​Mimusops elengi

Mimusops elengi

Product Name: Мимусопс эленги, Mimusops elengi, Spanisches Ebenholz, Bakul, Bois de Bakul, باكول, พิกุล, Бакул, Бакул, Баҹул, Бакул, Bakulas, Bakulas, Бакул, באקול

Synonyms: мимусопс, испанское эбеновое дерево, бакул, бокул, Spanish cherry, bullet wood, Bakula, Medlar, Spanischer Kirschbaum, Spanischer Bakulbaum, Cerezo español, Albaricoquero español, Bakulbaum, Bois-bullet, Bois de bakoul, كرز اسباني, بكول, บุลเล็ตวู้ด, พิกุลทอง

Main indications for use of Mimusops elengi: gingivitis, stomatitis, periodontitis, bleeding gums, chronic tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, diarrhea, amoebiasis, dysentery, hemorrhoids, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, nephrolithiasis, inflammatory diseases of the urinary bladder, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, hypertension, arrhythmias, inflammatory skin diseases, dermatomycosis, furunculosis, conjunctivitis, blepharitis, leukorrhea, dysmenorrhea.

Use of Mimusops elengi in mixtures and complexes: chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary tuberculosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, chronic renal failure, infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract, chronic heart failure.

Pharmacological properties of Mimusops elengi: Astringent, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, hemostatic, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hypotensive, spasmolytic, analgesic, bronchodilatory, diuretic, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, immunostimulating, wound healing, keratolytic, sedative.

Dosage of pharmaceutical forms — Mimusops elengi

Powder — Mimusops elengi

Indications (Powder): gingivitis, stomatitis, periodontitis, bleeding gums, chronic tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, diarrhea, amoebiasis, dysentery, hemorrhoids, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, nephrolithiasis, inflammatory diseases of the urinary bladder, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, hypertension, arrhythmia, inflammatory skin diseases, dermatomycosis, furunculosis, conjunctivitis, blepharitis, leukorrhea, dysmenorrhea.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 1.5–2 g of powder 2–3 times a day orally, with warm water, for 7–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 3 g of powder 3 times a day for acute inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, severe forms of diarrhea, pronounced hyperglycemia, nephrolithiasis in the acute phase.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): 4 g of powder 3 times a day, no more than 7 days, for severe bacterial and fungal lesions of the mucous membranes.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 1 g of powder 1 time a day for a course of 10 days every 2 months for chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, hyperlipidemia, prediabetes, initial stage of hypertension.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): from 6 years of age, with body weight from 20 kg — 0.5 g of powder 1–2 times a day, if necessary — up to 1 g 2 times a day.

Contraindications (Powder): individual hypersensitivity, acute gastrointestinal bleeding. No scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 6 years of age.

Side Effects (Powder): in case of overdose, nausea, constipation, abdominal pain are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): for body weight less than 60 kg, reduce the dose by 25%; for body weight more than 90 kg — increase by 20%.

Preparation method (Powder): Raw material — dried fruits, bark, and leaves. For 100 g of powder: 100 g of dry raw material. Grind the raw material, dry at a temperature not exceeding 40 °C, grind to a powder state, sieve through a sieve with a 0.3 mm mesh. Store in airtight containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): store in a dark dry place at a temperature not exceeding 25 °C, protect from direct sunlight and electromagnetic radiation, shelf life — up to 24 months, after opening use within 6 months.

Dry Extract — Mimusops elengi

Indications (Dry Extract): gingivitis, periodontitis, chronic tonsillitis, diarrhea, amoebiasis, dysentery, hemorrhoids, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, nephrolithiasis, inflammatory diseases of the urinary bladder, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, hypertension, arrhythmia, dermatomycosis, furunculosis, conjunctivitis, leukorrhea, dysmenorrhea.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 500 mg of dry extract 2 times a day orally, with warm water, for 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 750 mg 3 times a day for severe infectious lesions of the mucous membranes, acute inflammations of the genitourinary system, pronounced hyperlipidemia.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): 1 g 3 times a day, no more than 5 days, for acute intestinal infections.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 250 mg 1 time a day for a course of 7–10 days every 3 months for chronic periodontitis, hyperlipidemia, nephrolithiasis.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): from 8 years of age, with body weight from 25 kg — 100–250 mg of dry extract 1–2 times a day.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): individual intolerance, acute ulcerative lesions of the stomach. No scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 8 years of age.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): in case of overdose, headache, constipation, increased thirst are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): for body weight less than 60 kg, reduce the dose by 20%; for body weight more than 90 kg — increase by 15%.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): For 100 g of dry extract: 500 g of dried fruits and bark, 2.5 L of 70% ethanol. Grind the raw material, pour ethanol over it, infuse for 7 days at 20–25 °C, filter, evaporate in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C to a thick state, then dry at 40 °C. Ethanol is used for extraction only and is completely removed; control — disappearance of odor; residual content ≤10 ppm.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): store in airtight dark glass containers, at a temperature of 15–25 °C, in a dry, light-protected place, shelf life — up to 36 months, after opening use within 3 months.

Tincture — Mimusops elengi

Indications (Tincture): gingivitis, periodontitis, chronic tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, diarrhea, amoebiasis, dysentery, hemorrhoids, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, inflammatory diseases of the urinary bladder, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, hypertension, arrhythmia, inflammatory skin diseases, dermatomycosis, furunculosis, conjunctivitis, leukorrhea, dysmenorrhea.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 5 ml of tincture (1:5 on 40% ethanol) 2–3 times a day orally, with water, for a course of 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 7–10 ml 3 times a day for severe inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, acute diarrhea, pronounced hyperglycemia.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): 15 ml 3 times a day, no more than 5 days, for acute intestinal infections and severe bacterial lesions of the mucous membranes.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 5 ml 1 time a day for a course of 7 days every 2–3 months for chronic inflammatory gum diseases, hyperlipidemia, nephrolithiasis.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): from 12 years of age, with body weight from 35 kg — 1–2 ml, diluted in 50 ml of water, 1–2 times a day.

Contraindications (Tincture): individual intolerance, alcohol dependence, severe liver diseases. No scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years of age.

Side Effects (Tincture): in case of overdose — nausea, vomiting, dizziness, tachycardia.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tincture): for body weight less than 60 kg, reduce the dose by 25%; for body weight more than 90 kg — increase by 20%.

Preparation method (Tincture): For 100 ml: 20 g of dry bark and fruits, 100 ml of 40% ethanol. Grind the raw material, pour ethanol over it, infuse for 14 days at 20–25 °C in a dark place, shaking periodically. Filter, pour into dark vials. Ethanol in this case is part of the finished product and is not removed.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): store in dark glass vials at a temperature of 15–25 °C, protect from light and EMI, shelf life — up to 36 months, after opening — 6 months.

Oil Infusion — Mimusops elengi

Indications (Oil Infusion): dermatomycosis, furunculosis, inflammatory skin diseases, eczema, trophic ulcers, chronic rhinitis (external use), inflammatory diseases of the external ear, skin fissures, first-degree burns.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): external use 2–3 times a day on affected areas of skin, course 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): application 4–5 times a day for pronounced fungal skin lesions, trophic ulcers, purulent inflammations.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): application every 3–4 hours to limited areas of skin for no more than 5 days for acute inflammatory conditions is allowed.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): 1–2 times a day for 5–7 days every 2 months to prevent recurrence of fungal skin diseases and fissures.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): from 3 years of age, apply 1–2 times a day to small areas of skin.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): individual intolerance, extensive weeping dermatitis. No scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): in case of overdose, local skin irritation, erythema, itching are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): not required, as the form is applied externally.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): For 100 ml: 20 g of dry flowers and bark, 100 ml of coconut oil. Grind the raw material, heat the coconut oil in a water bath to 40 °C, add the raw material, keep at 40 °C in a water bath for 4 hours, then infuse at room temperature for 7 days. Filter, pour into dark vials.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): store in tightly closed dark glass containers at a temperature of 10–20 °C, protect from light and heat, shelf life — up to 12 months, after opening — 3 months.

Lotion — Mimusops elengi

Indications (Lotion): gingivitis, periodontitis, chronic tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa, inflammatory skin diseases, dermatomycosis, seborrheic dermatitis, furunculosis, conjunctivitis (external use), blepharitis (external use).

Standard Dosage (Lotion): mouth rinse with 10–15 ml of solution 2–3 times a day or applications to skin/mucous membranes 2 times a day for 7–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Lotion): rinses or applications 4–5 times a day for acute inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity or skin.

Maximum Dosage (Lotion): up to 6 applications per day to limited areas of mucous membranes or skin for no more than 5 days for acute infectious processes.

Preventive Dosage (Lotion): mouth rinse or skin treatment 1 time a day for a course of 5–7 days every 2 months for chronic inflammatory diseases of the mucous membranes, dermatomycosis, seborrhea.

Pediatric Dosage (Lotion): from 5 years of age — mouth rinse with 5–7 ml of solution 1–2 times a day or skin treatment 1 time a day.

Contraindications (Lotion): individual intolerance, extensive weeping dermatitis. No scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Lotion): in case of overdose, local irritation, burning, hyperemia of the mucous membranes are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Lotion): not required, as the form is applied externally.

Preparation method (Lotion): For 100 ml: 5 g of dry bark, 5 g of dry flowers, 90 ml of boiled cooled water, 5 ml of alcohol extract of bark. Pour 50 ml of boiling water over the bark and flowers, infuse under a lid for 30 minutes, strain, add the alcohol extract and water to a volume of 100 ml, mix thoroughly. Store in dark vials.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Lotion): store at a temperature of 4–8 °C, protect from light, shelf life — up to 14 days, after opening use within 5 days.

Decoction — Mimusops elengi

Indications (Decoction): gingivitis, stomatitis, periodontitis, chronic tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, diarrhea, amoebiasis, dysentery, hemorrhoids, nephrolithiasis, inflammatory diseases of the urinary bladder, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, hypertension, inflammatory skin diseases, dermatomycosis, furunculosis, conjunctivitis, blepharitis, leukorrhea, dysmenorrhea.

Standard Dosage (Decoction): orally, 100 ml of decoction 2 times a day, externally — for rinses or compresses 2–3 times a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Decoction): orally, 150 ml 3 times a day for acute intestinal infections, pronounced inflammatory processes of the genitourinary system, severe periodontitis.

Maximum Dosage (Decoction): up to 200 ml 3 times a day for no more than 5 days for acute infections and severe inflammatory conditions.

Preventive Dosage (Decoction): orally, 50 ml 1 time a day for a course of 10 days every 3 months for chronic gum diseases, hyperlipidemia, nephrolithiasis.

Pediatric Dosage (Decoction): from 3 years of age — orally, 20–50 ml 1–2 times a day, externally — without restrictions for rinses or compresses.

Contraindications (Decoction): individual intolerance. No scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 3 years of age.

Side Effects (Decoction): in case of overdose, constipation, nausea, mild abdominal pain are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Decoction): for body weight less than 60 kg, reduce the dose by 20%; for body weight more than 90 kg — increase by 15%.

Preparation method (Decoction): For 100 ml: 10 g of dry bark and 5 g of dry flowers, 150 ml of water. Pour water over the raw material, bring to a boil, boil over low heat for 15 minutes, cool to 40 °C, strain, squeeze the raw material, bring to a volume of 100 ml with boiled water.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Decoction): store in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4–8 °C, shelf life — up to 3 days, after opening use within 24 hours.

Ointment — Mimusops elengi

Indications (Ointment): dermatomycosis, furunculosis, eczema, trophic ulcers, inflammatory skin diseases, skin fissures, first-degree burns, chronic rhinitis (external use), inflammatory diseases of the external ear, abrasions, insect bites.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): apply a thin layer to affected areas of skin 2–3 times a day, course 7–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): application 4–5 times a day for pronounced inflammatory skin processes, purulent lesions, trophic ulcers.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): application every 3–4 hours to limited areas of skin for no more than 5 days for acute inflammatory conditions is allowed.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): application 1 time a day for a course of 5–7 days every 2 months to prevent recurrence of fungal skin diseases and fissures.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): from 3 years of age — apply 1–2 times a day to small areas of skin, avoiding mucous membranes.

Contraindications (Ointment): individual intolerance, extensive weeping dermatitis. No scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Ointment): in case of overdose, local irritation, erythema, itching are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ointment): not required, as the form is applied externally.

Preparation method (Ointment): For 100 g: 20 g of dry flower powder, 15 g of bark powder, 60 g of coconut oil, 5 g of beeswax. Melt the coconut oil and wax in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 60 °C, add the flower and bark powder, mix thoroughly, keep at 50 °C for 30 minutes, remove from the bath, cool to 40 °C, pour into sterile containers, close with lids.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): store in tightly closed dark jars or tubes at a temperature of 8–15 °C, protect from light, heat, and moisture, shelf life — up to 12 months, after opening use within 2 months.

Toxicity — LD₅₀ (Mimusops elengi)

In acute toxicity studies, the following values were established:

With intraperitoneal administration of plant extract to rats: LD₅₀ ≈ 500 mg/kg PMC+15drugfuture.com+15ijper.org+15.

With intraperitoneal administration of extract to mice: LD₅₀ ≈ 68,100 µg/kg (≈ 68.1 mg/kg) drugfuture.com.

Toxicity tests were also performed using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay:

The ethyl acetate fraction of the seeds showed the most pronounced cytotoxicity with LD₅₀ ≈ 127.1 µg/ml ScienceDirect+7banglajol.info+7ResearchGate+7.

Reference to one of the studies:

Mamun A., Easmin S., Ahmed A. et al. Evaluation of α-Amylase Inhibitory, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Mimusops elengi Seeds. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal, 2022. (LD₅₀ for the ethyl acetate fraction of seeds) — ScienceDirect+13banglajol.info+13banglajol.info+13

Pharmacodynamics — Mimusops elengi

The pharmacodynamic action of Mimusops elengi is determined by a complex of biologically active substances, including flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, tannins, steroid compounds, and volatile components. These substances have a modulating effect on various body systems both at the systemic and local levels. In the nervous system, a sedative and mild analgesic effect has been detected, which is associated with an effect on the mediator mechanisms of nerve impulse transmission and possible regulation of ion channel activity. With respect to the immune system, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects have been noted, due to the inhibition of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the stabilization of the membranes of immunocompetent cells.

For endocrine regulation, Mimusops elengi demonstrates an effect on metabolic processes, including lowering blood lipid and sugar levels, which is associated with the inhibition of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes and modulation of lipase activity. In the digestive system, an astringent and spasmolytic effect has been detected, provided by the high content of tannins and an effect on the tone of the smooth muscles of the intestine.

At the level of the respiratory system, bronchodilatory and mild secretolytic effects have been established, which may be associated with the regulation of the tone of the bronchial muscles and stimulation of mucus excretion. In the urinary system, a diuretic and nephroprotective effect has been noted, associated with improved renal blood flow and antioxidant protection of nephrons.

Local effects include antimicrobial, antifungal, and wound healing effects when applied to the skin or mucous membranes. The antioxidant effect is realized through the inactivation of free radicals and the protection of lipid cell membranes from peroxidation. The anti-inflammatory effect is complemented by the stabilization of capillaries and a decrease in the permeability of vascular walls.

The totality of these effects indicates a wide range of pharmacodynamic properties of Mimusops elengi, including the regulation of metabolic processes, stabilization of cellular structures, suppression of inflammatory reactions, and protection of tissues from oxidative stress.

References: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/a...  https://www.sciencedirect.com/...  https://www.banglajol.info/ind...

Pharmacokinetics — Mimusops elengi

Data on the pharmacokinetics of Mimusops elengi are limited, but based on the studied groups of compounds that make up the plant, general characteristics can be identified. Following oral administration, active substances, in particular polyphenols and flavonoids, are absorbed mainly in the small intestine. Tannins partially bind to the proteins of the food bolus, forming complexes, which slows down their absorption. Lipophilic triterpenoids and steroid compounds are better absorbed in the presence of fats in food.

With transdermal use (ointment, oil infusion, lotion), active components penetrate through the stratum corneum of the skin, mainly into local tissues, providing a local effect with minimal systemic absorption. In the case of applications to mucous membranes (rinses, lotion), some of the active substances are absorbed through the epithelium of the oral cavity or conjunctiva.

After absorption, water-soluble substances are transported to the liver, where they undergo conjugation with glucuronic or sulfuric acid. Lipophilic components can be partially deposited in adipose tissue and cell membranes. Metabolism mainly occurs in the liver with the participation of microsomal oxidation and conjugation enzymes.

Excretion is carried out mainly in the urine (water-soluble metabolites) and bile (lipophilic metabolites). A small amount of volatile components may be excreted through the lungs. With external use, most of the substances act locally and are excreted with dead skin cells.

Pharmacokinetic features may depend on the form of the drug: powder and decoction provide a faster but less prolonged systemic effect; extracts and oil forms — a longer effect due to the slow release of active components.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...  https://www.sciencedirect.com/...   https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/a...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Mimusops elengi

The pharmacological activity of Mimusops elengi is due to the content of flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), triterpenoids, saponins, tannins, and steroid compounds, which affect a number of key biochemical targets. Flavonoids modulate the activity of the enzymes cyclooxygenase (COX-1, COX-2) and lipoxygenase (LOX), reducing the formation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Triterpenoids and saponins have a membrane-stabilizing effect on macrophages and neutrophils, suppress the translocation of the nuclear factor NF-κB, which leads to a decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Tannins bind to proteins on the surface of mucous membranes, creating a protective layer that reduces capillary permeability and inhibits the growth of microorganisms. Some components inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which may have a modulating effect on the transmission of nerve impulses. The antioxidant effect is realized through the neutralization of free radicals, increasing the activity of endogenous antioxidant defense enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), as well as through the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in cell membranes.

References: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...   https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/a...

Synergy — Mimusops elengi

Scientific data demonstrate synergistic effects of Mimusops elengi when combined with other medicinal plants and natural compounds. Co-administration with Azadirachta indica enhances antimicrobial activity due to the combined inhibition of bacterial enzymes and destruction of cell membranes. The combination with Terminalia chebula and Emblica officinalis increases the antioxidant potential due to the total content of phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid, which leads to a more pronounced suppression of oxidative stress at the cellular level. In combination with curcumin (Curcuma longa), potentiation of the anti-inflammatory effect has been noted through the combined inhibition of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling cascades. Combining with piperine (Piper nigrum) enhances the bioavailability of lipophilic triterpenoids and steroid components of Mimusops elengi by suppressing glucuronidation in the liver. When combined with extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra, an additive membrane-stabilizing effect on epithelial cells is observed, which may increase the protection of mucous membranes from damage. These synergistic interactions are confirmed by in vitro and in vivo studies and reflect the potential of Mimusops elengi as a component of multicomponent phytocomplexes with targeted action.

References: https://link.springer.com/arti...   https://www.sciencedirect.com/...

Geography of use and traditional medicine — Mimusops elengi

Mimusops elengi has a wide geography of traditional use, covering South and Southeast Asia, East Africa, and the islands of the Indian Ocean. In India, the plant is known in the Ayurveda and Siddha systems as a component of complex formulations used in the form of decoctions, infusions, and powders. In Thai traditional medicine, the bark and flowers were used in the form of decoctions and macerates, sometimes in combination with other plants, as well as in cosmetic products for skin and oral care. In Sri Lanka and the Maldives, the plant was used in the form of pastes and applications from flowers and leaves for external use. In Burma and Laos, decoctions of the bark were used for washing and bathing, and in Cambodia and Vietnam — in infusions intended for rubbing and washing the body.

Historical mentions of Mimusops elengi are found in Indian herbal guides dating back at least to the 10th–11th centuries, where the plant is mentioned under the name "bakul" and is described as valuable in medical and cultural practice. In Arabic medical treatises of the medieval period, there are also mentions of "bakul" as a plant with "cooling" properties. In the traditions of the peoples of Madagascar and the coastal regions of East Africa, decoctions and infusions of the bark were used, and the flowers were used as an aromatic additive in ritual oils.

In addition to medical purposes, the plant had non-medical uses. In South Asia, the fragrant flowers of Mimusops elengi were used in wedding and religious ceremonies, woven into garlands, used as a symbol of purity and well-being. In some regions, the bark and fruits were part of ritual smoking mixtures in purification ceremonies. In the folklore of the Indian states of Maharashtra and Karnataka, the tree was considered the "guardian of the house" and was planted in courtyards as a talisman against evil spirits.