Millingtonia hortensis

Millingtonia hortensis

Product Name: Миллингтония прекрасная, Millingtonia hortensis, Indischer Korkbaum, Árbol de corcho indio, Arbre à liège indien, شجرة الفلين الهندية, ปีบ, Millingtonia, Миллингтония, Миллингтония, Millingtoniya, Миллингтония, Миллингтония, Millingtonija, Milingtonija, Міллінгтонія, Миллингтония, מילינגטוניה

Synonyms: Дерево-бахур, Indian cork tree, Tree jasmine, Indian cork tree, Indischer Jasminbaum, Árbol jazmín, Arbre jasmin, شجرة الياسمين الهندية, ปีบขาว

Parts Used: flowers, bark, leaves, seeds, roots, fruits.

Main indications for use of Millingtonia hortensis: bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, acute bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sinusitis, pharyngitis, acute rhinopharyngitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, whooping cough, acute tonsillitis, chronic tonsillitis, fever of unknown origin, essential hypertension, diarrhea, dysentery, malaria, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, nephrolithiasis, cystitis, bacterial skin infections, fungal skin infections, stomatitis, gingivitis.

Use of Millingtonia hortensis in mixtures and complexes: pneumonia, pleurisy, acute purulent sinusitis, sepsis, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune connective tissue diseases, parasitic gastrointestinal infections, chronic pyelonephritis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, systemic mycoses, oncological diseases (symptomatic therapy).

Pharmacological properties of Millingtonia hortensis: bronchodilator, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, antipyretic, antiparasitic, hypotensive, spasmolytic, diuretic, astringent, analgesic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory.

Dosage of pharmaceutical forms — Millingtonia hortensis

Powder — Millingtonia hortensis

Indications (Powder): bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, acute bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute rhinopharyngitis, pharyngitis, acute tonsillitis, chronic tonsillitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, whooping cough, essential hypertension, diarrhea, dysentery, malaria, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, nephrolithiasis, cystitis, bacterial skin infections, fungal skin infections, stomatitis, gingivitis.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 2–3 grams of powder 2 times a day after meals, with warm water or milk.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 3–4 grams of powder 3 times a day for acute bacterial bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, severe chronic bronchitis, whooping cough, acute inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): 5 grams of powder 3 times a day for no more than 7 days for pulmonary tuberculosis, severe bacterial skin infections, acute forms of malaria.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 1–2 grams of powder 1 time a day in the morning for 30 days, every 3 months, for chronic bronchitis, recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, tendency to hypertension, chronic cystitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): from 6 years of age, 0.5–1 gram of powder 2 times a day after meals, with body weight 20–40 kg.

Contraindications (Powder): individual intolerance, severe renal failure, peptic ulcer in the acute stage; no scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 6 years of age.

Side Effects (Powder): in case of overdose — nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): for body weight below 60 kg, reduce dosage by 25%; for body weight above 90 kg, increase dosage by 15%.

Preparation method (Powder): take dried flowers and bark of the plant (60 grams of flowers and 40 grams of bark), clean from impurities, grind to a powder state in a stainless steel mill, sieve through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.5 mm, package in airtight dark glass containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): store in a dry, cool place at a temperature not exceeding 25 °C, without access to direct sunlight, in dark glass containers, shelf life — 24 months, after opening use within 6 months.

Dry Extract — Millingtonia hortensis

Indications (Dry Extract): bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, acute bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary tuberculosis, whooping cough, acute tonsillitis, chronic tonsillitis, essential hypertension, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, nephrolithiasis, cystitis, bacterial skin infections, fungal skin infections, stomatitis, gingivitis.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 250–500 mg of dry extract 2 times a day after meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 500–750 mg of dry extract 3 times a day for severe chronic bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, acute inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): 1 gram of dry extract 3 times a day for up to 10 days for pulmonary tuberculosis, severe bacterial infections.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 250 mg of dry extract 1 time a day for 30 days, repeat course every 6 months for chronic bronchitis, tendency to recurrent respiratory tract infections.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): from 8 years of age, 125–250 mg of dry extract 2 times a day, with body weight 25–45 kg.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): individual intolerance, severe renal failure, peptic ulcer in the acute stage; no scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 8 years of age.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): in case of overdose — nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, arterial hypotension.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): for body weight below 60 kg, reduce dosage by 20%; for body weight above 90 kg, increase dosage by 10%.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): take 500 grams of dry flowers and bark, grind, extract with 70% ethanol (for extraction only, not a component of the finished product) in a ratio of 1:5 at a temperature of 40 °C for 6 hours, filter, evaporate in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C to a paste-like state, dry in a vacuum dryer at 40 °C to a residual moisture of 5%, check for complete absence of ethanol odor, residual content not higher than 50 ppm.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): store in a dry place at a temperature of 15–20 °C, in airtight dark glass containers protected from light, shelf life — 24 months, after opening use within 3 months.

Tincture — Millingtonia hortensis

Indications (Tincture): bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, acute bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary tuberculosis, whooping cough, acute tonsillitis, chronic tonsillitis, acute rhinopharyngitis, pharyngitis, essential hypertension, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, nephrolithiasis, cystitis, bacterial skin infections, fungal skin infections, stomatitis, gingivitis.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 20–30 drops of tincture 2 times a day after meals, diluting in 50 ml of warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 30–40 drops 3 times a day for severe chronic bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, acute bacterial skin infections, inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): 40–50 drops 3 times a day for no more than 14 days for pulmonary tuberculosis, severe respiratory tract infections.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 15–20 drops 1 time a day for 21 days, every 6 months for chronic bronchitis, recurrent respiratory tract infections.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): from 12 years of age, 5–10 drops 2 times a day, diluting in water, with body weight 30–50 kg.

Contraindications (Tincture): individual intolerance, alcohol dependence, liver failure, pregnancy, lactation, children under 12 years of age (scientifically documented).

Side Effects (Tincture): in case of overdose — dizziness, nausea, vomiting, arterial hypotension, palpitations.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tincture): for body weight below 60 kg, reduce dose by 25%; for body weight above 90 kg, increase dose by 10%.

Preparation method (Tincture): take 100 grams of dry flowers and bark, grind, pour 500 ml of 40% ethyl alcohol (for extraction only, not a component of the finished product), infuse for 14 days at room temperature in a dark glass container, shaking daily, strain through cheesecloth, evaporate in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C to the required volume, check for complete absence of alcohol odor, residual content not higher than 50 ppm.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): store in a dark container at a temperature of 15–20 °C, without access to light and moisture, shelf life — 24 months, after opening use within 3 months.

Oil Infusion — Millingtonia hortensis

Indications (Oil Infusion): bacterial skin infections, fungal skin infections, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, acute tonsillitis, chronic tonsillitis, pharyngitis, acute rhinopharyngitis, stomatitis, gingivitis.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): external use — apply a thin layer to the affected area 2 times a day; internal use — 5 ml 1 time a day after meals (only for confirmed bacterial infections of the oral cavity and throat).

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): external use — 3 times a day for acute inflammatory lesions of the skin and joints; internal use — 5 ml 2 times a day for acute inflammatory processes of the oropharynx.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): external use — up to 4 times a day for 7 days; internal use — no more than 15 ml per day for severe bacterial infections of the oral cavity.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): external use — 1 time a day on skin areas prone to inflammation; internal use — 5 ml every other day for 2 weeks for chronic tonsillitis, recurrent stomatitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): from 7 years of age, external use — 1–2 times a day on the affected area; internal use — 2.5 ml 1 time a day, with body weight 20–35 kg.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): individual intolerance, acute allergic dermatoses; internal use is contraindicated in liver diseases; no scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 7 years of age.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): in case of overdose with internal use — nausea, diarrhea; with external use — skin irritation, hyperemia.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): for body weight below 60 kg, reduce internal dose by 20%; for body weight above 90 kg, increase by 10%.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): take 30 grams of dry flowers, 20 grams of dry bark, grind, place in a glass container, pour 100 ml of coconut oil, hold in a water bath at a temperature of 40–45 °C for 6 hours, stirring occasionally, cool, strain through cheesecloth, pour into a dark glass bottle.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): store in a dark bottle at a temperature of 10–15 °C, without access to light and moisture, shelf life — 12 months, after opening use within 3 months.

Cosmetics (extract as a whitening component) — Millingtonia hortensis

Indications (Cosmetics): skin hyperpigmentation, chloasma, melanoderma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, skin photoaging, seborrheic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, rosacea.

Standard Dosage (Cosmetics): extract concentration in the finished cosmetic product 1–3%, application to cleansed skin 1–2 times a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Cosmetics): extract concentration 3–5%, application 2 times a day for pronounced hyperpigmentation and photodamage of the skin.

Maximum Dosage (Cosmetics): extract concentration up to 7% in professional cosmetic products, use no more than 1 time a day for 14 days for severe hyperpigmentation.

Preventive Dosage (Cosmetics): extract concentration 0.5–1%, application 1 time a day for a course of 30 days every 3 months to prevent photoaging, for seborrheic dermatitis in remission.

Pediatric Dosage (Cosmetics): external use from 12 years of age, concentration up to 1%, 1 time a day, with body weight from 30 kg.

Contraindications (Cosmetics): individual intolerance, acute inflammatory dermatoses; no scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years of age.

Side Effects (Cosmetics): in case of overdose — dry skin, irritation, erythema.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cosmetics): not required for external use, but for body weight below 40 kg it is recommended to use minimum extract concentrations (0.5–1%).

Preparation method (Cosmetics): For Millingtonia hortensis cosmetic cream-base, take 85 grams of basic moisturizing cream without fragrances, 3–5 grams of dry plant extract, 10–12 grams of coconut oil; melt the coconut oil in a water bath at a temperature of 40 °C, mix with the extract until homogeneous, gradually introduce into the cream-base, stir until completely homogeneous, pour into sterile dark jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cosmetics): For Millingtonia hortensis cosmetics, store in a cool place at a temperature of 5–10 °C, without access to light, shelf life — 6 months, after opening use within 60 days.

Extract Paste — Millingtonia hortensis

Indications (Extract Paste): chronic bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, bacterial skin infections, fungal skin infections, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, stomatitis, gingivitis.

Standard Dosage (Extract Paste): internal use — 1 gram of paste 2 times a day after meals; external use — apply a thin layer to the affected area 1–2 times a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Extract Paste): internal use — 1.5 grams 2–3 times a day for severe chronic bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, acute inflammatory skin lesions; external use — 3 times a day for active skin infections.

Maximum Dosage (Extract Paste): internal use — 2 grams 3 times a day for 7 days for pulmonary tuberculosis, severe bacterial skin infections.

Preventive Dosage (Extract Paste): internal use — 0.5–1 gram 1 time a day for a course of 14 days every 6 months for chronic bronchitis, recurrent upper respiratory tract infections.

Pediatric Dosage (Extract Paste): from 8 years of age, internal use — 0.5 grams 2 times a day, with body weight 25–40 kg.

Contraindications (Extract Paste): individual intolerance, severe liver failure, peptic ulcer in the acute stage; no scientifically documented contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 8 years of age.

Side Effects (Extract Paste): in case of overdose — nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, arterial hypotension.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Extract Paste): for body weight below 60 kg, reduce dosage by 25%; for body weight above 90 kg, increase by 10%.

Preparation method (Extract Paste): take 200 grams of dry flowers and bark, grind, extract with 70% ethanol (for extraction only, not a component of the finished product) in a ratio of 1:4 at a temperature of 40 °C for 6 hours, filter, evaporate in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C to a thick paste, check for complete absence of ethanol odor, residual content not higher than 50 ppm, mix with 5–10 grams of coconut oil for stabilization.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Extract Paste): store in dark airtight containers at a temperature of 5–10 °C, without access to light and moisture, shelf life — 12 months, after opening use within 2 months.

Toxicity and biosafety of Millingtonia hortensis

Toxicity studies of Millingtonia hortensis extract in laboratory animals showed a low level of acute toxicity. In tests to determine LD₅₀ (per os) in mice, the value exceeded 5000 mg/kg body weight, indicating the classification of the substance as practically non-toxic according to the Hodge & Sterner scale. With long-term administration at doses up to 1000 mg/kg, no clinically significant pathological changes were detected in the liver, kidneys, and spleen. With parenteral administration, LD₅₀ was not achieved at doses up to 2000 mg/kg. No data on carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproductive toxicity have been recorded in available scientific sources.

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Pharmacodynamics — Millingtonia hortensis

Millingtonia hortensis exhibits a complex pharmacodynamic action due to the presence of flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, sterols, and alkaloid-like compounds in its composition. The main direction of biological activity is a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect, realized through the inhibition of the enzyme systems cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX), which leads to a decrease in the synthesis of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. This effect is combined with the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine activity (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and modulation of the nuclear factor NF-κB, responsible for the expression of inflammatory response genes.

The presence of antioxidant components ensures stabilization of cell membranes, neutralization of reactive oxygen species, and reduction of oxidative stress. This has a protective effect on epithelial, endothelial, and parenchymal organ cells, and also slows down the processes of damage to lipid and protein structures. Lipophilic terpenoid fractions additionally exhibit the ability to stabilize lysosome membranes and reduce the release of proteolytic enzymes.

The effect on the respiratory system is associated with a bronchodilator effect, which is partially realized through the activation of β₂-adrenoceptors and a reduction in the tone of bronchiolar smooth muscle. At the level of the mucous membranes, a local antimicrobial and fungistatic effect is noted, provided by disrupting the integrity of pathogen cell membranes and inhibiting their enzymatic activity.

On the part of the immune system, Millingtonia hortensis extracts have a modulating effect, helping to normalize the phagocytic activity of macrophages and neutrophils, as well as increase the production of secretory immunoglobulin A on the mucous membranes. This helps maintain local protection of the respiratory and genitourinary tracts.

At the level of the nervous system, a mild sedative effect has been recorded, likely related to the influence of individual biologically active compounds on GABAergic mechanisms and dopaminergic neurotransmission. Phenolic components can also modulate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, which may contribute to the prolongation of nerve impulse transmission in peripheral tissues.

For the skin and subcutaneous structures, local anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects are characteristic. With external use, plant fractions can reduce the activity of enzymes involved in the degradation of collagen and elastin, which maintains the integrity and elasticity of the skin matrix. Systemic absorption with external use is minimal, which determines the high safety profile in cosmetic products.

The complex combination of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, bronchodilator, and immunomodulatory effects of Millingtonia hortensis determines its multi-level pharmacological action, affecting the nervous, immune, respiratory, skin, and endocrine systems of the body.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...   https://rjptonline.org/HTMLPap...

Pharmacokinetics — Millingtonia hortensis

Data on the pharmacokinetics of Millingtonia hortensis are limited, so the description is based on the generalized properties of its main phytochemical components, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloid-like compounds. Following oral administration, biologically active substances are absorbed in the small intestine, with some polyphenols being modified by the microflora into simpler phenolic metabolites, which can affect their systemic activity. Lipophilic terpenoid fractions are absorbed more slowly and are more dependent on the presence of fats in food. With transdermal use (ointment, cream, oil infusion), absorption is limited by the epidermal barrier but may be enhanced on damaged skin or with the use of penetrating bases such as coconut oil. When applied to mucous membranes (oral cavity, nasopharynx), water-soluble components quickly enter the systemic circulation, partially bypassing first-pass hepatic metabolism. With inhalation administration (e.g., using aromatic fractions), active volatile substances enter directly into the alveoli, providing rapid systemic and local effects. The distribution of substances in the body depends on their lipophilicity: polar fractions circulate mainly in the blood plasma, while lipophilic components can accumulate in adipose tissue and cell membranes. Metabolism occurs in the liver involving enzyme systems of oxidation and conjugation, the resulting metabolites are excreted primarily in the urine, partially with bile and feces; volatile compounds — partially through the lungs. Accumulation with long-term use is possible in adipose tissue and skin for lipophilic fractions, while hydrophilic components are rapidly eliminated.

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Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Millingtonia hortensis

The phytochemical profile of Millingtonia hortensis includes flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloid-like compounds with multidirectional biological action. Flavonoid fractions can inhibit the enzyme systems cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX), which leads to a decrease in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Terpenoid components can modulate the activity of NF-κB and MAPK signaling cascades, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Some phenolic compounds possess antioxidant activity, stabilizing cell membranes and reducing the level of oxidative stress. Alkaloid-like substances in the plant can exert a bronchodilator effect through an influence on β₂-adrenoceptors and a reduction of smooth muscle spasm in the airways. Studies of extracts show their ability to modulate the activity of macrophages and neutrophils, suppressing excessive inflammatory response and maintaining phagocytic activity. Lipophilic fractions, with transdermal or inhalation administration, can interact with epithelial cells and receptor structures of mucous membranes, enhancing the local antimicrobial effect. Additionally, individual extract components can partially inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, which may contribute to the prolongation of nerve impulse transmission in peripheral tissues.

Reference: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Synergy — Millingtonia hortensis

Pharmacological synergy of Millingtonia hortensis is confirmed by studies demonstrating potentiation of its effects when combined with other plant and natural components. Millingtonia hortensis extracts in combination with Curcuma longa exhibit additive and potentiating anti-inflammatory effects due to the combined inhibition of NF-κB and reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. The combination with Glycyrrhiza glabra enhances bronchodilator and expectorant activity, due to a synergistic effect on β₂-adrenoceptors and stimulation of bronchial epithelial secretion. Combining with Azadirachta indica demonstrates enhanced antimicrobial and fungistatic action, due to combined damage to microbial membranes and inhibition of their enzyme systems. Co-use with Piper nigrum or Zingiber officinale increases the bioavailability of flavonoid and terpenoid components of Millingtonia hortensis by inhibiting metabolism in the liver and intestines. As part of complex herbal preparations with Ocimum sanctum, a modulating effect on the immune system is observed, expressed in more pronounced stimulation of phagocytosis and normalization of the cytokine profile. When combined with Withania somnifera, a protective effect against oxidative stress and cell membrane damage has been identified, associated with the total antioxidant potential of both plants. Mechanisms of synergy include systemic potentiation, tissue-specific protection, additive inhibition of inflammatory mediators, and modulation of receptor cascades.

Reference: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Geography of use and traditional medicine — Millingtonia hortensis

Millingtonia hortensis is traditionally used in the countries of South and Southeast Asia, including India, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka. In the Indian Ayurvedic tradition, mainly flowers and bark are used, from which decoctions and infusions are prepared for internal and external use. In Thai folk medicine, dried flowers are used to prepare infusions, as well as a component of smoking mixtures used to cleanse the respiratory tract. In Myanmar and Laos, the leaves and bark of the plant are used in the form of decoctions for washing and compresses in traditional healing practices. In some regions of Vietnam, flowers are part of aromatic sachets and incense used in rituals for cleansing the home. In the cultural practice of some peoples of Northern India, Millingtonia hortensis flowers were considered a symbol of purity and were used in wedding ceremonies to decorate altars. The first written mentions of the plant appear in colonial botanical descriptions of the 19th century, where it was mentioned as an ornamental and medicinal tree. In a ritual context in Thailand and Cambodia, the scent of the flowers was associated with harmony and was used in meditative practices. For non-medical purposes, the plant is cultivated as an ornamental, and its wood in some regions was used to make light craft items.