​Cyperus esculentus — Chufa (Tuber)

Cyperus esculentus — Chufa (Tuber)

Product Name: Чуфа съедобная, Cyperus esculentus, Erdmandel, chufa, souchet comestible, حب الأرض, หญ้าแห้วหมู, Чуфа, Жер бадами, Жер бадамы, Yeralma, Чормағзак, Žemės miglė, Zemes rieksts, Земляний мигдаль, אדמת שקד

Synonyms: чуфа, земляной миндаль, тигровый орех, сладкий ситник, Zypergras, tigernut, yellow nutsedge, earth almond, souchet, almendra de tierra, souchet comestible, حب الزلم, แห้ว, ต้นแห้ว, yong tau, almendra de tierra dulce, mandorla di terra, chufa amarilla

Parts Used: tuber, rhizome, aerial part.

Main Indications for Cyperus esculentus Use: hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic gastritis, dyspepsia, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases, iron deficiency anemia, hypertension, obesity, metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress, inflammatory skin diseases, vitamin E deficiency.

Use of Cyperus esculentus in mixtures and complexes: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic pancreatitis, post-stroke rehabilitation, chronic heart failure, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, nephrolithiasis, chronic renal failure, male infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome, decreased libido, chronic fatigue syndrome.

Pharmacological Properties of Cyperus esculentus: hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, prebiotic, tonic, restorative, analgesic, anti-stress, immunomodulating, wound-healing, antitumor, angioprotective, adaptogenic, anti-anemic, antiatherogenic, neuroprotective, gastroprotective, antidiarrheal, spasmolytic, osteoprotective, photoprotective.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Cyperus esculentus

Powder — Cyperus esculentus

Indications (Powder): hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic gastritis, functional dyspepsia, atonic constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, iron deficiency anemia, essential hypertension, alimentary-constitutional obesity, metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress, atopic dermatitis, vitamin E deficiency.

Standard Dosage (Powder): orally, 3 grams of powder 2 times a day 30 minutes before meals, with 150 milliliters of warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): orally, 4 grams of powder 3 times a day for hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome, alimentary-constitutional obesity.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): orally, 5 grams of powder 3 times a day for pronounced hyperlipidemia, severe forms of iron deficiency anemia, resistant forms of atonic constipation.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): orally, 2 grams of powder 1 time a day in a course of 20 days every 3 months for chronic gastritis, essential hypertension, oxidative stress, in patients over 45 years of age with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): orally, 1 gram of powder 2 times a day for children over 6 years of age and weighing more than 20 kilograms.

Contraindications (Powder): individual intolerance, acute pancreatitis, exacerbation of gastric ulcer; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy, lactation, and children under 6 years of age.

Side Effects (Powder): in case of overdose — flatulence, diarrhea, abdominal pain.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: body weight up to 60 kilograms — dosage reduction by 25%, body weight over 100 kilograms — dosage increase by 25%.

Preparation method (Powder): peel the tubers, wash and dry at 40 °C for 24 hours, grind in a mill to a powder state. For 100 grams of finished powder, 105 grams of fresh tubers are required. Store in an airtight glass container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a dry, dark place at a temperature of 10 to 25 °C, in an airtight container, shelf life — up to 12 months, after opening use within 60 days.

Dry Extract — Cyperus esculentus

Indications (Dry Extract): hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, iron deficiency anemia, alimentary-constitutional obesity, oxidative stress, essential hypertension.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 250 milligrams of dry extract 2 times a day 30 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 400 milligrams of dry extract 3 times a day for pronounced hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, obesity.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 500 milligrams of dry extract 3 times a day for severe forms of hyperlipidemia, resistant hypercholesterolemia.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 200 milligrams of dry extract 1 time a day in courses of 15 days every 2 months for chronic gastrointestinal diseases, moderate hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): orally, 100 milligrams of dry extract 2 times a day for children over 8 years of age and weighing more than 25 kilograms.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): individual intolerance, acute pancreatitis, severe forms of liver diseases; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy, lactation, and children under 8 years of age.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): in case of overdose — diarrhea, nausea, vomiting.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: body weight up to 60 kilograms — dosage reduction by 20%, body weight over 90 kilograms — dosage increase by 20%.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): peel and grind the tubers, extract with 70% ethanol in a raw material-to-solvent ratio of 1:5 at 40 °C for 6 hours. Remove the solvent by evaporation in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C until the ethanol smell completely disappears. Grind the dry residue to a powder state. For 100 grams of extract, 500 grams of dry tubers are required. Permissible residual ethanol content in the finished product — no more than 500 ppm. Warning: ethanol is used only for extraction and is not a component of the finished product.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a dry, light-protected place at a temperature of 10 to 25 °C, in an airtight container, shelf life — up to 24 months, after opening use within 90 days.

Tincture — Cyperus esculentus

Indications (Tincture): hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome, essential hypertension, chronic gastritis with low acidity, functional dyspepsia, atonic constipation, iron deficiency anemia.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): orally, 5 milliliters of alcohol tincture 2 times a day 20 minutes before meals, with 100 milliliters of warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): orally, 7 milliliters of alcohol tincture 3 times a day for pronounced hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, alimentary-constitutional obesity.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): orally, 10 milliliters of alcohol tincture 3 times a day for resistant hypercholesterolemia, severe hyperlipidemia, persistent forms of atonic constipation.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): orally, 3 milliliters of alcohol tincture 1 time a day in a course of 15 days every 2 months for mild hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, chronic gastritis with low acidity in patients over 40 years of age.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): orally, 1 milliliter of alcohol tincture 2 times a day for children over 12 years of age and weighing more than 35 kilograms.

Contraindications (Tincture): individual intolerance, liver diseases in the stage of decompensation, alcohol dependence; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy, lactation, and children under 12 years of age.

Side Effects (Tincture): in case of overdose — dizziness, tachycardia, nausea.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: body weight up to 60 kilograms — dosage reduction by 20%, body weight over 90 kilograms — dosage increase by 20%.

Preparation method (Tincture): pour 250 milliliters of 40% ethyl alcohol over 50 grams of dry ground tubers, infuse in a dark place at a temperature of 20–25 °C for 14 days, shaking daily. Strain, store in an airtight dark glass container. Ethanol is used only as an extractant and is a component of the finished product, concentration — 40%.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a light-protected place at a temperature of 10–20 °C, shelf life — up to 24 months, after opening use within 60 days.

Oil Infusion — Cyperus esculentus

Indications (Oil Infusion): hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, essential hypertension, iron deficiency anemia, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, dry eczema, trophic ulcers, oxidative stress.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): orally, 3 milliliters of oil infusion 2 times a day 30 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): orally, 5 milliliters of oil infusion 2 times a day for pronounced hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, severe forms of atopic dermatitis.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): orally, 7 milliliters of oil infusion 2 times a day for resistant hyperlipidemia, chronic trophic ulcer.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): orally, 2 milliliters of oil infusion 1 time a day in courses of 20 days every 3 months for essential hypertension, chronic dermatitis, oxidative stress.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): orally, 1 milliliter of oil infusion 1 time a day for children over 6 years of age and weighing more than 20 kilograms.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): individual intolerance, acute pancreatitis; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy, lactation, and children under 6 years of age.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): in case of overdose — diarrhea, abdominal pain.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: body weight up to 60 kilograms — dosage reduction by 20%, body weight over 90 kilograms — dosage increase by 20%.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): pour 200 milliliters of unrefined coconut oil over 50 grams of dry ground tubers, keep in a water bath at 45 °C for 6 hours, stirring periodically. Cool, filter through cheesecloth, pour into dark glass bottles. For 100 grams of finished product, 25 grams of dry tubers and 75 grams of coconut oil are required.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a tightly closed dark glass container at a temperature of 8 to 15 °C, in a light-protected place, shelf life — up to 12 months, after opening use within 30 days.

Vaginal Suppository — Cyperus esculentus

Indications (Vaginal Suppository): atrophic vaginitis, bacterial vaginosis, candidal vulvovaginitis, chronic cervicitis, inflammatory diseases of the vagina in the postmenopausal period, vaginal dryness due to hormonal deficiency.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository (mass 2.5 grams) 1 time a day at night for a course of 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day for severe forms of bacterial vaginosis, chronic candidal vulvovaginitis.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day for up to 14 days for chronic cervicitis, persistent forms of mixed etiology vaginitis.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository once every 2 days in a course of 10 administrations every 6 months for chronic vaginitis, vaginal dryness in the postmenopausal period.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): use in children and adolescents under 18 years of age is not recommended due to lack of safety data.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppository): individual intolerance to components, acute genital bleeding of unknown etiology; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppository): in case of overdose — local irritation of the vaginal mucosa, itching, burning.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: body weight up to 60 kilograms — standard dosage, body weight over 90 kilograms — increase of the suppository active substance dosage by 10%.

Preparation method (Vaginal Suppository): mix 20 grams of tuber powder with 80 grams of coconut oil melted in a water bath at 40 °C, stir thoroughly until a homogeneous mass is obtained, pour into suppository molds (2.5 grams of mixture per mold), cool at 4 °C until solidification. For 100 grams of finished product, 20 grams of tuber powder and 80 grams of coconut oil are required.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4–8 °C, in tightly closed packaging, shelf life — up to 6 months, after opening use within 10 days.

Rectal Suppository — Cyperus esculentus

Indications (Rectal Suppository): chronic hemorrhoids, anal fissures, proctitis, chronic constipation of atonic type, inflammatory diseases of the rectum in remission.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository (mass 2.5 grams) 1 time a day at night for a course of 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day for exacerbation of chronic hemorrhoids, proctitis.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day for up to 14 days for complicated forms of hemorrhoids with pronounced inflammation.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository once every 2 days in a course of 10 administrations every 6 months for chronic hemorrhoids and atonic type constipation.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppository): use in children under 12 years of age is not recommended due to lack of safety data.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppository): individual intolerance to components, acute rectal bleeding of unknown etiology; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppository): in case of overdose — irritation of the rectal mucosa, itching, burning.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: body weight up to 60 kilograms — standard dosage, body weight over 90 kilograms — increase of the suppository active substance dosage by 10%.

Preparation method (Rectal Suppository): mix 20 grams of tuber powder with 80 grams of coconut oil melted in a water bath at 40 °C, stir thoroughly until a homogeneous mass is obtained, pour into rectal suppository molds (2.5 grams of mixture per mold), cool at 4 °C until solidification. For 100 grams of finished product, 20 grams of tuber powder and 80 grams of coconut oil are required.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4–8 °C, in tightly closed packaging, shelf life — up to 6 months, after opening use within 10 days.

Nasal Drops — Cyperus esculentus

Indications (Nasal Drops): chronic rhinitis of atrophic type, vasomotor rhinitis, allergic rhinitis outside the exacerbation period, sinusitis in remission, dryness of the nasal mucosa, post-infectious mucosal atrophy.

Standard Dosage (Nasal Drops): instill 2 drops into each nostril 3 times a day for a course of 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Nasal Drops): instill 3 drops into each nostril 3 times a day for pronounced mucosal dryness, chronic atrophic rhinitis.

Maximum Dosage (Nasal Drops): instill 4 drops into each nostril 3 times a day for persistent forms of vasomotor rhinitis, atrophic rhinitis with crusts.

Preventive Dosage (Nasal Drops): instill 1 drop into each nostril 2 times a day in a course of 7 days every 3 months for chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis outside exacerbation.

Pediatric Dosage (Nasal Drops): instill 1 drop into each nostril 2 times a day for children over 6 years of age and weighing more than 20 kilograms.

Contraindications (Nasal Drops): individual intolerance, acute purulent rhinitis; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy, lactation, and children under 6 years of age.

Side Effects (Nasal Drops): in case of overdose — nasal mucosal irritation, sneezing, burning sensation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: body weight up to 60 kilograms — dosage reduction by 20%, body weight over 90 kilograms — dosage increase by 20%.

Preparation method (Nasal Drops): pour 50 milliliters of warm unrefined coconut oil over 10 grams of tuber powder, keep in a water bath at 40 °C for 3 hours, strain through cheesecloth, pour into sterile dropper bottles. For 100 grams of finished product, 20 grams of tuber powder and 80 grams of coconut oil are required.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 8 to 15 °C, shelf life — up to 6 months, after opening use within 14 days.

Ear Drops — Cyperus esculentus

Indications (Ear Drops): external otitis in remission, eczema of the external auditory canal, chronic cerumen otitis, dryness of the ear canal skin, skin irritation after using a hearing aid.

Standard Dosage (Ear Drops): instill 2 drops into each ear canal 2 times a day for a course of 7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ear Drops): instill 3 drops into each ear canal 2 times a day for pronounced dryness of the ear canal skin, chronic cerumen otitis.

Maximum Dosage (Ear Drops): instill 4 drops into each ear canal 2 times a day for persistent forms of eczema of the external auditory canal.

Preventive Dosage (Ear Drops): instill 1 drop into each ear canal 1 time a day in a course of 5 days every 3 months for a tendency to dryness of the ear canal skin, during prolonged use of a hearing aid.

Pediatric Dosage (Ear Drops): instill 1 drop into each ear canal 1 time a day for children over 6 years of age and weighing more than 20 kilograms.

Contraindications (Ear Drops): individual intolerance, perforation of the eardrum; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy, lactation, and children under 6 years of age.

Side Effects (Ear Drops): in case of overdose — itching, burning, increased irritation of the ear canal skin.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: body weight up to 60 kilograms — dosage reduction by 20%, body weight over 90 kilograms — dosage increase by 20%.

Preparation method (Ear Drops): pour 50 milliliters of warm unrefined coconut oil over 10 grams of tuber powder, keep in a water bath at 40 °C for 3 hours, filter, pour into sterile bottles with a pipette. For 100 grams of finished product, 20 grams of tuber powder and 80 grams of coconut oil are required.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 8 to 15 °C, shelf life — up to 6 months, after opening use within 14 days.

Cream — Cyperus esculentus

Indications (Cream): atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, dry eczema, cracked skin, trophic ulcers, skin irritation after shaving, chronic psoriasis in remission.

Standard Dosage (Cream): apply a thin layer to the affected skin area 2 times a day for a course of 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): apply a thin layer to the affected skin area 3 times a day for pronounced dry skin, exacerbation of seborrheic dermatitis, chronic eczema.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): apply a thin layer to the affected skin area 4 times a day for persistent forms of cracked skin and chronic eczema.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): apply to dry skin areas 1 time a day in a course of 10 days every 2 months for chronic dermatoses, tendency to dry skin, in winter.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): apply to affected skin areas 1 time a day for children over 3 years of age.

Contraindications (Cream): individual intolerance to components; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy, lactation, and children under 3 years of age.

Side Effects (Cream): in case of overdose — local skin irritation, redness, itching.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for external use, dosage adjustment by body weight is not required.

Preparation method (Cream): mix 10 grams of tuber powder with 20 grams of oil infusion from chufa tubers, add 60 grams of base cream based on coconut oil and beeswax (composition: 50 grams of coconut oil, 10 grams of beeswax), stir until homogeneous consistency, package into sterile tubes or jars. For 100 grams of finished product, 10 grams of tuber powder, 20 grams of oil infusion, 50 grams of coconut oil, 10 grams of beeswax are required.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a tightly closed container at a temperature of 5 to 15 °C, protected from light, shelf life — up to 6 months, after opening use within 30 days.

Ointment — Cyperus esculentus

Indications (Ointment): trophic ulcers, chronic eczema, cracked skin, dermatitis of various etiologies, frostbite of I–II degree, burns of I degree.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): apply a thin layer to the affected skin area 2 times a day for a course of 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): apply to the affected skin area 3 times a day for pronounced dry skin, chronic cracks, trophic ulcers.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): apply to the affected skin area 4 times a day for chronic non-healing ulcers and deep skin cracks.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): apply to skin areas with increased dryness 1 time a day in a course of 7 days every 2 months for chronic dermatoses, predisposition to skin cracks.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): apply to affected skin areas 1 time a day for children over 3 years of age.

Contraindications (Ointment): individual intolerance to components; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy, lactation, and children under 3 years of age.

Side Effects (Ointment): in case of overdose — local skin irritation, allergic reaction.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for external use, dosage adjustment by body weight is not required.

Preparation method (Ointment): mix 20 grams of tuber powder with 80 grams of melted coconut oil and beeswax (ratio 3:1), stir thoroughly until a homogeneous mass is obtained, pour into sterile jars, cool at 4 °C until solidification. For 100 grams of finished product, 20 grams of tuber powder, 60 grams of coconut oil, 20 grams of beeswax are required.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a tightly closed container at a temperature of 5 to 15 °C, protected from light, shelf life — up to 6 months, after opening use within 30 days.

Serum — Cyperus esculentus

Indications (Serum): atopic dermatitis, dry skin, premature skin aging, decreased skin turgor, pigmented spots, post-acne, seborrheic dermatitis, hyperkeratosis.

Standard Dosage (Serum): apply 3–4 drops of serum to cleansed facial and neck skin 1 time a day in the evening, with light massaging movements.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): apply 3–4 drops of serum to cleansed facial and neck skin 2 times a day for pronounced dry skin, hyperpigmentation, post-acne.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): apply 5–6 drops of serum 2 times a day for persistent forms of hyperpigmentation, deep wrinkles, pronounced dry skin.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): apply 3 drops of serum to facial and neck skin 1 time a day in a course of 20 days every 3 months for initial signs of skin aging, chronic dryness, in winter.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): use of the serum in children under 14 years of age is not recommended due to lack of safety data.

Contraindications (Serum): individual intolerance to components; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Serum): in case of overdose — skin irritation, redness, rashes.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for external use, dosage adjustment by body weight is not required.

Preparation method (Serum): mix 10 grams of oil infusion from chufa tubers with 85 grams of chamomile hydrolate, add 5 grams of vegetable glycerin, emulsify using a hand mixer at 30–35 °C until a homogeneous emulsion is formed. For 100 grams of finished product, 10 grams of chufa oil infusion, 85 grams of chamomile hydrolate, 5 grams of glycerin are required.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a dark glass container at a temperature of 5 to 8 °C, shelf life — up to 3 months, after opening use within 14 days.

Decoction — Cyperus esculentus

Indications (Decoction): chronic gastritis, functional dyspepsia, atonic constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, iron deficiency anemia, essential hypertension, alimentary-constitutional obesity, metabolic syndrome.

Standard Dosage (Decoction): orally, 100 milliliters of decoction 2 times a day 20 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Decoction): orally, 150 milliliters of decoction 3 times a day for pronounced hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, obesity.

Maximum Dosage (Decoction): orally, 200 milliliters of decoction 3 times a day for severe hyperlipidemia, resistant hypercholesterolemia, persistent forms of atonic constipation.

Preventive Dosage (Decoction): orally, 100 milliliters of decoction 1 time a day in a course of 14 days every 3 months for chronic gastritis, essential hypertension, oxidative stress.

Pediatric Dosage (Decoction): orally, 50 milliliters of decoction 2 times a day for children over 6 years of age and weighing more than 20 kilograms.

Contraindications (Decoction): individual intolerance, acute pancreatitis; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy, lactation, and children under 6 years of age.

Side Effects (Decoction): in case of overdose — diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal pain.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: body weight up to 60 kilograms — dosage reduction by 20%, body weight over 90 kilograms — dosage increase by 20%.

Preparation method (Decoction): pour 500 milliliters of water over 20 grams of peeled dry tubers, bring to a boil, simmer over low heat for 20 minutes, cool at room temperature, strain through cheesecloth. For 100 milliliters of finished product, 4 grams of dry tubers and 100 milliliters of water are required.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4–8 °C, shelf life — up to 48 hours, after opening use within 24 hours.

Oil Macerate — Cyperus esculentus

Indications (Oil Macerate): atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, dry eczema, cracked skin, trophic ulcers, chronic psoriasis in remission, burns of I degree, frostbite of I–II degree.

Standard Dosage (Oil Macerate): apply a thin layer to the affected skin area 2 times a day for a course of 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Macerate): apply a thin layer to the affected skin area 3 times a day for exacerbation of chronic dermatoses, pronounced dry skin, non-healing cracks.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Macerate): apply a thin layer to the affected skin area 4 times a day for chronic trophic ulcers, deep skin cracks.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Macerate): apply to areas with increased skin dryness 1 time a day in a course of 7–10 days every 2 months for a tendency to dermatitis, skin cracks, in winter.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Macerate): external application once a day for children over 3 years of age.

Contraindications (Oil Macerate): individual intolerance to components; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy, lactation, and children under 3 years of age.

Side Effects (Oil Macerate): in case of overdose — local skin irritation, allergic reaction.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for external use, dosage adjustment by body weight is not required.

Preparation method (Oil Macerate): pour 80 grams of unrefined coconut oil over 20 grams of fresh, pre-ground tubers, place in an airtight glass jar, keep at a temperature of 35–40 °C for 14 days, shaking daily. After the period, strain through cheesecloth, pour into dark glass bottles. For 100 grams of finished product, 20 grams of fresh tubers and 80 grams of coconut oil are required.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 8 to 15 °C, shelf life — up to 12 months, after opening use within 30 days.

Aqueous Infusion — Cyperus esculentus

Indications (Aqueous Infusion): chronic gastritis, functional dyspepsia, atonic constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, iron deficiency anemia, essential hypertension, alimentary-constitutional obesity, metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress.

Standard Dosage (Aqueous Infusion): orally, 100 milliliters of infusion 2 times a day 20 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Aqueous Infusion): orally, 150 milliliters of infusion 3 times a day for pronounced hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, alimentary-constitutional obesity.

Maximum Dosage (Aqueous Infusion): orally, 200 milliliters of infusion 3 times a day for severe hyperlipidemia, resistant hypercholesterolemia.

Preventive Dosage (Aqueous Infusion): orally, 100 milliliters of infusion 1 time a day in a course of 14 days every 3 months for chronic gastritis, essential hypertension, oxidative stress.

Pediatric Dosage (Aqueous Infusion): orally, 50 milliliters of infusion 2 times a day for children over 6 years of age and weighing more than 20 kilograms.

Contraindications (Aqueous Infusion): individual intolerance, acute pancreatitis; no contraindication data scientifically registered for pregnancy, lactation, and children under 6 years of age.

Side Effects (Aqueous Infusion): in case of overdose — diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal pain.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: body weight up to 60 kilograms — dosage reduction by 20%, body weight over 90 kilograms — dosage increase by 20%.

Preparation method (Aqueous Infusion): pour 500 milliliters of boiled water at a temperature of 90–95 °C over 20 grams of dry peeled tubers, infuse in a thermos for 6 hours, strain through cheesecloth. For 100 milliliters of finished product, 4 grams of dry tubers and 100 milliliters of water are required.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life: store in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4–8 °C, shelf life — up to 48 hours, after opening use within 24 hours.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Cyperus esculentus

Acute toxicity studies show that the LD₅₀ of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts exceeds 5000 mg/kg upon oral administration in rats — at such doses, no deaths were recorded in animals of this species, indicating low toxicity of the preparation researchgate.net+1. Other studies report an LD₅₀ in the range of 3800 mg/kg for aqueous extract in mice gjournals.org.

Reference: https://jabonline.in/admin/php...

Pharmacodynamics — Cyperus esculentus

Cyperus esculentus exhibits a complex of pharmacological effects determined by the content of biologically active compounds such as polyphenolic compounds, phytosterols, amino acids, tocopherols, unsaturated fatty acids, and dietary fibers. The antioxidant activity of the plant is associated with polyphenols and tocopherols, which are capable of neutralizing reactive oxygen species, stabilizing cell membranes, reducing the level of lipid peroxidation, and thereby maintaining the functional integrity of cells in various organs and tissues. The anti-inflammatory effect is explained by the suppression of the activity of enzyme systems involved in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, as well as the ability to reduce the expression of cytokines and chemokines in inflammatory foci. The lipid-modulating effect is manifested in the ability of active components to regulate lipoprotein metabolism and contribute to the maintenance of an optimal lipid profile through effects on lipid metabolism enzymes and receptor systems of liver cells. Dietary fibers of the tubers participate in the regulation of gastrointestinal tract function, contribute to the modulation of intestinal microbiota and an increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids, exerting a local prebiotic effect and indirectly influencing systemic metabolism. Phytosterols and unsaturated fatty acids in the plant oil demonstrate angioprotective and cardiomodulating effects, supporting the elasticity of the vascular wall and modulating vascular tone. Immunomodulatory properties are associated with the influence of individual polyphenol fractions on the functional activity of macrophages and lymphocytes, as well as with participation in the regulation of the synthesis of innate and adaptive immunity mediators. Upon topical application, oil forms have a softening, trophic, and regenerative effect on the skin, which is associated with the nutritive and occlusive properties of the lipid phase, as well as with the presence of tocopherols that stimulate the proliferation and migration of epidermal cells. The systemic level of action is manifested in the integration of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolo-modulating effects, providing comprehensive support for the body’s functional systems.

References: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/a...  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213453020300461

Pharmacokinetics — Cyperus esculentus

Upon oral administration, the active compounds of Cyperus esculentus undergo mechanical and enzymatic processing in the oral cavity and stomach, after which the main fractions of polyphenols, tocopherols, and unsaturated fatty acids are absorbed in the small intestine. Dietary fibers and some complex polysaccharides are not hydrolyzed in the upper gastrointestinal tract, reach the large intestine, and are metabolized by the microflora to form short-chain fatty acids, which are absorbed and exert local and systemic effects. Lipophilic components (fatty acids, tocopherols, phytosterols) are transported as part of chylomicrons through the lymphatic system into the systemic circulation, distributed mainly in the liver, subcutaneous fat, and cell membranes of peripheral tissues. Hydrophilic polyphenols, after absorption, undergo phase I and phase II biotransformation in the liver to form glucuronides and sulfates, which are excreted in bile and urine. With transdermal application of oil forms, absorption of active substances occurs through the stratum corneum of the epidermis with gradual penetration into the dermis; the lipophilic phase contributes to slow release of components and their local accumulation. When administered through mucous membranes (vaginal or rectal forms), absorption occurs through the capillaries of the submucosal layer, partially bypassing the first-pass effect through the liver. The main routes of elimination are the kidneys (hydrophilic metabolites), bile (lipophilic components and their metabolites), as well as partially the lungs and skin with prolonged use.

References: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Cyperus esculentus

The pharmacological activity of Cyperus esculentus is determined by a complex of biologically active substances, including phenolic compounds, tocopherols, phytosterols, unsaturated fatty acids, and soluble and insoluble dietary fibers. The antioxidant effect is due to the ability of phenolic fractions and tocopherols to neutralize reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, prevent lipid peroxidation, and stabilize cell membranes. The anti-inflammatory effect is associated with the modulation of the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX-1, COX-2) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme systems, which leads to a reduction in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. In vitro studies show that C. esculentus extracts suppress the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling cascades, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and endothelial adhesion molecules. Phytosterols and unsaturated fatty acids influence liver receptor systems, regulating the activity of PPAR-α and PPAR-γ, which contributes to the modulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Dietary fibers stimulate the growth of beneficial intestinal microflora, increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids, which interact with GPR41 and GPR43 receptors in the intestinal epithelium, improving the barrier function of the mucosa and regulating the immune response. Oil forms exhibit a trophic effect on the skin due to the presence of tocopherols, which activate the processes of proliferation and migration of keratinocytes. Taken together, these mechanisms of action are realized both locally (skin, gastrointestinal tract) and systemically (immune, endocrine, cardiovascular systems).

References: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/a...  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213453020300461

Synergy — Cyperus esculentus

Studies of pharmacological synergy show that Cyperus esculentus can enhance the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of other plant taxa rich in polyphenols and tocopherols. Combined use of C. esculentus tuber extract with Camellia sinensis (green tea) extract demonstrated additive suppression of lipid peroxidation and potentiation of the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase) in in vitro models. The combination with Nigella sativa (black cumin) seed oil showed a potentiating effect in inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing NF-κB activity, suggesting a common mechanism through the suppression of gene expression responsible for the inflammatory response. C. esculentus oil infusion in combination with Olea europaea (olive) fruit oil showed a modulating effect on lipid metabolism and a pronounced protective effect on the vascular endothelium, probably due to the total content of monounsaturated fatty acids and phytosterols. The combination with Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) root extract demonstrated tissue-specific synergy with respect to the gastrointestinal mucous membranes, enhancing the trophic and protective effect, which is associated with the complementary action of licorice saponins and chufa polyphenols on the mucosal barrier.

References: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Cyperus esculentus

Cyperus esculentus has a wide geography of traditional use, covering the regions of North Africa, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, South and Central Asia, as well as West Africa and parts of Latin America. Archaeobotanical finds from Ancient Egypt, dating back more than 4000 years, confirm the use of tubers for food and in ritual practices, including offerings in funerary rites. In the culture of ancient Egyptian communities, tubers were consumed fresh and dried, used for making drinks and sweets. In Medieval Spain, especially in Valencia, chufa is used to make the traditional drink horchata, the recipe of which dates back to Arab culinary traditions of the Al-Andalus period. In West Africa, tubers are used in folk medicine as a nutritious product and as a component of various infusions and decoctions; among the Hausa and Yoruba peoples, use as a general tonic and restorative agent is noted. In the Indian Ayurvedic tradition, C. esculentus is known as "Bhavapriya" and is included in some herbal mixtures used in dietary therapy and maintaining dosha balance. In China, the plant appears in the lists of local ethnomedical collections as a food product and raw material for traditional remedies used in seasonal diets. In some regions of West Africa, tubers were used in ritual practice as a symbol of abundance and fertility, and were also included in offerings at agricultural festivals. In the folklore of certain peoples, tubers were attributed protective properties, and they were kept in homes to attract prosperity. Outside the medical context, the plant was used in cooking, including for making sweet pastes, drinks, and flour, which was part of ritual baked goods.