Cinnamomum porrectum

Cinnamomum porrectum

Product Name: Корица яванская, Cinnamomum porrectum, Javan-Zimt, Canela de Java, Cannelle de Java, قرفة جاوية, การบูรป่า, Ява корицаси, Ява корица, Yava darçını, Дорчин явон, Javos cinamonas, Javas kanēlis, Яванська кориця, יָוָן קִינָמוֹן

Synonyms: Корица лесная, Java cinnamon, Java-Zimt, Canela silvestre, Cannelle sauvage, قرفة برية, อบเชยป่า

Parts Used: leaves, bark, wood

Main Indications for the Use of Cinnamomum porrectum: migraine, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, cough, fever, myalgia, inflammatory process.

Use of Cinnamomum porrectum in Mixtures and Complexes: respiratory tract infections, bronchitis, respiratory infections, dysphoria, stress conditions.

Pharmacological Properties of Cinnamomum porrectum: antiseptic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, stimulating.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Cinnamomum porrectum

Powder — Cinnamomum porrectum

Indications (Powder): migraine, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, cough, fever, myalgia, inflammatory process.

Standard Dosage (Powder): orally, 1.0–2.0 grams of powder 2 times a day after meals, with warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): orally, 3.0 grams 2 times a day for acute inflammatory processes of the respiratory tract, pronounced myalgia, abdominal pain.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): orally, 5.0 grams 2 times a day for no more than 3 days for severe symptoms of the inflammatory process accompanied by fever.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): orally, 1.0 gram once a day in courses of 14 days, twice a year for chronic bronchitis, tendency to colds, chronic dyspepsia.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): from 12 years of age with a body weight of at least 40 kg, 0.5–1.0 gram once a day, with warm water.

Contraindications (Powder): individual intolerance, severe liver diseases; data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years of age are not scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): nausea, vomiting, dizziness in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): for body weight below 60 kg — reduce the dose by 20%; for body weight above 90 kg — increase the dose by 20%.

Preparation Method (Powder): to prepare 100 g of powder, take 100 g of dry plant bark, clean from external impurities, grind in a mill to a powdery state, sift through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.5 mm, package in an airtight container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): store in a dry place at a temperature of +15 to +25 °C, in a tightly closed container, protected from light and electromagnetic radiation; shelf life — 24 months; after opening, use within 3 months.

Dry Extract — Cinnamomum porrectum

Indications (Dry Extract): migraine, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, cough, fever, myalgia, inflammatory process.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 0.3–0.5 grams of dry extract 2 times a day after meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 0.75 grams 2 times a day for pronounced fever, acute inflammatory process of the respiratory tract.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 1.0 gram 2 times a day for no more than 5 days for severe forms of bronchitis and pronounced myalgia.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 0.25 grams once a day in a course of 10 days, twice a year for chronic bronchitis, recurrent dyspepsia.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): from 12 years of age with a body weight of at least 40 kg, 0.1–0.2 grams once a day.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): individual intolerance, severe liver lesions; data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years of age are not scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): dizziness, dry mouth, nausea in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): for body weight below 60 kg — reduce the dose by 20%; for body weight above 90 kg — increase the dose by 20%.

Preparation Method (Dry Extract): to obtain 100 g of dry extract, take 500 g of dry plant bark, grind to 2–3 mm particles, pour 70% ethanol in a ratio of 1:5, infuse for 7 days at a temperature of +20 °C, shaking periodically, filter, evaporate the solvent in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C until the ethanol odor completely disappears (residual content not more than 500 ppm), dry in a drying cabinet at +40 °C until a free-flowing state, grind to a powder, package.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): store in a dry, light-protected place at a temperature of +15...+25 °C, in an airtight container; shelf life — 24 months; after opening, use within 6 months.

Tincture — Cinnamomum porrectum

Indications (Tincture): migraine, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, cough, fever, myalgia, inflammatory process.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): orally, 20 drops 2 times a day after meals, diluted in 50 ml of warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): orally, 30 drops 2 times a day for acute inflammatory processes of the respiratory tract, pronounced myalgia, fever.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): orally, 40 drops 2 times a day for no more than 5 days for severe bronchitis and acute inflammatory conditions accompanied by pain.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): orally, 15 drops once a day in a course of 10 days, twice a year for chronic bronchitis, chronic dyspepsia.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): from 12 years of age with a body weight of at least 40 kg, 5–10 drops once a day, diluted in water.

Contraindications (Tincture): individual intolerance, severe liver and kidney diseases, alcohol dependence; data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years of age are not scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Tincture): nausea, dizziness, tachycardia in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tincture): for body weight below 60 kg — reduce the dose by 20%; for body weight above 90 kg — increase the dose by 20%.

Preparation Method (Tincture): to obtain 100 ml of the finished tincture, take 20 g of dry bark, ground to 2–3 mm particles, pour 100 ml of 70% ethanol, infuse for 10 days at a temperature of +20 °C, shake periodically, filter, store in a dark glass bottle. Ethanol is an organic solvent and is used only for extraction. Consumption of the product before complete removal of ethanol is unacceptable if the form is intended for alcohol-free use. The residual ethanol content in the finished product is not more than 5000 ppm according to pharmacopoeial standards.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): store in a dark place at a temperature of +15...+25 °C, tightly closed; shelf life — 24 months; after opening, use within 3 months.

Oil Infusion — Cinnamomum porrectum

Indications (Oil Infusion): myalgia, inflammatory process of joints, neuralgia, infectious skin lesions, fungal skin lesions, bacterial dermatitis.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): external application 1–2 times a day in a thin layer on the affected area.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): external application 3 times a day for acute joint inflammation, pronounced myalgia, localized dermatitis.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): external application up to 4 times a day for no more than 7 days in a row for pronounced pain and inflammation.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): external application once every 2 days in a course of 14 days for chronic arthralgia, recurrent fungal skin infections.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): from 6 years of age, external application once a day to limited skin areas of no more than 5 cm².

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): individual intolerance, open wounds, burns of II–III degree; data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 6 years of age are not scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): local skin irritation, burning, erythema in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): not required for external forms.

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion): to prepare 100 g of the finished infusion, take 20 g of dry ground bark, pour 100 g of coconut oil, infuse for 14 days at a temperature of +25 °C in a dark place, shaking daily, then filter through cheesecloth, pour into a dark glass bottle.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): store in a dark place at a temperature of +10...+20 °C, in a tightly closed container; shelf life — 12 months; after opening, use within 60 days.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Cinnamomum porrectum

Toxicity studies for this preparation are absent in open sources. However, certain information is available for other cinnamon species and the general physiological effects of related plants:

— Mention of the toxicity of other Cinnamomum species: the acute oral LD₅₀ of an aqueous extract of Cinnamomum verum bark exceeded 5000 mg/kg, indicating a practically non-toxic status of this extract science.gov+5saudijournals.com+5researchgate.net+5.

— In cell culture studies (Vero cells), Cinnamomum porrectum showed no cytotoxicity with an IC₅₀ above 0.02 mg/ml science.gov+2science.gov+2.

The LD₅₀ for Cinnamomum porrectum is not scientifically registered in available sources.

Reference: mdpi.com+8science.gov+8eprints.utm.my+8

Pharmacodynamics — Cinnamomum porrectum

Javan cinnamon demonstrates a wide range of pharmacodynamic effects confirmed by scientific research and pharmacological reviews. Its extracts exhibit a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect due to the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in activated macrophages, indicating an impact on the immune system at the molecular level PubMed.

Furthermore, numerous studies of the genus Cinnamomum indicate pronounced antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Thus, phenolic compounds and essential oils disrupt the integrity of bacterial cell walls, increase membrane permeability, and cause leakage of cellular contents. PMC+1. These properties are relevant for influencing the intestinal and skin microflora, as well as target tissue systems.

Studies have shown that bioflavonoids, terpenes, and phenols present in the composition possess anti-inflammatory, immunostimulating, and modulating activity at the level of signaling pathways, including the regulation of NF-κB, iNOS, as well as cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-6 science.gov+6ResearchGate+6PMC+6. Regarding the nervous system, neuroprotective effects are noted (at the level of cellular signaling cascades, including MAPK, SIRT1); although direct data for C. porrectum are absent, these mechanisms are characteristic of the genus as a whole.exaly.com+4ResearchGate+4eprints.utm.my+4.

Thus, the pharmacodynamics include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory effects, with modulation of cellular enzymes, mediators, and signaling pathways at the systemic and local levels.

References: PubMedPMCResearchGate

Pharmacokinetics — Cinnamomum porrectum

Data on the pharmacokinetics of Cinnamomum porrectum specifically are limited. Therefore, generalized properties of related extracts and types of biologically active compounds are used. Upon oral administration (e.g., in powder, dry extract, or alcohol tincture), active substances (flavonoids, terpenes, phenols) undergo absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, possibly undergoing partial modification by the microflora, which affects systemic availability.

Terpenes and phenols, especially in essential oils or oil infusions, primarily exert local effects upon transdermal or mucosal application, with slow absorption and local activity. After absorption, metabolism in the liver involving enzymatic systems is assumed, and excretion occurs via the kidneys (urine) and possibly biliary pathways.

Inhalation or nasal forms (where available) provide a rapid local effect with minimal systemic distribution. Active compounds may accumulate in target tissues (e.g., skin, muscles, mucous membranes) and participate in local antioxidant or anti-inflammatory action.

Thus, the pharmacokinetics are characterized by a different profile depending on the form of administration: oral forms have systemic distribution, transdermal and mucosal forms — predominantly local action, with presumed involvement of the liver and kidneys in metabolism and excretion, as well as a possible influence of the intestinal microflora.

Reference: eprints.utm.my+4PubMed+4ResearchGate+4

Mechanisms of Action — Cinnamomum porrectum

Javan cinnamon contains biologically active substances — phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, and aldehydes (including cinnamaldehyde and eugenol), which provide its pharmacological activity. One of the key mechanisms is antimicrobial action: cinnamaldehyde and eugenol inhibit β-lactamase production and disrupt the microbial cell wall, phenolic compounds such as carvacrol disrupt membrane permeability, and terpenes enhance the penetration of antimicrobial agents, causing leakage of cellular contents and distortion of bacterial cell structure PMC.

The anti-inflammatory effect is associated with the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production by activated macrophages, as demonstrated in studies on cell lines (RAW 264.7) using ethanol extracts. This confirms the impact on the immune system at the cellular level PubMed+1.

The antioxidant action is achieved by reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and NO, decreasing myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and increasing the activity of enzymes — superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Suppression of caspase-3 and -9 is also observed, along with an increase in Bcl-2 expression, indicating an anti-apoptotic effect onlinelibrary.wiley.com+6ppj.phypha.ir+6ffhdj.com+6.

At the molecular level, inactivation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, as well as the kinase factors EKR1/2, p38, JNK, and a decrease in the levels of inflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, iNOS, COX-2, have been established. This confirms significant modulation of inflammatory cellular responses ppj.phypha.ir.

Neuroprotective mechanisms, characteristic of the genus Cinnamomum, include effects on the SIRT1 and MAPK signaling cascades, suppression of NF-κB, iNOS, and cytokines, as well as antioxidant activity, which contributes to the protection of neurons and nerve cells sciencedirect.com+9ResearchGate+9ppj.phypha.ir+9.

Thus, Cinnamomum porrectum exhibits antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective activity. Targets include bacterial membranes, cellular enzyme systems (iNOS, COX, caspases), signaling pathways (NF-κB, MAPK, SIRT1), as well as inflammatory mediators (cytokines). These effects are realized at the sites of action (e.g., skin, mucous membrane, and gastrointestinal systems) and at the systemic level through immunomodulation and antioxidant protection.

Synergy — Cinnamomum porrectum

The available scientific literature does not contain direct evidence of synergy of Cinnamomum porrectum with other plant or synthetic substances. However, studies of the genus Cinnamomum as a whole demonstrate additive and potentiating effects when combined with other plant agents: antioxidant activity is enhanced, inflammatory pathways are suppressed, and the immune response is modulated. These interactions are usually associated with common mechanisms of action — suppression of NF-κB, inactivation of enzymes (iNOS, COX-2), reduction of cytokine levels, and enhancement of antioxidant defense ResearchGateppj.phypha.ir. Specific synergistic combinations involving C. porrectum with other taxa or substances require further research and confirmation.

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Cinnamomum porrectum

Javan cinnamon is traditionally used in Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore. The most widespread use is documented in traditional Thai medicine, where the plant is valued for its aromatic bark and leaves, used in the form of decoctions and alcohol tinctures. In rural Thai medical practice, leaves and bark were used in the form of decoctions and infusions for external wraps, baths, and compresses, as well as in the form of steam inhalation. In Malay ethnomedicine, the use of oil infusions from the bark for massage is known, especially in combination with other aromatic plants of the family Zingiberaceae. In Indonesian tradition, the bark was used as an incense ingredient in rituals for cleansing dwellings and during celebrations, and ground dry leaves were added to fragrant mixtures.

Historical mentions of the plant can be traced in local herbalists and oral traditions of the peoples of Malaysia and Thailand, dating back to the 19th century. In some areas of Java, the bark of Cinnamomum porrectum was mentioned as a component of ritual amulets and talismans, considered a plant capable of "cleansing" space and bringing well-being. In the cultures of the sea peoples of the Malay Archipelago, branches and bark of the plant were used to fragrance rooms and clothing.

In ethnobotanical records of Thailand, cases of using the plant as part of complex mixtures with other local taxa in ritual medicine are documented, as well as a component of incense blends for initiation ceremonies. Among the tribes of northern Thailand, practices of burning dry leaves of C. porrectum as a protective action against evil spirits are known. Thus, the geography of use covers not only medical but also cultural and ritual aspects, integrating the plant into the ethnic traditions of the region.