppository — 2 grams.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Rectal Suppository): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2 to 8 degrees Celsius, in an airtight individual package. Do not expose to heat and light. Shelf life — 6 months. After removal from the package, use within 24 hours.

Nasal Drops — Verbena officinalis

Indications (Nasal Drops): Allergic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis, acute and chronic rhinopharyngitis, sinusitis, post-infectious nasal mucosal edema, acute respiratory viral infections.

Standard Dosage (Nasal Drops): 2 drops in each nasal passage 3 times a day. Course duration — up to 7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Nasal Drops): 3 drops in each nasal passage 4 times a day for pronounced mucosal edema, nasal congestion, and difficulty breathing. Course — up to 3 days, then switch to the standard dosage.

Maximum Dosage (Nasal Drops): Up to 5 drops in each nasal passage 5 times a day is permissible short-term (1–2 days) in case of a sharp deterioration of the condition. Use at this dosage is possible only under specialist supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1 drop in each nasal passage once a day in the morning. Recommended for a tendency to seasonal respiratory infections, when working in dusty rooms, and for chronic allergic rhinitis. Course — 7 days, then a 21-day break.

Pediatric Dosage (Nasal Drops): Permissible from 5 years of age with a body weight of at least 20 kilograms: 1 drop 2 times a day. Course duration — up to 5 days. If necessary, a repeat course is allowed after 10 days.

Contraindications (Nasal Drops): Individual intolerance, atrophic rhinitis, acute nasal bleeding. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered; local external use is possible with caution.

Side Effects (Nasal Drops): Rarely — a burning sensation in the nose, mucosal dryness, sneezing, hypersecretion. In isolated cases — reflex cough when instilled in a lying position.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight less than 60 kilograms, it is advisable not to exceed the standard dose. For body weight over 90 kilograms, an increase in the frequency of administration to 4 times a day is permissible while maintaining the volume of drops.

Preparation Method (Nasal Drops): 20 grams of dry verbena extract are dissolved in 50 milliliters of boiled and cooled water, 1 milliliter of glycerin and 2 milliliters of 96% ethanol are added for stabilization. Stir until homogeneous, filter through a sterile paper filter. Pour into sterile dropper bottles. Yield — 50 milliliters of ready solution.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Nasal Drops): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2 to 8 degrees Celsius. Avoid exposure to light and heat. Shelf life — 30 days in a closed package. After opening, use within 10 days, avoiding contamination of the tip.

Ear Drops — Verbena officinalis

Indications (Ear Drops): External otitis, eczema of the external auditory canal, itching in the ears, irritation of the auditory canal epithelium, skin inflammation at the external opening of the auditory canal, antiseptic treatment for microtraumas of the auditory canal.

Standard Dosage (Ear Drops): 2 drops in each ear 2 times a day — morning and evening, in a side-lying position, after cleansing the external ear. Course — up to 5 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ear Drops): 3 drops 3 times a day for pronounced itching, weeping, or edema of the external auditory canal. Use no more than 3 days in a row, then switch to the standard dosage.

Maximum Dosage (Ear Drops): 4 drops 4 times a day is permissible for acute manifestations of external otitis, with severe inflammation accompanied by exudation. Duration — no more than 2 days.

Preventive Dosage (Ear Drops): 1 drop once a day after water procedures, for a tendency to skin irritation of the ear or increased wax formation. Course — no more than 5 days in a row; repeat possible no earlier than after 2 weeks.

Pediatric Dosage (Ear Drops): From 7 years of age with a body weight of at least 25 kilograms — 1 drop 2 times a day. For children under 7 years, use is possible only as prescribed by a physician, in a minimum dose, under adult supervision.

Contraindications (Ear Drops): Perforation of the tympanic membrane, purulent ear discharge, allergy to drop components, acute otitis media. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered; local use is allowed with caution.

Side Effects (Ear Drops): Local burning, hyperemia of the auditory canal skin, itching. With prolonged use, dryness and peeling of the external ear skin are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Dose adjustment by body weight is not required, as the product is applied locally. With a body weight of less than 40 kilograms — sensitivity to the alcohol component is possible; dilution or dose reduction is recommended.

Preparation Method (Ear Drops): 10 grams of dry verbena extract are dissolved in 30 milliliters of coconut oil heated to 35 degrees Celsius. 2 milliliters of 96% alcohol are added for preservation and 1 gram of beeswax for stabilization. The mixture is kept in a water bath for 30 minutes at a temperature of 45 degrees. After cooling, it is filtered and poured into sterile dropper bottles. Yield — about 30 milliliters.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ear Drops): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4 to 8 degrees Celsius, in a tightly closed dark glass container. Avoid heating, freezing, and exposure to light. Shelf life — 60 days. After opening the bottle — use within 10 days.

Ointment — Verbena officinalis

Indications (Ointment): Trophic ulcer, herpetic rashes, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, skin microtraumas, superficial first-degree burns, marginal eczema, folliculitis.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply a thin layer to the affected skin areas 2 times a day — morning and evening. If necessary, use under a bandage. Duration of use — from 5 to 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): Apply 3–4 times a day for pronounced inflammation, exudation, peeling, and pain. Use in the form of applications with closure of the area with a bandage is possible. Duration — no more than 5 days.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Up to 5 applications per day on limited areas (no more than 10% of the body surface). Used for pronounced manifestations of eczema, ulcers, and herpetic foci. Use at the maximum dosage — no longer than 3 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): Once a day on areas with chronic inflammation or a tendency to relapse (e.g., skin folds in psoriasis, elbows, shins in atopy). Preventive course — 7 days; repeat possible after 21 days.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): From 3 years of age, with a body weight of at least 15 kilograms — once a day on limited areas, no more than 2 grams per day. Do not use under a bandage. Not recommended for children under 3 years due to possible sensitization.

Contraindications (Ointment): Acute purulent processes, infected wounds, individual hypersensitivity. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered; external use is permissible with caution and under supervision.

Side Effects (Ointment): Rarely — contact dermatitis, burning or tingling sensation, increased itching. With prolonged use, dry skin is possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight less than 60 kilograms, the volume of one application is recommended to be no more than 1 gram. For body weight more than 90 kilograms, an increase in the application area is possible, while maintaining the dosage at 10% of the body surface.

Preparation Method (Ointment): To prepare 100 grams of ointment: 20 grams of dry verbena extract, 75 grams of coconut oil, 5 grams of beeswax. Melt the wax together with the coconut oil in a water bath (45–50 degrees Celsius), add the extract, stir until completely homogeneous. Cool to a temperature of 30 degrees, pour into sterile dark glass jars. Cool until completely solidified.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store in a cool, dark place at a temperature of 5 to 15 degrees Celsius, away from heat and light sources. Use within 6 months. After opening the jar — within 30 days.

Cream — Verbena officinalis

Indications (Cream): Atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, inflammatory rash on the face, rosacea, skin itching, post-inflammatory pigmentation, sensitive skin, irritation after cosmetic procedures.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply a thin layer to cleansed skin 2 times a day — morning and evening. Use in 10–14 day courses with possible continuation according to individual recommendations.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): 3 times a day for pronounced itching, irritation, and inflammation. Course — up to 5 days, then switch to the standard regimen. Local application with covering with a gauze napkin is possible.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): Up to 5 applications per day on limited skin areas (e.g., forehead, cheeks, nasolabial area) for acute inflammatory reactions or after aggressive cosmetic exposure. Maximum course — 3 days.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Once a day in the evening for 7–10 days during the off-season or with increased skin sensitivity to wind and cold. Recommended for patients with rosacea, couperose, and seborrheic dermatitis in remission.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): External use is permissible from 2 years of age. Apply no more than once a day in a thin layer on small areas (cheeks, elbow bends). Volume of use — no more than 1 gram per day. Only under adult supervision.

Contraindications (Cream): Open infected wounds, individual intolerance to components. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered; external use is possible with caution.

Side Effects (Cream): Rarely — burning, redness, peeling. When applied near the eyes, lacrimation is possible. All reactions disappear upon discontinuation of the product.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required, as the cream is applied externally to limited areas. For body weight less than 40 kilograms and in children — reduce the volume of application by half.

Preparation Method (Cream): To prepare 100 grams of cream: 10 grams of dry verbena extract, 60 grams of coconut oil, 25 grams of distilled water, 5 grams of emulsifier (e.g., lecithin). The aqueous and oil phases are heated separately to 40–45 degrees Celsius, then slowly combined with constant stirring. Introduce the extract into the oil phase before combining. After a stable emulsion is formed, cool and package in sterile jars. Consistency — a soft nourishing cream.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4 to 8 degrees Celsius. Avoid exposure to direct sunlight. After opening, use within 21 days. Total shelf life — up to 3 months.

Cosmetic Serum — Verbena officinalis

Indications (Cosmetic Serum): Sensitive skin prone to redness, rosacea, couperose, post-acne, inflammatory hyperpigmentation, dull complexion, fine-wrinkle type of skin aging.

Standard Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Apply 2–3 drops to pre-cleansed facial and neck skin once a day in the evening. After absorption, a moisturizing cream can be applied. Course — 14 days; a 7-day break is possible, followed by repetition.

Enhanced Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Apply 3–4 drops 2 times a day in the active phase of inflammation, irritation, or pronounced dryness. Suitable for intensive care in the first 3–5 days after chemical or laser procedures.

Maximum Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Up to 5 drops 3 times a day can be applied spotwise to problem areas for pronounced hyperemia, hyperpigmentation, and post-acne, no more than 3 days in a row. After that — switch to the standard dose.

Preventive Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): 1–2 drops once a day every other day in the evening. Recommended for a tendency to irritation, couperose, dull skin, and in persons with a tired or stress type of skin aging. Course — 10 days; repeat after 1 month.

Pediatric Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Use in children is not practical and is not provided. If local care is necessary in adolescence (from 14 years), application of no more than 1 drop per day spotwise on areas of post-inflammatory acne is allowed.

Contraindications (Cosmetic Serum): Individual intolerance, acute pustular skin lesions. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been registered; external cosmetic use is allowed with caution.

Side Effects (Cosmetic Serum): Rarely — redness, a feeling of tightness, tingling in the application area. In the presence of microcracks, short-term pain is possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required, as the volume of application is minimal and depends on the area of application, not on the patient's weight.

Preparation Method (Cosmetic Serum): To prepare 100 milliliters of serum: 5 grams of dry verbena extract, 85 milliliters of distilled water, 5 milliliters of vegetable glycerin, 3 milliliters of aloe vera extract, 2 milliliters of a preservative solution based on rosemary extract. All components are mixed at a temperature of 25–30 degrees Celsius; the extract is introduced last. The mixture is thoroughly filtered and packaged in sterile dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cosmetic Serum): Store at a temperature of 4 to 8 degrees Celsius, in an airtight dark glass container. Avoid heating and exposure to sunlight. After opening, use within 30 days. Total shelf life — up to 3 months.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Verbena officinalis

Data on the toxicity and biosafety of Verbena officinalis indicate its low overall toxicity with oral and external use. In a study on laboratory animals (mice, rats), it was established that the acute oral toxicity LD₅₀ for an aqueous extract of verbena exceeds 5,000 mg/kg of body weight, which is classified as a practically non-toxic substance (class VI according to the Hodge and Sterner classification).

Additionally, subchronic administration of the extract at doses up to 2,000 mg/kg for 28 days did not cause deviations in body weight, morphology of internal organs, or blood biochemical parameters. Histopathological studies also did not reveal signs of organotoxicity or carcinogenic effects.

Teratogenic and mutagenic effects of verbena extracts at standard doses have not been found. However, with the use of highly concentrated alcohol tinctures, local irritant reactions are possible, especially when applied to mucous membranes.

The plant is considered biologically safe for short-term and moderate use in clinical practice and traditional phytotherapy. The use of high doses in patients with peptic ulcer and gastritis with hypersecretion without prior consultation with a specialist is not recommended.

Reference: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23510529

Pharmacodynamics — Verbena officinalis

The pharmacodynamic properties of Verbena officinalis are due to a wide range of biologically active compounds present in its aerial part. The main active components are iridoids (including verbenalin), flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin), phenylpropanoids, glycosides, triterpenes, polyphenols, and essential oils. These substances together form a polyfunctional pharmacological profile of the plant, acting both at the systemic and local levels.

On the nervous system, verbena has a mild sedative and anxiolytic effect, which is confirmed by the presence of verbenalin and luteolin, which have the ability to reduce the activity of central sympathetic regulation and modulate the level of neurotransmitters, including dopamine and serotonin. In addition, the ability of iridoids to reduce neuronal hyperactivity in stress-induced models has been studied, which indirectly indicates a central mechanism of action.

The effect on the immune system is manifested in the immunomodulatory activity of polyphenolic fractions. It has been established that water-alcohol extracts of verbena are able to stimulate the phagocytic activity of macrophages, activate the T-cell population, and increase the expression of certain cytokines, including interleukin-2 and interferon-γ, which allows the plant to be classified as a natural immunomodulator with a predominantly normalizing effect.

Flavonoid components exhibit pronounced antioxidant properties, reducing lipid peroxidation, stabilizing cell membranes, and preventing tissue damage associated with free radical reactions. In an in vitro model, inhibition of the activity of xanthine oxidase and lipoxygenase enzymes was established, which confirms the antioxidant potential of the substance.

From the gastrointestinal tract, the action of the plant is realized in the form of a reduction in gastric secretion, modulation of motility, and a local anti-inflammatory effect. Studies indicate the ability of an aqueous extract of verbena to reduce prostaglandin synthesis, decrease capillary permeability, and stabilize the epithelial barrier of the mucous membrane. Bioflavonoids and iridoids inhibit inflammatory mediators (including interleukin-6 and TNF-α), which confirms the local anti-inflammatory and protective effect on the gastrointestinal mucosa.

On the skin and mucous membranes, verbena has antiseptic, epithelizing, and antioxidant effects. With external use, the local effect is realized through flavonoids with antimicrobial activity, as well as through the presence of ursolic acid and triterpene derivatives that stabilize the lipid barrier of the epidermis. Enhanced local microcirculation and accelerated epithelial recovery upon damage have been confirmed.

From the endocrine system, a modulating effect on prolactin synthesis and estradiol levels has been established, which is confirmed by the effect on hypothalamic-pituitary regulatory mechanisms. This is probably associated with the action of polyphenolic complexes, but the final mechanisms remain the subject of research.

A moderate effect on enzymatic pathways has also been recorded: iridoids and flavonoids are able to interact with cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and monoamine oxidases, exerting a modulating effect on inflammatory and neurochemical cascades.

Thus, the pharmacodynamics of Verbena officinalis is characterized by a multicomponent effect on various regulatory systems of the body, mainly through receptor-mediator and enzymatic mechanisms. The main classes of effects include sedative, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic effects, confirmed by both in vitro and in vivo laboratory studies.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6326525
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S037887410700265X
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21425683
https://www.semanticscholar.or...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11418-012-0674-7

Pharmacokinetics — Verbena officinalis

The pharmacokinetic properties of Verbena officinalis are largely determined by the nature of the biologically active compounds contained in it, primarily flavonoids, iridoids, phenylpropanoids, and triterpenes. Most data on pharmacokinetics have been obtained from studies of aqueous and alcoholic extracts, as well as powder and oil forms.

With oral administration, the absorption of the main substances occurs primarily in the proximal parts of the small intestine. Flavonoids and iridoids undergo partial transformation under the action of the enzymatic activity of the intestinal microflora, which affects their structure, metabolic activity, and resistance to mucosal enzymes. Some aglycones and metabolites, after absorption, enter the systemic circulation in a protein-bound form, mainly with albumin. This stage provides limited but systemic biological availability.

With transdermal and mucosal administration (through vaginal and rectal suppositories, ointments, creams, drops), active components, especially lipophilic fractions (terpenoids, essential oils), penetrate the epidermal barrier and the mucous membrane. The absorption process depends on the carrier structure: the use of a fatty base (e.g., coconut oil) promotes deeper penetration and slower release. In these cases, both local and systemic effects are possible, especially with regular use on extensive surfaces.

Metabolic pathways include the phase of primary transformation in the liver with the participation of monooxygenase complex enzymes (including the CYP450 family), as well as secondary transformation in the liver and intestines. Transformed metabolites undergo glucuronidation and sulfation, which facilitates their excretion. Some components, especially polyphenols, are also metabolized by the microflora of the large intestine with the formation of biologically active phenolic metabolites capable of reabsorption (enterohepatic circulation).

Excretion of metabolites is carried out mainly by the kidneys (urine) and to a lesser extent through the bile. It has been established that some flavonoid components are excreted in the form of water-soluble derivatives, which reduces the risk of their cumulation. Biliary excretion is characteristic of larger molecular compounds and their conjugation products. With external use, the excretion of inactive components occurs through the sweat and sebaceous glands, which is confirmed by data on their detection in the composition of skin secretions after prolonged local use.

Systemic accumulation with the use of standard therapeutic doses is not typical. However, with prolonged use of highly concentrated alcohol tinctures, cumulation of some metabolites is possible, especially in patients with impaired liver function. In this regard, an important aspect of biosafety remains the control of dosage and duration of intake in the presence of chronic hepatobiliary disorders.

Thus, the pharmacokinetics of Verbena officinalis is formed as a result of the interaction of lipophilic and hydrophilic components with different routes of administration and metabolic pathways. The main mechanisms include absorption in the small intestine and skin, metabolism in the liver and microbiota-mediated transformation, followed by excretion primarily through the kidneys and partially through the hepatobiliary system.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://link.springer.com/arti...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Verbena officinalis

The pharmacological effects of Verbena officinalis are realized primarily through the action of iridoids, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids, which have the ability to affect key signaling pathways and molecular targets involved in the regulation of inflammation, neuromodulation, antioxidant defense, and immune response. One of the most studied components is verbenalin — an iridoid glycoside that has demonstrated inhibition of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including TNF-α and IL-6) through suppression of the activity of the transcription factor NF-κB. At the same time, a decrease in prostaglandin production is observed due to inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which confirms the participation of the anti-inflammatory modulation mechanism at the level of enzyme systems.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...; https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Flavonoids, especially apigenin and luteolin, exhibit antioxidant activity due to their ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species, restore oxidized glutathione molecules, and stabilize cell membranes. It has been proven that luteolin inhibits the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway, which leads to a decrease in the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK, affecting the proliferative activity and expression of inflammatory mediators in epithelial cells and macrophages. Such a combination of effects indicates target activity at the level of intracellular cascades that regulate inflammatory and oxidative stress.

References: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...; https://link.springer.com/arti...

The ability of polyphenolic compounds and terpenoids of the plant to affect neurochemical mechanisms, including modulation of dopaminergic and serotonergic transmission, has also been established. In vivo studies have demonstrated that verbenalin and luteolin potentiate the expression of 5-HT₁A receptors and reduce serotonin reuptake, acting as mild neuromodulators with anxiolytic potential. An effect on dopamine levels in limbic structures is also observed, which is associated with a possible regulatory effect on emotional and autonomic tone.

References: https://www.semanticscholar.or...; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

The effect of Verbena officinalis on the immune system is realized through the stimulation of macrophage phagocytic activity and an increase in the production of interleukins IL-2 and IFN-γ. Studies of aqueous extracts indicate the ability to cause dose-dependent activation of T-lymphocytes, which indicates the presence of immunostimulating and normalizing effects in immune hyporeactivity. An inhibitory effect on lipoxygenase (LOX) has also been recorded, which reduces the synthesis of leukotrienes involved in the mechanisms of chronic inflammation.

References: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

Along with the above effects, there is evidence of a mild modulating effect of Verbena officinalis components on glucocorticoid-type receptors, which manifests in a change in tissue sensitivity to endogenous corticosteroids. In vitro conditions showed an increase in the transcription of glucocorticoid-sensitive genes in response to the presence of polyphenolic extracts, which may be associated with potentiation of anti-inflammatory and adaptogenic mechanisms at the cellular level.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...; https://link.springer.com/arti...

Thus, the totality of active substances of Verbena officinalis acts through complex mechanisms, including inhibition of pro-inflammatory cascades (NF-κB, MAPK), neurotransmitter regulation (serotonin, dopamine), antioxidant defense, and immunomodulation, with the participation of key receptors and signaling molecules. These mechanisms explain the wide range of pharmacological effects of the plant, confirmed by laboratory and biochemical studies.

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Verbena officinalis

Verbena officinalis has a long and extensive history of use in the traditional medical and ethnocultural systems of Europe, Asia, North Africa, and Latin America. The deepest ethnomedical roots of the plant are found in ancient and medieval European tradition, where it was mentioned as a "sacred herb" among the Celts, Germans, and Romans. In Roman culture, verbena was used by priest-vates in sacrifices and purification rituals, and the herb itself was part of incense and rubs in temple ceremonies. According to medieval herbal books, verbena was considered the "herb of the cross" and was used by monks as a cleansing remedy for body and spirit.

In Slavic phytotherapy, verbena was part of the repertoire of healers as a ritual and medicinal plant. In Eastern Europe, it was used in the form of decoctions and steam baths, and in some areas of the Balkans — in wine tinctures. Folk healers used fresh leaves for application to the skin and considered the plant protective against the "evil eye" and melancholy. Among Western European peoples (in particular, Germans and French), verbena was used as a remedy in the form of infusions and poultices for ablutions and ritual purification before ceremonies. It was also burned as incense in rooms where "healing rites" were held.

In the culture of the indigenous peoples of Latin America (including Peru and Bolivia), verbena was used in phyto-wraps and infusions for washing, especially in women's rituals related to fertility and childbirth. In some communities of the Mexican Aztecs and their descendants, verbena remained a plant used in purification rituals, along with sage and copal. In such rituals, it was burned on coals or added to water for body washings.

In Tibetan and Indian Ayurvedic tradition, Verbena officinalis did not have a systematic mention; however, in some Indian village traditions, it was used as a component of local potions, including in the form of incense and ointments prepared with ghee. In Arabic phytotherapy, verbena entered practice under the name "ru'i al-hamam," where it was used in the form of infusion for external use and in aromatic mixtures. In North Africa, it was also considered a plant that brings peace and clarity of mind, and was part of fumigations in homes.

In Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia, verbena is less common in folk medicine, but in some regions it is used in the form of compresses and baths in postpartum practice. It may be part of herbal balls for steaming the body (luk pra kob), especially in the northern school of Thai medicine, where the cleansing and "clarifying" properties of plants are valued.

In addition to medicinal and ritual use, verbena was traditionally used as an amulet. In various regions of Europe, dried herb was worn in a pouch on the chest or hung in the home for protection from evil influences. It was believed to "break curses" and open clarity of mind. In some folk beliefs, the plant was associated with lunar cycles, used in nighttime purification rituals. Smoking forms with the participation of verbena were practiced for "invoking calm" and communicating with the dead in the traditions of Western Hermeticism and folk witchcraft.