Sulfur

Sulfur

Product Name: Сера природная, Sulfur, Schwefel, Azufre, Soufre, كبريت, กำมะถัน, Қирувчи, Qriyuvi, Қирувчи, Kükürd, Қирувчи, Sera, Sēra, Сірка, Kükürd, גופרית

Synonyms: Сера, Sulfur, Schwefel, Azufre, Soufre, كبريت, กำมะถัน

Parts Used: natural sulfur

Main indications for use of Sulfur: Inflammatory and allergic skin diseases, pyoderma, dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, mycoses, acne, atopic dermatitis, parasitic skin infections.

Use of Sulfur in mixtures and complexes: Chronic inflammatory skin processes, autoimmune dermatoses, severe acne, symptomatic mycoses, systemic allergic reactions.

Pharmacological properties of Sulfur: antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, keratolytic, antimicrobial, antifungal, regenerative, immunomodulatory, detoxifying.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms – Sulfur

Powder – Sulfur

Indications (Powder): Psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, dermatophytosis, skin candidiasis, pyoderma, acne, eczema, scabies.

Standard Dosage (Powder): applied to affected skin areas 1-2 times a day in a thin layer, 0.5-1 g per affected area, course 2-4 weeks.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): applied 2-3 times a day, up to 1.5 g per area, for severe forms of psoriasis and chronic mycoses, course up to 6 weeks.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): single application up to 2 g, for acute inflammatory skin processes, no more than 7 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.2-0.5 g once a day, for chronic dermatoses and tendency to skin infections, course 2 weeks with a 2-month break.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): contraindicated under 12 years due to risk of skin irritation; if necessary, use under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Powder): individual sulfur intolerance, open bleeding on the skin, acute weeping eczema; data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Powder): local irritation, burning, allergic reactions in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: no adjustment required, dose is based on the area of the lesion.

Preparation method (Powder): the powder is obtained from purified natural sulfur, ground to a particle size of less than 100 microns; packaged in airtight containers; no solvents are used in production.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): store in a dry, cool place at a temperature of 5-25 °C, avoid moisture and direct sunlight, shelf life 3 years, use within 6 months after opening.

Dry Extract – Sulfur

Indications (Dry Extract): Psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, dermatophytosis, skin candidiasis, pyoderma, acne, eczema, scabies.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): apply externally once a day, 1-2 g of extract, course 3-4 weeks.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): apply 2 times a day, 2-3 g, for severe chronic skin diseases, course up to 6 weeks.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): 4 g per day, no more than 7 days in a row, for acute skin inflammations.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 0.5-1 g once a day for 2 weeks for tendency to dermatoses.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): contraindicated under 12 years; if necessary — under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): individual intolerance, open wounds, weeping eczema; data on pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): skin irritation, allergy in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: not required, dose depends on the area of treatment.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): obtained by alcohol extraction of natural sulfur followed by evaporation and drying at a temperature not exceeding 50 degrees Celsius; residual alcohol content less than 10 ppm; the solvent is completely removed by vacuum evaporation; ingredients per 100 g of product: natural sulfur 100 g; ethyl alcohol 96% — for extraction (not included in the finished product).

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): store in a dark, cool place at 5-20 °C, shelf life 2 years, after opening — 3 months in a tightly sealed container.

Tincture – Sulfur

Indications (Tincture): dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, pyoderma, mycoses, acne, atopic dermatitis, parasitic skin infections.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): apply to affected areas 1-2 times a day, 2-3 ml, course 2-4 weeks.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): apply 2-3 times a day, 4-5 ml, for pronounced chronic dermatoses, course up to 6 weeks.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): 6 ml per day, do not use longer than 7 days in a row for acute inflammations.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 1 ml once a day, course 2 weeks with a 1-month break.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): not recommended for children under 12 years; use possible under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Tincture): individual intolerance, damaged skin with open wounds, pregnancy and lactation — data absent.

Side Effects (Tincture): skin irritation, allergic reactions in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: dose does not depend on body weight, is adjusted based on the area of the lesion.

Preparation method (Tincture): prepared with 70% ethanol by maceration of natural sulfur in a 1:10 ratio (mass to volume) for 7 days at room temperature; the solvent is completely removed before use; residual alcohol content in the final product does not exceed pharmacopoeial standards (<3000 ppm); ingredients per 100 ml: natural sulfur 10 g, 70% ethanol — extraction solvent (not included in the final product).

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): store in a tightly closed dark bottle at 5-25 °C, protect from light, shelf life 1 year, use within 3 months after opening.

Oil Infusion – Sulfur

Indications (Oil Infusion): dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, pyoderma, mycoses, acne, atopic dermatitis, parasitic skin infections.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): apply to affected areas 1-2 times a day, 5-10 ml, course 3-4 weeks.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): apply 2-3 times a day, 10-15 ml, for severe chronic skin diseases, course up to 6 weeks.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): 20 ml per day, no more than 7 days in a row for acute inflammations.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): 3 ml once a day, course 2 weeks with a 2-month break.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): contraindicated under 12 years, use only possible under the supervision of a specialist.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): individual intolerance, open wounds and weeping eczema; data on pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): local irritation, allergic reactions in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: not required, dosage is based on the area of the lesion.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): coconut oil is used as a base for the infusion; natural sulfur is ground and infused in coconut oil in a 1:10 ratio (mass to volume) at a temperature of 40 °C for 14 days with periodic stirring; after infusion, strain and package in dark, airtight containers; ingredients per 100 ml: natural sulfur 10 g, coconut oil 100 ml.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): store in a cool, dark place at a temperature of 5-25 °C, shelf life 12 months, use within 6 months after opening.

Vaginal Suppositories – Sulfur

Indications (Vaginal Suppositories): vaginal mycoses, bacterial vaginosis, inflammatory diseases of the vagina, trichomoniasis, atrophic vaginitis.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): insert 1 suppository (200 mg) into the vagina once a day before bedtime, course 7-14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 1 suppository 2 times a day for pronounced inflammatory processes, course 14-21 days.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 2 suppositories per day for no more than 21 days.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 1 suppository every other day for 10 days, for tendency to vaginal infections.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): contraindicated until puberty; data on pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppositories): individual intolerance, acute purulent inflammation, damage to the vaginal mucosa.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppositories): local irritation, burning, allergic reactions in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: not required, dose is fixed.

Preparation method (Vaginal Suppositories): prepared using solid fats — cocoa butter and coconut oil; natural sulfur is ground and mixed with melted fat in a ratio of 10% sulfur, 90% fats; the mixture is poured into 2 g molds; cooling is carried out at a temperature of 4-6 °C until solidification; ingredients per 100 g: natural sulfur 10 g, cocoa butter 50 g, coconut oil 40 g.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppositories): store in a cool, dry place at a temperature of 4-15 °C, shelf life 12 months; use within 30 days after opening.

Rectal Suppositories – Sulfur

Indications (Rectal Suppositories): hemorrhoids, proctitis, anal fissures, inflammatory diseases of the rectum, mycoses of the perianal area.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): insert 1 suppository (200-250 mg) rectally once a day before bedtime, course 10-14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): 2 suppositories per day for severe inflammation and mycoses, course 14-21 days.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): no more than 3 suppositories per day, course no longer than 21 days.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): 1 suppository 2 times a week for chronic inflammation.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): contraindicated under 12 years; data on pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppositories): acute purulent processes, open anal bleeding, individual intolerance.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppositories): local irritation, burning, allergy in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: not required.

Preparation method (Rectal Suppositories): similar to vaginal suppositories; natural sulfur 10%, cocoa butter 50%, coconut oil 40%; mixing, melting, pouring into molds weighing 2-2.5 g, cooling until solidification at 4-6 °C.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Rectal Suppositories): store at 4-15 °C in a dark place, shelf life 12 months, use within 30 days after opening.

Nasal Drops – Sulfur

Indications (Nasal Drops): chronic rhinitis, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis, infectious inflammation of the nasal cavity.

Standard Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1-2 drops in each nostril 2 times a day, course 7-10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Nasal Drops): 2-3 drops 3 times a day for severe inflammatory processes, course up to 14 days.

Maximum Dosage (Nasal Drops): no more than 3 drops 3 times a day, course no longer than 14 days.

Preventive Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1 drop once a day for 10 days for tendency to rhinitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Nasal Drops): contraindicated under 6 years; if necessary — under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Nasal Drops): individual intolerance, acute damage to the nasal mucosa; data on pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Nasal Drops): local irritation, burning sensation, allergic reactions in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: not required.

Preparation method (Nasal Drops): natural sulfur is dissolved in an oil infusion of coconut oil followed by microemulsification; sulfur concentration in the solution is 0.1%; solvent — coconut oil; natural components are used in production, without organic solvents; ingredients per 100 ml: natural sulfur oil infusion 0.1 g, coconut oil 100 ml.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Nasal Drops): store in a dark, cool place at 5-20 °C, shelf life 6 months, after opening — 1 month.

Ear Drops – Sulfur

Indications (Ear Drops): otitis, external ear inflammation, itching and irritation of the ear canal, prevention of ear infections.

Standard Dosage (Ear Drops): 3-4 drops in the ear 1-2 times a day, course 7-10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ear Drops): 4-5 drops 3 times a day for severe forms of otitis, course up to 14 days.

Maximum Dosage (Ear Drops): no more than 5 drops 3 times a day, no longer than 14 days.

Preventive Dosage (Ear Drops): 2 drops once a day, course 10 days for tendency to ear infections.

Pediatric Dosage (Ear Drops): contraindicated under 2 years; if necessary — under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Ear Drops): perforation of the eardrum, individual intolerance; data on pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Ear Drops): irritation, itching, allergic reactions in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: not required.

Preparation method (Ear Drops): prepared on the basis of an oil infusion of coconut oil with natural sulfur at a concentration of 0.2%; ingredients per 100 ml: natural sulfur 0.2 g, coconut oil 100 ml; infusion process at 40 °C for 14 days followed by straining and filtration.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ear Drops): store in a dark, cool place at 5-20 °C, shelf life 6 months, use within 1 month after opening.

Ointment – Sulfur

Indications (Ointment): psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, dermatophytosis, skin candidiasis, pyoderma, acne, eczema, scabies.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): apply a thin layer to affected areas 1-2 times a day, course 2-4 weeks.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): apply 2-3 times a day for pronounced chronic skin diseases, course up to 6 weeks.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): apply up to 3 times a day, no more than 7 days in a row for acute inflammations.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): once a day for 2 weeks for chronic dermatoses, with breaks.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): contraindicated under 12 years, if necessary — under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Ointment): individual intolerance, open wounds, weeping eczema; data on pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Ointment): skin irritation, allergic reactions in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: dose depends on the area of the lesion, body weight adjustment is not required.

Preparation method (Ointment): prepared on a base of coconut oil and beeswax in a ratio of 70% coconut oil, 20% wax, 10% natural sulfur (ground); melt the coconut oil and wax at a temperature of 60 °C, then add sulfur, mix thoroughly; cool the mixture at 25 °C until it thickens; ingredients per 100 g: natural sulfur 10 g, coconut oil 70 g, beeswax 20 g.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): store in a cool, dark place at a temperature of 5-25 °C, shelf life 12 months, after opening — 6 months.

Cream – Sulfur

Indications (Cream): psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, dermatophytosis, skin candidiasis, pyoderma, acne, eczema, scabies.

Standard Dosage (Cream): apply to affected areas 1-2 times a day, in a thin layer, course 3-4 weeks.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): apply 2-3 times a day for severe chronic skin diseases, course up to 6 weeks.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): 3 times a day for no more than 7 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): once a day for 2 weeks for tendency to dermatoses.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): contraindicated under 12 years; if necessary — under medical supervision.

Contraindications (Cream): individual intolerance, open wounds, weeping eczema; data on pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Cream): irritation, burning, allergic reactions in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: no adjustment required, dose is determined by the area of the lesion.

Preparation method (Cream): oil-in-water based cream with coconut oil; the oil phase (coconut oil 20 g, emulsifier 5 g) is heated to 70 °C; the water phase (distilled water 75 g) is heated to 70 °C; natural sulfur 10 g is mixed and added to the oil phase before emulsification; emulsify at high speed; cool to room temperature; ingredients per 100 g: natural sulfur 10 g, coconut oil 20 g, emulsifier 5 g, distilled water 65 g.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): store in a cool, dark place at 5-25 °C, shelf life 6 months, use within 3 months after opening.

Cosmetic Serum – Sulfur

Indications (Cosmetic Serum): acne (acne vulgaris), seborrheic dermatitis, rosacea, acne rash, hyperkeratosis, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.

Standard Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): apply to cleansed facial skin once a day, 2-3 ml, course 3-4 weeks.

Enhanced Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): apply 2 times a day for severe forms of acne and seborrheic dermatitis, course up to 6 weeks.

Maximum Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): 3 times a day for no more than 2 weeks in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): once a day 2 ml, course 2 weeks with a 1-month break for tendency to acne.

Pediatric Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): contraindicated under 16 years; if necessary — under the supervision of a dermatologist.

Contraindications (Cosmetic Serum): individual intolerance, inflamed or damaged skin, pregnancy and lactation — data absent.

Side Effects (Cosmetic Serum): local irritation, peeling, redness in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: not required.

Preparation method (Cosmetic Serum): natural sulfur is dispersed in an oil solution of coconut oil and a vitamin complex (A, E); sulfur concentration 0.5%; emulsify until a light texture is obtained; ingredients per 100 ml: natural sulfur 0.5 g, coconut oil 50 ml, vitamin A 0.01 g, vitamin E 0.01 g, distilled water 49.48 ml.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cosmetic Serum): store in a dark, cool place at 5-20 °C, shelf life 6 months, use within 3 months after opening.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Sulfur

Natural sulfur has relatively low toxicity when used externally and locally. According to experimental studies, the oral LD50 value for sulfur in rats exceeds 5000 mg/kg, which classifies the substance as low hazard. No systemic toxicity is observed with external use, however, local irritation of the skin and mucous membranes is possible at high concentrations or with prolonged contact. Bioavailability with external use is minimal.

Biosafety remains at a high level when dosages are correctly followed and solvent removal technologies are applied. Special attention is paid to controlling the residual content of organic solvents in the manufacture of extracts and tinctures, which prevents toxic effects.

Reference: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.g...

Pharmacodynamics – Sulfur

Natural sulfur demonstrates a wide range of pharmacodynamic properties due to its chemical structure and biological activity. The main active component is elemental sulfur, which exhibits pronounced keratolytic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects when applied locally. Pharmacologically, sulfur activates desquamation processes and promotes the normalization of epithelial tissue keratinization, which positively affects the restoration of skin and mucous membrane structure.

At the skin level, sulfur interacts with physiological enzymes and biochemical pathways, stimulating the enzymatic degradation of keratin and promoting the removal of pathological cells. This process leads to a reduction of hyperkeratosis and a decrease in inflammation. Combined with antimicrobial activity, sulfur suppresses the growth and reproduction of various pathogenic microorganisms, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi.

The immunomodulatory properties of sulfur are manifested in the regulation of macrophage and lymphocyte activity, which helps reduce chronic inflammation and accelerate tissue regeneration processes. The influence on the immune system is mediated by the activation of anti-inflammatory cytokines and the modulation of redox processes at the cellular level.

The pharmacodynamics of sulfur also encompasses antifungal action, due to its ability to disrupt the integrity of fungal pathogen cell membranes and suppress the enzymatic systems necessary for their vital activity. Systemic effect is limited, as the main action of natural sulfur is localized on the tissue surface.

Sulfur has minimal direct effect on the nervous system; however, with local application to skin lesions, an indirect effect of reducing pain sensitivity is possible due to the reduction of the inflammatory process and tissue edema.

In summary, the pharmacodynamics of natural sulfur is characterized by a complex, multi-level effect, including local keratolytic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and antifungal actions, with minimal systemic effect.

References: PubChem, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, PMC, WHO IRIS

Pharmacokinetics – Sulfur

When applied externally, natural sulfur is characterized by minimal systemic absorption, which limits its distribution primarily to the area of local action. Absorption of active sulfur forms through the skin occurs in negligible amounts, and a significant portion of the preparation remains in the stratum corneum of the epidermis, where it exerts its therapeutic effect.

Absorption through mucous membranes is also limited, as sulfur is a high-molecular-weight insoluble compound, which prevents its rapid and extensive systemic bioavailability. Metabolism of the active components is insignificant and occurs mainly through the skin and mucous membrane microflora via reduction and enzymatic processes.

The elimination of natural sulfur occurs primarily through the skin with desquamation and epithelial renewal, and partially — in the urine as sulfate and sulfite metabolites. Systemic liver and kidney metabolism is insignificant, due to limited absorption and the local action of the preparation.

Routes of administration include external application, transdermal contact, and local application through mucous membranes, which determines the predominantly local pharmacokinetic behavior. Interaction with microflora contributes to the metabolization of sulfur, which affects its activity and safety of use.

Data on accumulation in tissues are absent or insignificant, which enhances the safety profile and reduces the risk of toxic effects with recommended use.

References: PubChem, PMC, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, WHO IRIS

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale – Sulfur

Natural sulfur, in the form of elemental substance and related compounds, exhibits complex biochemical and pharmacological effects due to its ability to participate in the regulation of redox processes and the metabolism of skin and mucous membrane cells. One of the key mechanisms is the activation of enzyme systems responsible for keratin breakdown (keratinase), which contributes to the keratolytic effect and normalization of epithelial renewal. This mechanism reduces hyperkeratosis and promotes the desquamation of pathological cells.

Sulfur also interacts with microbial flora, inhibiting the activity of bacterial and fungal enzymes by binding to thiol groups of pathogen proteins, which leads to disruption of their metabolism and cellular structural integrity. This effect underlies the antimicrobial and antifungal action, important for regulating inflammatory processes on the skin surface.

The immunomodulatory action of sulfur is associated with its influence on cellular signaling cascades, in particular the suppression of the activity of transcription factors NF-κB and MAPK, which leads to a decrease in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α) and a reduction of the inflammatory response. Furthermore, sulfur promotes the activation of macrophages and neutrophils, optimizing phagocytosis and tissue remodeling processes.

The pharmacodynamic effect includes modulation of oxidative stress, reducing the level of free radicals and enhancing cellular antioxidant systems by stimulating the activity of glutathione peroxidase and catalase. This reduces tissue damage and maintains homeostasis.

The systemic influence of natural sulfur is minimal; with external use, the effect is predominantly local, aimed at restoring the barrier function of the skin and suppressing pathogenic microflora. Neuromodulatory effects are mediated by reducing inflammation and edema, which alleviates pain.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...  https://www.sciencedirect.com/...  https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Ph...

Synergy – Sulfur

Research data indicate a pronounced pharmacological synergy of natural sulfur with a number of plant and biologically active substances. The combined use of sulfur with plant extracts, such as Aloe vera and Calendula officinalis, enhances the anti-inflammatory effect through additional inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators and enhancement of regenerative processes in tissues.

Potentiation of antimicrobial activity is observed when sulfur is combined with essential oils of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), which is associated with additive inhibition of the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi. The mechanism of interaction suggests the combined disruption of pathogen membranes and suppression of enzymatic activity.

In the immunomodulatory aspect, sulfur enhances the action of flavonoids contained in bilberry extract (Vaccinium myrtillus), which reduce the level of oxidative stress and maintain cytokine balance, providing a complex effect on cellular signaling cascades NF-κB and JAK/STAT.

Additionally, sulfur has shown potentiation of action with vitamin E (tocopherol) in providing protection to skin cells from oxidative damage, which contributes to improved recovery processes and increased resistance to external stressors.

In summary, the pharmacological synergy of natural sulfur with plant extracts and antioxidants is realized through the complex enhancement of anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and regenerative effects, as confirmed by both in vitro and in vivo experimental data.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...   https://www.sciencedirect.com/...   https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Sy...

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine – Sulfur

Natural sulfur has been traditionally used in various regions of the world, including Southeast Asia, Southern and Eastern Europe, as well as parts of the Middle East and Central Asia. In the traditional medicine of these regions, sulfur was used in the form of powders, ointments, infusions, and wraps for treating skin diseases and wounds, as well as in ritual practices for space cleansing and protection from evil spirits.

In Thai traditional medicine, sulfur was used for local treatment of inflammations and skin rashes, often in combination with other herbs, as well as in body cleansing procedures. In Slavic folk healing, sulfur was considered a powerful agent of strength and protection; it was used for amulets and in rituals for cleansing homes and livestock.

Historically, the first mentions of sulfur use date back to the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt, where it was used to treat skin diseases and as an antiseptic agent. In medieval European herbals, sulfur is described as an effective remedy for skin pathologies and parasitic diseases.

Besides medical use, sulfur has been traditionally used in fumigation and air cleansing rituals, as well as a component in the manufacture of protective amulets. In the culture of various peoples, sulfur has been associated with strength, purification, and transformation.

Currently, ethnobotanical information on the use of natural sulfur in folk, medical, or ritual traditions is quite extensive, reflecting its long history and diversity of cultural contexts.