Amorphophallus konjac

Amorphophallus konjac

Product Name: Аморфофаллус коньяк, Amorphophallus konjac, Teufelszunge, Konjac, Konjac, كونجاك, กระเจียวกึ่ง, Konjak, Конжак, Konjak, Канжак, Konjakas, Konjaks, Конжак, קוניאק

Synonyms: конняку, конжак, змеиная пальма, дьявольский язык, Konjac root, Devil's tongue, Voodoo lily, Snake palm, Teufelszunge, Tränenbaum, Lengua del diablo, Lirio vudú, Konjac, Lys du diable, زنبق الشيطان, لسان الشيطان, บอนคอนยัค, วูดูลิลลี่

Parts Used: tuber, root, seeds, peduncle, leaves, tuber.

Main Indications for Amorphophallus konjac Use: Alimentary-constitutional obesity, hypercholesterolemia, functional constipation, type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis, metabolic syndrome, arterial hypertension, gastritis with reduced secretion, diet-induced dyspeptic disorders, constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, intestinal dysbiosis, chronic pancreatitis in remission, gout.

Use of Amorphophallus konjac in mixtures and complexes: Cerebral atherosclerosis, left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy, chronic colitis with impaired motility, autoimmune thyroiditis, prediabetic state, primary hypothyroidism, mixed dyslipidemia, knee osteoarthritis, chronic venous insufficiency, varicose veins of the lower extremities, erosive bulbitis, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome.

Pharmacological Properties of Amorphophallus konjac: appetite suppressant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, prebiotic, antiatherogenic, demulcent, wound-healing, laxative, antihypertensive, emollient, demulcent, mildly anti-inflammatory, adsorbent, hepatoprotective, intestinal microbiota-modifying.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Amorphophallus konjac

Powder — Amorphophallus konjac

Indications (Powder): alimentary-constitutional obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, chronic pancreatitis in remission, functional constipation, metabolic syndrome, gastritis with reduced secretion, constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 3 grams of powder 30 minutes before meals, 2–3 times a day, with at least 250 milliliters of water.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 5 grams of powder 30 minutes before meals, 3 times a day. The enhanced dosage is used for grade III alimentary obesity, pronounced hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia above 7 mmol/l, polycystic ovary syndrome in women with metabolic syndrome.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): No more than 15 grams of powder per day. Maximum dosages are permissible for morbid obesity, insulin resistance accompanied by chronic non-alcoholic hepatitis.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 2 grams of powder 1–2 times a day 30 minutes before meals. Recommended for patients with a hereditary predisposition to obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, chronic physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle. Preventive course — 30 days every 3 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): From 12 years of age, with body weight of at least 35 kilograms — no more than 1 gram of powder per dose, up to 2 times a day. Used exclusively under the supervision of a specialist.

Contraindications (Powder): Mechanical intestinal obstruction, acute inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, esophageal strictures, severe flatulence, individual intolerance. No scientifically confirmed data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation and children under 12 years of age.

Side Effects (Powder): Flatulence, rumbling in the abdomen, discomfort in the epigastric region, feeling of heaviness, transient diarrhea is possible when exceeding the dosage. Cases of esophageal obstruction have been recorded when taken without sufficient fluid.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: With body weight up to 60 kilograms — dosage reduction by 25–30%. With body weight above 90 kilograms — an increase in the standard dose by 30–50% under the supervision of a specialist.

Preparation method (Powder): To prepare 100 grams of powder: wash konjac tubers, peel, cut into thin plates and dry in a drying chamber at a temperature of 45–50 degrees Celsius for 24 hours. After complete drying, grind in a micromill or mortar to a fine powder. Sift through a 100 μm sieve. Package in an airtight food-grade plastic or glass container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a dry, dark place at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, away from sources of moisture and direct sunlight, in an airtight container. Shielding from electromagnetic fields is not required. Shelf life — 12 months. After opening the package, use within 60 days.

Dry Extract — Amorphophallus konjac

Indications (Dry Extract): alimentary-constitutional obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis, chronic pancreatitis in remission, functional constipation, constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 250 milligrams of dry extract 2 times a day 30 minutes before meals, with 250 milliliters of water.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 500 milligrams of dry extract 3 times a day. Recommended for pronounced metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia above 3 mmol/l.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): No more than 1500 milligrams per day. Used in conditions of morbid obesity, hyperinsulinemia combined with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and fatty degeneration of the pancreas.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 125 milligrams once a day in the morning, 30 minutes before meals. Recommended for physical inactivity, body mass index above 25, hereditary burden of type 2 diabetes, women with a history of insulin resistance. Preventive course — 20 days per month with a 10-day break, up to 3 courses in a row.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): From 14 years of age, with body weight over 40 kilograms — 100 milligrams once a day. Not used under 14 years of age.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Intestinal obstruction, acute inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, strictures of the esophagus and intestines, severe forms of flatulence, anorexia, severe cachexia. No data on contraindications have been registered for pregnancy, lactation and children under 14 years of age.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): Flatulence, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, nausea, less often — transient rash or allergy-like reactions. In rare cases — impaired absorption of fat-soluble vitamins with prolonged use at high dosages.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: With body weight up to 60 kilograms — dose reduction by 25%. With weight above 100 kilograms — adjustment to 500 milligrams 3 times a day under the supervision of a specialist is possible.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): To prepare 100 grams of dry extract: ground tubers (200 grams) are poured with purified water 1:10 and heated to a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius, kept at this temperature for 3 hours with periodic stirring. After that, the mixture is filtered, concentrated in a water bath to a syrupy consistency, then dried in a spray dryer to obtain a powder. The resulting powder is sifted and packaged in an airtight container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in a dark, dry place at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, away from moisture, sources of heat and light. Shelf life — 18 months. After opening — use within 45 days.

Tincture — Amorphophallus konjac

Indications (Tincture): diet-induced dyspeptic disorders, hypertriglyceridemia, chronic pancreatitis in remission, constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, gastritis with reduced secretion, fatty liver disease, alimentary obesity.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 15 drops (equivalent to 0.75 milliliters) of alcohol tincture 2 times a day 20 minutes before meals, with water.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 20 drops (1 milliliter) 3 times a day. Used for pronounced hyperlipidemia, chronic pancreatitis with impaired enzymatic activity, steatohepatitis against the background of type 2 diabetes.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): Up to 1.5 milliliters 3 times a day. Permissible for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with impaired bile outflow and for insulin resistance with background flatulence.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10 drops (0.5 milliliters) once a day in the morning on an empty stomach. Prescribed to patients with a hereditary predisposition to hypercholesterolemia, with long breaks in nutrition, with a sedentary lifestyle. Course — 21 days, repeat no more than once a quarter.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): Not recommended for use in children and adolescents under 18 years of age due to ethanol content.

Contraindications (Tincture): Alcoholism, epilepsy, organic brain diseases, pregnancy, lactation, childhood under 18 years, liver diseases in the stage of decompensation. No scientifically confirmed contraindications for moderate hypertension and chronic kidney disease.

Side Effects (Tincture): Burning in the stomach, dizziness, dry mouth, increasing flatulence, rare cases of transient nausea. With a significant overdose, short-term digestive disorders and weakness are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: With body weight less than 60 kilograms — dosage reduction by 20%. With body weight over 90 kilograms — increase in volume to 25 drops per dose under the control of the patient's reaction.

Preparation method (Tincture): To prepare 100 milliliters of alcohol tincture: ground dry konjac tuber powder — 10 grams, 40% ethyl alcohol — 100 milliliters. Place the ingredients in a dark glass container, close tightly and infuse for 14 days at a temperature of 18–22 degrees Celsius, shaking daily. After infusion, strain through cheesecloth and store in an airtight container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 10 to 25 degrees Celsius, in a tightly closed glass container, protected from light and heat. Do not freeze. Shelf life — up to 24 months. After opening — use within 60 days.

Oil Infusion — Amorphophallus konjac

Indications (Oil Infusion): dyspeptic disorders, atrophic gastritis, chronic pancreatitis in remission, functional constipation, constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): 1 teaspoon (5 milliliters) of oil infusion 1–2 times a day 20 minutes before meals. Consumed in its pure form or with warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): 1 tablespoon (10 milliliters) 2 times a day. Prescribed for chronic constipation, steatohepatosis, pronounced flatulence, postcholecystectomy syndrome.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Up to 3 tablespoons (45 milliliters) per day. Used for pronounced metabolic syndrome, severe forms of functional constipation, hypolactasia accompanied by intestinal inertia.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): 1 teaspoon (5 milliliters) once a day in the morning on an empty stomach. Suitable for patients with a sedentary lifestyle, increased tendency to flatulence and irregular stools. Preventive course — 14 days with a possible repeat after a 7-day break.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): From 6 years of age, with body weight of at least 20 kilograms — 2.5 milliliters (half a teaspoon) once a day. Only under adult supervision. Not recommended for children under 6 years of age.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Mechanical intestinal obstruction, acute forms of pancreatitis, individual intolerance to components. There are no data on contraindications in the scientific literature for pregnancy, lactation and children under 6 years of age.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Rarely — nausea, bloating, moderate diarrhea. In case of overdose, oil regurgitation, impaired absorption of fat-soluble vitamins are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Up to 60 kilograms — no more than 5 milliliters per dose. Over 90 kilograms — an increase to 15 milliliters is allowed under the supervision of a specialist.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): To prepare 100 grams of product: konjac tuber powder — 10 grams, cold-pressed coconut oil — 90 grams. Mix the ingredients in a glass container, keep in a water bath at a temperature of 40 degrees Celsius for 3 hours. Cool, strain through a thick cloth, pour into dark bottles. Small particles may remain as a suspension.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 10 to 20 degrees Celsius, in a tightly closed container. Avoid contact with metal objects and sunlight. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Hydrogel Film — Amorphophallus konjac

Indications (Hydrogel Film): chronic leg ulcer, superficial 1st and 2nd degree burns, trophic ulcers in diabetic angiopathy, pressure ulcers, post-operative scarring wounds, chronic dermatitis with exudation, dry eczema, wounds with difficult epithelialization, psoriatic plaques localized on the joints.

Standard Dosage (Hydrogel Film): Applied to a previously cleansed area of damage once a day, fixed with a sterile bandage. Course — until complete epithelialization.

Enhanced Dosage (Hydrogel Film):) Double application per day is allowed. Used for weeping trophic ulcers with pronounced exudate, for post-traumatic wounds with slow granulation, for 2nd degree burns with blistering.

Maximum Dosage (Hydrogel Film): Up to 3 applications per day on limited areas of skin no more than 20% of the body surface. Used under medical supervision for chronic leg ulcers with superinfection (as part of combination therapy).

Preventive Dosage (Hydrogel Film): Single application of the film on areas prone to damage (heels, elbows, bony prominences) in patients with limited mobility, diabetes mellitus, chronic venous insufficiency. Preventive course — once every 3–4 days, with mandatory dressing change.

Pediatric Dosage (Hydrogel Film): From 6 years of age — use on limited areas of the body (no more than 5 cm²) is allowed, no more than once a day. Do not use on mucous membranes. Used under the supervision of a medical specialist.

Contraindications (Hydrogel Film): Deep infected wounds, extensive 3rd degree burns, individual intolerance. No scientifically confirmed contraindications for pregnancy, lactation and use in children under 6 years of age.

Side Effects (Hydrogel Film): Burning, redness, moderate itching in the area of application. In rare cases — contact dermatitis, tissue swelling around the wound due to intolerance to components.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Dose adjustment by body weight is not required, applied according to the area of the lesion.

Preparation method (Hydrogel Film): For 100 grams of the finished form: konjac tuber glucomannan — 3 grams, distilled water — 92 grams, vegetable glycerin — 5 grams. The components are thoroughly mixed at a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius until a homogeneous viscous mass is formed. The mixture is poured into a sterile flat mold with a layer of 2 millimeters, left for 24 hours under sterile conditions for gelation. The finished film is cut and packaged in sterile packages.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Hydrogel Film): Store in sterile individual packaging at a temperature of 5 to 15 degrees Celsius, in a light-protected place. Shelf life — up to 6 months. After opening the package, use immediately, repeated use is not allowed.

Cosmetic Serum — Amorphophallus konjac

Indications (Cosmetic Serum): seborrheic dermatitis of the face, hyperkeratosis, age-related loss of skin turgor, epidermal dehydration, fine wrinkle network, impaired skin barrier after peels, rosacea in remission, atonic skin due to iron deficiency.

Standard Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Apply 1–2 drops to cleansed facial skin once a day, in the evening. Distribute over the face and neck with light movements until absorbed. Course — at least 30 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Up to 3 drops 2 times a day (morning and evening), applied to areas with pronounced signs of dehydration, peeling or wrinkling. Recommended for anemia, course use of retinoids, the period after aggressive cosmetic procedures.

Maximum Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Up to 4 drops 2 times a day on the forehead, cheeks and chin, permissible for pronounced wrinkle network, hyperkeratosis, dermatological consequences of chemotherapy.

Preventive Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): 1 drop once a day at night. Recommended for women over 35 years of age, persons with skin prone to dehydration and loss of elasticity. Used for 21 days with a 7-day break, the course is repeated 3–4 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): Not used in pediatric dermatology and cosmetology under 16 years of age.

Contraindications (Cosmetic Serum): Acute dermatitis, weeping rashes, active herpes, individual intolerance to components. No scientific data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have been registered. Not used in children under 16 years of age.

Side Effects (Cosmetic Serum): Rarely — a feeling of skin tightness, redness, tingling in the first minutes of application. In isolated cases — contact dermatitis, itching.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required, adjustment is carried out according to the area of application.

Preparation method (Cosmetic Serum): For 100 grams of finished product: konjac tuber glucomannan — 1 gram, damask rose hydrolate — 70 grams, vegetable glycerin — 10 grams, aloe vera extract — 10 grams, COSMOS-certified preservative (e.g., benzyl alcohol and potassium sorbate) — 1 gram, distilled water — up to 100 grams. Mix all components under sterile conditions at a temperature of 40 degrees Celsius, stir for 15 minutes until complete homogenization. Pour into dark glass dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cosmetic Serum): Store at a temperature of 5 to 10 degrees Celsius, in a light-protected place. Do not freeze. Shelf life — 3 months. After opening, use within 30 days. Avoid contact with metal objects.

Konjac Sponge — Amorphophallus konjac

Indications (Konjac Sponge): seborrheic dermatitis, acne, hyperkeratosis, sensitive skin with impaired acid-lipid barrier, tendency to redness and irritation, post-peeling recovery, rosacea in remission, preparation of the skin for the application of therapeutic agents.

Standard Dosage (Konjac Sponge): Use once a day for washing the face, with gentle circular movements along massage lines for 1–2 minutes, then rinse thoroughly and dry the sponge.

Enhanced Dosage (Konjac Sponge): Up to 2 applications per day (morning and evening), used for pronounced oily skin, presence of comedones, hyperkeratosis. Recommended for seborrheic dermatitis and acne without purulent elements.

Maximum Dosage (Konjac Sponge): Up to 3 procedures per day are permissible only under professional dermatological or cosmetological supervision, for pronounced peeling, preparation of the skin for dermatological agents in papulopustular forms of acne.

Preventive Dosage (Konjac Sponge): 2–3 times a week for normal and combination skin to maintain gentle cleansing, prevent hyperkeratosis, improve skin microcirculation in persons working in conditions of dust, heat or heavy makeup. Suitable for adolescents, women during perimenopause, men with sensitive facial skin.

Pediatric Dosage (Konjac Sponge): From 6 years of age — use in a swollen and soft state 2–3 times a week for washing with increased skin sensitivity, exudative diathesis, after sunburn. The sponge should be prepared for the child by an adult.

Contraindications (Konjac Sponge): Pustular diseases of the facial skin, herpetic eruptions in the acute stage, acute forms of rosacea, fungal skin infections. No scientific contraindications have been registered for pregnancy, lactation and children over 6 years of age.

Side Effects (Konjac Sponge): With excessive or aggressive use — irritation, peeling, hyperemia. Isolated cases of allergic contact with residues of low-quality preservative in non-certified sponges have been recorded.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required. Adjustment is carried out according to skin type and sensitivity.

Preparation method (Konjac Sponge): For 100 grams of gel: konjac tuber flour — 3 grams, distilled water — 96.5 grams, food-grade calcium (e.g., calcium hydroxide) — 0.5 grams. The mixture is thoroughly mixed and heated to 90 degrees Celsius, then placed in special molds and cooled. The resulting gel undergoes a process of freezing and dehydration (lyophilization), after which it is formed into a sponge. The finished product must be completely dry and have a dense but compressible structure.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Konjac Sponge): Store in a dry, well-ventilated place, in its original packaging. After each use, rinse the sponge, squeeze (do not twist), and dry in a suspended state. Shelf life in sealed packaging — up to 24 months. After opening — use within 4–6 weeks. Do not boil or soak in water for a long time.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Amorphophallus konjac

Amorphophallus konjac is considered physiologically safe when used orally at adequate dosages. Its main active ingredient, glucomannan, is recognized as a safe dietary fiber approved by the FDA (USA) and EFSA (EU) for use in foods and dietary supplements.

Toxicological studies on animals have shown extremely low acute toxicity. According to data published in the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology, the LD₅₀ of glucomannan from Amorphophallus konjac in rats upon oral administration exceeds 5000 mg/kg body weight, which indicates the absence of acute toxic effects.

In animal studies with long-term administration of high doses of glucomannan, no signs of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity or reproductive dysfunction were recorded. Furthermore, clinical studies in humans using konjac as a dietary supplement have not revealed serious side effects, except for cases of esophageal obstruction when consumed without sufficient fluid.

Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Pharmacodynamics — Amorphophallus konjac

Amorphophallus konjac exhibits pharmacodynamic activity mainly due to its water-soluble polysaccharide — glucomannan. This high molecular weight structure consists mainly of mannose and glucose residues in a ratio of 1.6:1, with a high degree of swelling and pronounced gel-forming ability, which determines its primary effect on the digestive system and systemic metabolism.

At the systemic level, glucomannan modulates gastrointestinal activity by increasing the volume of contents, affecting the receptor apparatus of mechanosensitive fibers of the intestinal wall and activating peristaltic activity. By swelling and increasing the viscosity of chyme, it slows down the gastrointestinal absorption of a number of compounds, including sugars and lipids, which leads to a prolongation of the digestive process and an indirect effect on the level of nutrients in the systemic circulation. These effects are confirmed by studies of its viscosity and effect on gastric emptying rate and intestinal transit.

In the biochemical aspect, glucomannan affects lipid metabolism, reducing plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The mechanism includes inhibition of bile acid reabsorption and their increased excretion, which stimulates the synthesis of new acids from cholesterol. In addition, suppression of cholesterol absorption from the intestinal lumen due to its binding in a viscous gel-like medium is possible.

At the level of the microbiota, glucomannan acts as a substrate for fermentation by beneficial intestinal bacteria (mainly of the genus Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus), promoting the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate and propionate. These metabolites have a modulating effect on the inflammatory and barrier functions of the intestinal mucosa, as well as affect the regulation of local and systemic immune responses.

The antioxidant properties of konjac have been confirmed in vitro and in vivo. They are due to the ability of glucomannan to bind reactive oxygen species and reduce lipid peroxidation. Some studies have demonstrated a decrease in malondialdehyde levels and an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase) in animals receiving konjac as part of their diet.

The indirect effect on the endocrine system is realized through the modulation of signaling cascades associated with insulin receptors. Glucomannan increases the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin, which is confirmed by a decrease in markers of insulin resistance and an improvement in the plasma glucose profile at stable insulin levels. These effects are likely mediated by a decrease in the postprandial glycemic peak, normalization of the intestinal microbiota and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

On the immune system, konjac has an indirect modulating effect. An increase in the level of secretory immunoglobulin A, an increase in the production of interleukin 10 and a decrease in interleukin-6 indicate the regulation of immune homeostasis through effects on the intestinal mucosa and associated lymphoid structures. Such effects suggest the potential to strengthen the barrier functions of the epithelium and reduce chronic inflammatory activity.

In the dermatological aspect, glucomannan, used in topical forms (sponge, gel, serum), has a local rehydrating, keratolytic and mild anti-inflammatory effect. These effects are due both to its physicochemical properties and to its effect on the skin microflora, as well as its ability to retain moisture and create a protective layer on the surface of the epidermis. The anti-inflammatory effect is explained by a decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in keratinocytes.

Thus, the pharmacodynamic profile of Amorphophallus konjac is characterized by a systemic effect on metabolism, a local effect on the gastrointestinal tract, moderate immunomodulating and antioxidant potential, as well as dermatotropic properties with external use. Its active molecules do not interact with classical GPCR or ion channels, but realize their action through physicochemical and enzyme-dependent mechanisms, including effects on microbial communities and signaling pathways associated with inflammation and metabolism.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278691502000761
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10068-015-0046-3https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Pharmacokinetics — Amorphophallus konjac

The main pharmacologically significant component of Amorphophallus konjac is glucomannan — a water-soluble polysaccharide with a high molecular weight. Upon oral administration, the active substance is practically not absorbed in the stomach and upper intestines due to the absence of specific transport mechanisms and enzymes capable of hydrolyzing its β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Glucomannan mainly exerts its effect in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, where it exhibits physicochemical activity — it swells, increases the viscosity of chyme and binds nutrients, without entering the systemic circulation in its unchanged form.

Further, in the distal parts of the small and large intestines, glucomannan undergoes partial fermentation under the action of the intestinal microflora. During this process, short-chain fatty acids (butyric, propionic, acetic) are formed, which are easily absorbed by enterocytes and enter the portal system, then into the liver, where they are included in energy and signaling processes. Thus, the systemic action of konjac is largely realized through its metabolites produced by the intestinal microbiota.

The distribution of active components of Amorphophallus konjac in the body upon oral administration is carried out mainly in the form of the aforementioned metabolites. Short-chain fatty acids formed during bacterial fermentation spread throughout the body, affecting the cells of the liver, intestines, adipose tissue, immune system and central nervous system. Undigested residues of glucomannan are excreted in the feces, without undergoing significant breakdown or absorption.

With local and transdermal application (in the form of gels, hydrophilic films and cosmetics), glucomannan does not penetrate the intact epidermal barrier, but forms a protective and moisture-retaining film on the surface of the skin, reducing transepidermal water loss. With damage to the skin barrier, minimal passive penetration of low molecular weight fractions into the epidermis is possible, but there are no data on systemic absorption with external use.

In the case of using alcohol and oil forms, insignificant transmucosal absorption of components is possible, especially when applied to mucous membranes. Nevertheless, glucomannan itself is not able to penetrate through mucous membranes and acts exclusively locally or indirectly — through stimulation of local microflora or due to physical coverage of the surface.

The metabolism of glucomannan is mediated exclusively by intestinal anaerobes. The participation of liver enzyme systems in its transformation is minimal, but the liver is involved in the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids derived from bacterial fermentation. Accumulation in tissues with standard use is not described, and systemic metabolism is transient and reversible.

Excretion is carried out mainly with feces in the form of undigested fractions and products of microbial degradation. A negligible amount of metabolites may be excreted in the urine and bile, but the main route is intestinal excretion. With external use, glucomannan elements can be removed from the skin surface during natural renewal of the stratum corneum or during washing.

Thus, the pharmacokinetic profile of Amorphophallus konjac is determined by its high molecular weight, limited absorption, local and predominantly intraluminal action, as well as active interaction with the intestinal microflora. Systemic action is realized through microbial metabolites and does not require absorption of the substance itself.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0955286314000843
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.7694

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Amorphophallus konjac

The main mechanisms of action of Amorphophallus konjac, and in particular its main active component — glucomannan, have been studied in a number of pharmacological and biomedical studies. The most significant factor is its ability to swell in an aqueous environment and form a highly viscous gel, which affects receptor and enzyme activity in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. The viscous gel reduces the availability of substrates for digestive enzymes, which leads to a slowdown in the absorption of carbohydrates and lipids. At the same time, it modulates the activity of α-glucosidase and suppresses the rate of hydrolysis of starches and sugars, which leads to a change in the level of postprandial mediators.

Glucomannan demonstrates an effect on enzyme systems involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism. In particular, its indirect inhibition of lipase and a decrease in the activity of cholesterol esterase in the intestine have been shown. Through sorption mechanisms of binding of bile acids and cholesterol, glucomannan reduces the reabsorption of these compounds, which contributes to a change in feedback with hepatocytes and activation of the expression of 7α-hydroxylase, a key enzyme in the synthesis of bile acids. This action is also associated with a change in the expression of liver receptors, including FXR (farnesoid X receptor), which mediates further restructuring of lipid metabolism.

At the cellular level, glucomannan affects enterocytes, macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells. During microbial fermentation, it is broken down into short-chain fatty acids (in particular, butyrate and propionate), which bind to G-protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 expressed on cells of the immune system, epithelium and adipocytes. These receptors are involved in the regulation of inflammatory cascades, energy metabolism and cell apoptosis. The effect on GPR41/43 leads to inhibition of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) and modulation of TLR4-dependent signaling pathways.

Additionally, it has been established that glucomannan affects the expression and regulation of the NF-κB signaling cascade, which plays a key role in the formation of the inflammatory response. Suppression of NF-κB activation in epithelial cells and macrophages leads to a decrease in the production of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. This action is associated with an increase in the level of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase. Thus, the cytoprotective and antioxidant potential of the substance is realized.

With external use, konjac polysaccharides form a protective biopolymer layer on the surface of the skin, which reduces transepidermal water loss and modulates local inflammatory activity. In vitro studies have shown a decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts under the influence of glucomannan, which is associated with blocking the activation of the MAPK/ERK cascade. These effects determine the prospects for using plant components in dermatotropic preparations and moisturizers.

Thus, the pharmacological activity of Amorphophallus konjac is realized through a number of mechanisms: physicochemical change in the gastrointestinal environment, enzymatic inhibition of digestive systems, regulation of lipid metabolism, modulation of immune and inflammatory activity at the level of cellular receptors, antioxidant protection and local dermatotropic action. Complex interaction with the microbiota also plays an important role in the formation of the therapeutic profile of the plant.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0955286314000843
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11418-014-0830-2
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24840064/

Synergy — Amorphophallus konjac

Amorphophallus konjac exhibits pharmacological synergy with a number of natural and biologically active substances, as confirmed by in vitro, in vivo and clinical pharmacology studies. The main direction of the synergistic interaction of glucomannan, the main active component of konjac, is the potentiation of its metabolic and immunomodulatory activity in combination with other nutrients and phytocompounds.

One of the most studied areas of synergy is the combined use of glucomannan and chromium picolinate. Studies have shown that glucomannan, by reducing the rate of sugar absorption, provides a more stable glycemic profile, while chromium activates insulin receptors. The combination leads to a potentiated effect by affecting different links in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism — an additive decrease in glucose levels and an increase in insulin sensitivity.

In combination with extracts of Gymnema sylvestre and Momordica charantica, an increase in the modulation of glucose and fatty acid levels was noted. Glucomannan reduces the intake of nutrients, while saponins and bitter components of these plants affect the β-cells of the pancreas and intestinal receptors. Such synergism is tissue-specific and is realized at the level of the gastrointestinal tract, liver and adipose tissue.

The combined use of Amorphophallus konjac with polyphenolic fractions of green tea (Camellia sinensis) leads to an increase in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action due to interaction at the level of the free radical cascade and the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Glucomannan promotes prolonged release of catechins, creating a delayed profile of their bioavailability, and also increases the transit time of contact of active substances with the intestinal epithelium.

In studies involving lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, a pronounced synergy in the form of a prebiotic effect was revealed. Glucomannan promotes the growth of beneficial microflora and fermentation in the large intestine with the formation of short-chain fatty acids. In turn, probiotic strains accelerate the breakdown of polysaccharide and enhance the production of butyrate, which increases epithelial regeneration and reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. This interaction can be characterized as functionally protective and immunomodulating.

Synergism is also observed in combinations with plants containing mucilaginous and adhesive polysaccharides, for example, with Althaea officinalis and Plantago ovata. Combined use enhances the demulcent and protective effect on the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, due to the multiplicative effect of viscosity and binding of irritants. At the level of receptor activity, this can reduce the activation of sensory neurons and reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators in the mucous layer.

The mechanisms of synergy in combination with curcumin from Curcuma longa are being studied in the context of suppressing the inflammatory signaling cascades NF-κB and STAT3. Glucomannan creates a physicochemical matrix that slows down the release of curcumin, increasing its local concentration in the intestine. Such an interaction can be considered as potentiating and modulating at the level of enterocytes and intestinal macrophages.

Thus, the synergy of Amorphophallus konjac is realized due to a combination of physical properties (viscosity, sorption), prebiotic effects on microflora, joint effects on receptors and enzymes, as well as on signaling pathways of inflammation and metabolism. Such interactions have been experimentally confirmed and complement the spectrum of pharmacological effects, making konjac a promising component in complex regimens with plant and microbiological substances.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6880272/
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10787-016-0296-2
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24840064/
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Amorphophallus konjac

Amorphophallus konjac is traditionally used in the medical and food cultures of East and Southeast Asia, primarily in China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam and Thailand. The deepest historical roots of use are recorded in Chinese traditional medicine, where the tubers of the plant, called "mo yu", were used more than two thousand years ago. The first mentions of it are found in the "Shennong Ben Cao Jing" — one of the oldest Chinese herbalists, dating back to approximately the 1st–2nd centuries AD. Here, konjac is described as a substance of cold nature that helps cleanse the body and eliminate "dampness."

In Japan, the plant is known as "konnyaku" and is part of culinary, ritual and medical practice. In traditional Japanese medicine, it was considered a remedy that helps "calm internal heat", cleanse the intestines and strengthen the "kidney energies". Konjac powder was added to warm infusions and used in steam inhalations, and was also used to prepare special cleansing soups and cold jelly-like dishes endowed with symbolic meaning.

In the Korean ethnomedical tradition, Amorphophallus konjac is mentioned in ancient phytotherapeutic collections under the name "곤약". Here, the tuber was also used for food and medicinal purposes — in particular, as a "cleansing" and "demulcent" agent. Korean healers used ground parts of the tuber externally for wraps and poultices, believing that it helps to "pull out harmful moisture" from the joints and soft tissues.

In Northern Thailand (in particular, in the mountainous regions of Chiang Mai and Nang), konjac is known as "บุก" and is grown as part of folk agriculture. In traditional Thai medicine, it was used as part of complex herbal preparations for internal cleansing, maintaining digestion and as a basis for fermented infusions used in seasonal detox programs. Local shamans and healers of the Lanna and Shan peoples used the plant in ritual baths aimed at restoring the body's energy balance after illness or emotional shock.

On the Indochinese peninsula, the tubers of the plant were also used in the culture of the Lao and Viet peoples, especially in highland areas. There, it was used in the form of powder and pastes for smearing the body in rituals of "exorcism" and removal of the "influences of cold", as well as in ritual practice with elements of smoking and fumigation, where Amorphophallus konjac was part of protective mixtures served in a vessel at the entrance to the dwelling.

In a number of cultures, konjac was considered a "plant of power" associated with underground energy due to the shape and nature of its tubers. Among Chinese Taoists, there were ideas about a "heavy root" capable of "absorbing diseases", which echoed the practices of burying tubers near dwellings during epidemics.

In the Philippines and Indonesia, the use of konjac is mainly food in nature, however, in some ethnic groups, such as the Minangkabau, evidence of its use in bride cleansing rituals has been recorded, where gruel from the tuber was applied to the body as a ritual scrub.

Thus, the geography of traditional use of Amorphophallus konjac covers China, Japan, Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Indonesia and the Philippines, with variable forms of use, including internal decoctions, external wraps, steam procedures, ritual and cosmetic practices. Despite differences in cultural approaches, the emphasis in all traditions was on the cleansing, balancing and protective effects of the plant.