Clerodendrum inerme — Indian Glory Bower

Clerodendrum inerme — Indian Glory Bower

Product Name: Бриделия овальная, Clerodendrum inerme, Seefieder, Clerodendro inerme, Clerodendrum inerme, كليريدندروم إنيرمي, ผักคราดทะเล, Bridelia o‘rtacha, Бриделия ийнеме, Bridelia, Бриделия, ברידליה אינרמה

Synonyms: Бриделия индийская, Indian glory bower, Indischer Trompetenstrauch, Bridelia asiatica, Clerodendrum inerme Gaertn, คลอโรเดนดรัม อินเนอร์ม์, كروم درندرم انيرمي

Parts Used: Leaves, bark, roots, flowers, fruits leaves.

Main Indications for Use of Clerodendrum inerme: chronic inflammatory skin processes, dermatitis, eczema, bacterial skin infections, respiratory tract inflammation, bronchitis, gastritis, gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases.

Use of Clerodendrum inerme in Mixtures and Complexes: chronic viral infections, chronic liver diseases, autoimmune diseases, chronic bronchitis, immunodeficiency conditions.

Pharmacological Properties of Clerodendrum inerme: antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antispasmodic, wound-healing, antihistaminic.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Clerodendrum inerme

Powder — Clerodendrum inerme

Indications (Powder): dermatitis, eczema, bacterial skin infections, gastritis, respiratory tract inflammation, chronic bronchitis.

Standard Dosage (Powder): Take 1 g twice daily orally, with water.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): Use 2 g 2–3 times daily for severe forms of gastritis, chronic bronchitis, bacterial skin infections.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): Do not exceed 5 g per day for severe chronic inflammatory diseases.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.5 g once daily for chronic skin inflammations, to strengthen immunity, course 1 month with repetition twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): Used from 12 years, dose 0.25–0.5 g once daily, child's weight at least 30 kg.

Contraindications (Powder): Contraindicated in cases of individual intolerance; pregnancy and lactation — safety data not registered.

Side Effects (Powder): Overdose may cause dyspeptic phenomena, allergic reactions.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Powder): For body weight below 60 kg, dose reduced by 20%; above 60 kg — standard dosage.

Preparation Method (Powder): Manufactured from thoroughly dried leaves and bark of the plant, ground to a powdered state; sieve through a 100 μm mesh; store in airtight packaging.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a dry, dark place at 15–25 °C, shelf life 24 months; packaging is airtight, after opening use within 3 months.

Dry Extract — Clerodendrum inerme

Indications (Dry Extract): dermatitis, eczema, bacterial skin infections, gastritis, respiratory tract inflammation, chronic bronchitis.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 0.2–0.5 g twice daily, dissolved in water or coconut oil.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 0.6–1 g three times daily for severe inflammatory processes of the skin and respiratory tract.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): Do not exceed 2 g per day for chronic severe diseases.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 0.1 g once daily for chronic skin and respiratory diseases, course 3 weeks with repetition twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): From 12 years, 0.1–0.2 g once daily, child's weight from 30 kg.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Contraindicated in cases of individual intolerance; insufficient data on pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): Allergic reactions possible, dyspepsia if dose is exceeded.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Dry Extract): For patients with body weight <60 kg, dose reduced by 20%; >60 kg — standard.

Preparation Method (Dry Extract): Obtained by alcohol extraction followed by solvent removal via vacuum evaporation at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C; residual alcohol content no more than 500 ppm; ingredients: dry raw material 100 g, 70% ethanol for extraction, coconut oil for dilution; final product dried to a powdered state.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in airtight dark packaging at 15–25 °C, shelf life 24 months, protect from light and moisture, after opening use within 3 months.

Tincture — Clerodendrum inerme

Indications (Alcohol Tincture): bacterial skin infections, dermatitis, eczema, gastritis, bronchitis, respiratory tract inflammation.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): Take 20–30 drops twice daily, diluted in 50 ml of water.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 40 drops three times daily for severe skin infections, chronic gastritis and bronchitis.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): No more than 120 drops per day for severe inflammatory diseases.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10–15 drops once daily for chronic skin and respiratory diseases, course 3 weeks with repetition twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): For children from 12 years, 5–10 drops once daily, weight from 30 kg.

Contraindications (Tincture): Individual intolerance; contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are not scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Tincture): Overdose may cause nausea, dizziness, allergic reactions.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Tincture): For body weight below 60 kg, dose reduced by 20%; above 60 kg — standard.

Preparation Method (Tincture): Obtained by maceration of crushed dry raw material in 70% ethanol in a 1:10 ratio for 10 days at room temperature with periodic shaking; after extraction, filter and bottle; residual alcohol content is not controlled in the finished product as it is not evaporated; use with caution; recommended dilution upon use.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in a dark glass container at 15–25 °C, protect from light, shelf life 24 months; after opening use within 6 months.

Oil Infusion — Clerodendrum inerme

Indications (Oil Infusion): dermatitis, eczema, wounds, burns, skin inflammation.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Apply externally 2–3 times daily in a thin layer.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Apply 3–4 times daily for severe skin lesions, purulent wounds and burns.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Not limited for external application, exercise caution in case of allergy.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): Apply once daily to prevent exacerbations of chronic dermatitis and eczema.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): Use from 1 year, apply 1–2 times daily; for infants, consultation with a doctor is mandatory.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Individual intolerance to components; contraindications during pregnancy and lactation are not scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Allergic reactions possible in case of increased skin sensitivity.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Oil Infusion): Not applicable, external use.

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion): Prepared by maceration of fresh or dry plant leaves in coconut oil in a 1:5 ratio (20 g leaves per 100 g oil) at 40–45 °C in a water bath for 8 hours with periodic stirring; then strain through gauze and pour into an airtight container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in a dark, cool place at 10–20 °C, shelf life 6 months; after opening use within 2 months.

Vaginal Suppositories — Clerodendrum inerme

Indications (Vaginal Suppositories): bacterial vaginitis, candidiasis, inflammatory processes of the vagina, cervical erosion.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 1 suppository (2 g) once daily before bedtime, course 10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 1 suppository twice daily for severe inflammations and erosions, course 14 days.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): No more than 2 suppositories per day, for severe infections, course up to 21 days under medical supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 1 suppository every other day, course 10–14 days for chronic inflammatory diseases of the vagina.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): Contraindicated for children and girls before onset of sexual activity.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppositories): Individual intolerance, severe allergic reactions in history; pregnancy and lactation — data absent.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppositories): Burning, allergic reactions possible in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Vaginal Suppositories): Not required.

Preparation Method (Vaginal Suppositories): Clerodendrum inerme vaginal suppositories are manufactured based on coconut oil 60 g, dry Bridelia ovalis extract 20 g, beeswax 20 g; melt oil and wax at 60 °C, mix with extract, pour into molds weighing 2 g; cool until hardened; storage in refrigerator up to 6 months.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppositories): Store in refrigerator at 2–8 °C, shelf life 6 months; after opening use within 1 month.

Rectal Suppositories — Clerodendrum inerme

Indications (Rectal Suppositories): hemorrhoids, proctitis, inflammatory processes of the rectum, anal fissures.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): 1 suppository (2 g) once daily at night, course 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): 1 suppository twice daily for pronounced inflammations and pain syndrome, course up to 21 days.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): No more than 2 suppositories per day, for severe forms of the disease under medical supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): 1 suppository every other day, course 10 days for chronic inflammatory diseases of the rectum.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): Contraindicated for children under 12 years.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppositories): Individual intolerance; safety data during pregnancy and lactation are absent.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppositories): Allergic reactions possible, burning in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Rectal Suppositories): Not required.

Preparation Method (Rectal Suppositories): based on coconut oil 60 g, dry extract 20 g, beeswax 20 g; melt oil and wax at 60 °C, mix with extract, pour into molds weighing 2 g, cool until hardened.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Rectal Suppositories): Store in refrigerator at 2–8 °C, shelf life 6 months; after opening use within 1 month.

Nasal Drops — Clerodendrum inerme

Indications (Nasal Drops): allergic rhinitis, viral rhinitis, sinusitis, inflammation of the nasal mucosa.

Standard Dosage (Nasal Drops): 2–3 drops into each nostril twice daily.

Enhanced Dosage (Nasal Drops): 3–4 drops three times daily for pronounced inflammations and swelling of the mucosa.

Maximum Dosage (Nasal Drops): No more than 4 drops four times daily, course not more than 7 days.

Preventive Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1–2 drops once daily for predisposition to rhinitis and chronic sinusitis, course 2 weeks with repetition twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Nasal Drops): From 6 years, 1 drop 1–2 times daily.

Contraindications (Nasal Drops): Individual intolerance, acute nosebleeds, severe cardiovascular system diseases; data on pregnancy and lactation absent.

Side Effects (Nasal Drops): Irritation of mucosa, sneezing, allergic reactions in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Nasal Drops): Not required.

Preparation Method (Nasal Drops): prepared based on coconut oil infusion 95 ml, add dry extract 5 g, mix thoroughly, filter and package in glass bottles with dropper.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Nasal Drops): Store in a dark, cool place at 15–25 °C, shelf life 12 months; after opening use within 1 month.

Ear Drops — Clerodendrum inerme

Indications (Ear Drops): external otitis, ear inflammation, itching and irritation of the ear canal.

Standard Dosage (Ear Drops): 3–4 drops into the ear twice daily.

Enhanced Dosage (Ear Drops): 4–5 drops three times daily for severe forms of otitis.

Maximum Dosage (Ear Drops): No more than 5 drops four times daily, course up to 10 days.

Preventive Dosage (Ear Drops): 2 drops once daily for chronic inflammations of the external ear, course 2 weeks.

Pediatric Dosage (Ear Drops): From 12 years, 2 drops 1–2 times daily.

Contraindications (Ear Drops): Perforation of the eardrum, individual intolerance, pregnancy and lactation — data absent.

Side Effects (Ear Drops): Irritation, allergic reactions in case of overdose.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ear Drops): Not required.

Preparation Method (Ear Drops): prepared based on coconut oil infusion 95 ml and dry extract 5 g, mix, filter, package in bottles with dropper.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ear Drops): Store in a dark, cool place at 15–25 °C, shelf life 12 months; after opening use within 1 month.

Ointment — Clerodendrum inerme

Indications (Ointment): dermatitis, eczema, inflammatory skin diseases, wounds, burns.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply Clerodendrum inerme ointment in a thin layer 2–3 times daily.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): Apply 3–4 times daily for pronounced inflammations and purulent processes.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Not limited for external application, avoid application to large areas of damaged skin.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): Apply once daily for chronic dermatoses and predisposition to inflammations, course 2–4 weeks.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): Use from 1 year, apply 1–2 times daily, pediatrician consultation mandatory for children under 3 years.

Contraindications (Ointment): Individual intolerance to components; safety data during pregnancy and lactation absent.

Side Effects (Ointment): Allergic reactions possible, contact dermatitis with prolonged use.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Ointment): Not applicable, external use.

Preparation Method (Ointment): prepared based on coconut oil 70 g, beeswax 20 g, dry extract 10 g; melt oil and wax at 60 °C, add extract, mix thoroughly, pour into jars after cooling.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store in a cool, dark place at 10–20 °C, shelf life 6 months; after opening use within 3 months.

Cream — Clerodendrum inerme

Indications (Cream): inflammatory skin diseases, dryness, dermatitis, eczema.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply Clerodendrum inerme cream twice daily in a thin layer.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): Apply three times daily for pronounced skin inflammations.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): Not limited for external application, avoid application to large damaged areas.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Apply once daily for chronic dermatoses, course 3–4 weeks.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): From 1 year, apply 1–2 times daily, for infants consultation with a doctor is mandatory.

Contraindications (Cream): Individual intolerance, safety data during pregnancy and lactation not registered.

Side Effects (Cream): Allergic reactions possible, skin irritation with prolonged use.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cream): Not applicable, external use.

Preparation Method (Cream): prepared by emulsification using coconut oil 60 g, emulsifier cetearyl alcohol 10 g, water 30 g and dry extract 10 g; ingredients mixed at 70 °C, cooled with constant stirring until a homogeneous mass is obtained; packaged in jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store in a dark, cool place at 10–20 °C, shelf life 6 months; after opening use within 3 months.

Cosmetics — Clerodendrum inerme

Indications (Cosmetics): Care for facial and body skin, relieving inflammation, moisturizing, preventing dermatitis.

Standard Dosage (Cosmetics): Apply to cleansed skin 1–2 times daily.

Enhanced Dosage (Cosmetics): Use 2–3 times daily for skin irritations and inflammations.

Maximum Dosage (Cosmetics): Not limited for external application.

Preventive Dosage (Cosmetics): Daily use to maintain healthy skin condition, course without limitations.

Pediatric Dosage (Cosmetics): Recommended from 3 years, application once daily.

Contraindications (Cosmetics): Individual intolerance to components; data on pregnancy and lactation absent.

Side Effects (Cosmetics): Allergic reactions in case of increased sensitivity.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Cosmetics): Not applicable, external use.

Preparation Method (Cosmetics): Clerodendrum inerme cosmetics manufactured based on coconut oil infusion 50 g, purified water 40 g, emulsifier cetearyl alcohol 8 g, dry extract 5 g; components heated to 70 °C, mixed, cooled with stirring until a homogeneous consistency is obtained; packaged in jars or bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cosmetics): Store at 10–25 °C in a dark place, shelf life 12 months; after opening use within 6 months.

Serum — Clerodendrum inerme

Indications (Serum): intensive hydration, fighting inflammations, skin regeneration, preventing dermatitis.

Standard Dosage (Serum): Apply to skin once daily in a thin layer.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): Apply twice daily for pronounced inflammations and skin dryness.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): Not limited for external application.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): Daily use to maintain skin in a healthy condition.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): From 12 years, application once daily.

Contraindications (Serum): Individual intolerance; safety data during pregnancy and lactation absent.

Side Effects (Serum): Allergic reactions possible in case of increased sensitivity.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Serum): Not applicable, external use.

Preparation Method (Serum): prepared using coconut oil infusion 30 g, calendula hydrolate 65 g, dry extract 5 g; components mixed at room temperature, filtered and packaged in bottles with a dispenser.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): Store in a dark, cool place at 10–20 °C, shelf life 12 months; after opening use within 3 months.

Decoction — Clerodendrum inerme

Indications (Decoction): gastritis, respiratory tract inflammation, chronic bronchitis, inflammatory skin diseases.

Standard Dosage (Decoction): Take 100 ml twice daily after meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Decoction): 150 ml three times daily for pronounced inflammatory processes.

Maximum Dosage (Decoction): Do not exceed 500 ml per day, for severe chronic diseases under medical supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Decoction): 50 ml once daily for chronic stomach and respiratory tract diseases, course 1 month with repetition twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Decoction): From 12 years, 50–75 ml 1–2 times daily, child's weight at least 30 kg.

Contraindications (Decoction): Individual intolerance; data on pregnancy and lactation absent.

Side Effects (Decoction): Overdose may cause dyspeptic phenomena, allergic reactions.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Decoction): For weight below 60 kg, dose reduced by 20%; above 60 kg — standard.

Preparation Method (Decoction): prepared from 10 g of dry crushed raw material, pour 200 ml of boiling water, infuse covered for 30 minutes, strain; use freshly prepared.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Decoction): Store in refrigerator at 2–6 °C, shelf life no more than 24 hours; prepare daily.

Maceration — Clerodendrum inerme

Indications (Maceration): dermatitis, eczema, wounds, burns, skin inflammation.

Standard Dosage (Maceration): Apply externally 2–3 times daily.

Enhanced Dosage (Maceration): Apply 3–4 times daily for severe skin lesions.

Maximum Dosage (Maceration): Not limited for external application.

Preventive Dosage (Maceration): Apply once daily to prevent exacerbations of chronic dermatitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Maceration): From 1 year, apply 1–2 times daily; pediatric consultation mandatory for infants.

Contraindications (Maceration): Individual intolerance; safety data during pregnancy and lactation absent.

Side Effects (Maceration): Allergic reactions possible in case of increased skin sensitivity.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight (Maceration): Not applicable, external use.

Preparation Method (Maceration): obtained by infusing crushed leaves in coconut oil in a 1:5 ratio at room temperature in a dark place for 14 days with daily stirring; then filter and package.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Maceration): Store in a dark, cool place at 10–20 °C, shelf life 6 months; after opening use within 2 months.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Clerodendrum inerme

Studies on the toxicity of Clerodendrum inerme show that the preparation has low acute toxicity. LD50 values for alcohol and aqueous extracts of the plant upon oral administration in mice and rats range from 2000 to 5000 mg/kg body weight, which corresponds to the category of low-hazard substances according to international classification. When recommended doses are observed, the preparation is safe for use. Minimal cases of allergic reactions have been noted with external use.

Reference: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....

Pharmacodynamics of Clerodendrum inerme

Bridelia ovalis is characterized by a complex spectrum of pharmacodynamic effects due to the diversity of biologically active substances, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. These substances interact with various biological targets, forming systemic and local impacts on the body. At the level of the central nervous system, active components exhibit moderate sedative and anxiolytic action, likely through modulation of GABAergic receptors and reduction of neuronal excitability.

Immunomodulatory action is achieved by regulating the activity of innate and adaptive immune cells, including influence on macrophages, T-lymphocytes and cytokine production, which contributes to the normalization of inflammatory processes. Anti-inflammatory action is realized through inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, as well as through suppression of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activity, which reduces tissue swelling and redness with local application.

Antioxidant properties are associated with the neutralization of free radicals and protection of cell membranes from lipid peroxidation, which contributes to maintaining tissue integrity and reducing oxidative stress. Regarding the gastrointestinal tract, a modulating influence on motility and secretion is observed, improvement of regenerative processes of the mucous membrane, as well as an antisecretory effect, providing local protective action.

The skin as a target organ receives predominantly local anti-inflammatory and wound-healing impact, due to stimulation of collagenogenesis and regulation of fibroblast activity. Pharmacodynamic effects are manifested through interaction with cellular receptors and enzymatic systems, ensuring systemic and local impact when using various pharmacological forms.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....

Pharmacokinetics of Clerodendrum inerme

Active substances of Bridelia ovalis upon oral administration undergo partial absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, where their bioavailability is determined by the chemical nature of the compounds — flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Metabolism occurs primarily in the liver with the participation of cytochrome P450 enzymes, ensuring biotransformation into more polar metabolites, which are more easily excreted from the body. Metabolites and part of unchanged substances are excreted with bile and through the kidneys with urine.

With transdermal and topical application, local accumulation of active substances in the epidermis and dermis is observed with minimal systemic absorption, which reduces the risk of systemic side effects. Administration via nasal and rectal mucous membranes ensures rapid local concentration with relatively low systemic distribution.

Active components interact with intestinal microflora, which may influence the metabolism of substances and pharmacological activity. Accumulation in body tissues is not characteristic when recommended doses are observed, ensuring high safety with prolonged use.

Elimination occurs primarily through the kidneys with urine, as well as with bile, with partial excretory output through the lungs and skin. Features of pharmacokinetics may vary depending on the pharmacological form (powder, extract, tincture), method of administration, and dosage.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.frontiersin.org/ar...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Clerodendrum inerme

The pharmacological effects of Bridelia ovalis are due to a complex of biologically active compounds, among which flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids predominate. Flavonoids interact with enzyme systems, in particular inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX), leading to reduced synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes — key mediators of inflammation. Terpenoids and phenolic compounds exhibit pronounced antioxidant activity, neutralizing free radicals and preventing lipid peroxidation, which contributes to reducing oxidative stress at the cellular level. Alkaloids modulate neurotransmission, affecting gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and dopamine receptors, which may explain sedative and anxiolytic effects. Furthermore, plant components are capable of regulating the expression of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, leading to reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and reduced activation of immune cells — macrophages and neutrophils. Local action is manifested through stimulation of tissue regeneration and modulation of fibroblast activity, promoting wound healing. Thus, the pharmacological activity of Bridelia ovalis is represented by a multilevel complex impact on enzyme systems, receptors, and signaling cascades, providing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and neuromodulatory action.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....

Synergy — Clerodendrum inerme

Research shows that active components of Bridelia ovalis demonstrate synergistic effects when combined with other plants containing flavonoids and terpenoids, such as Curcuma longa (turmeric), Azadirachta indica (neem), and Withania somnifera (ashwagandha). Combined use leads to additive enhancement of antioxidant activity due to joint neutralizing action on free radicals. Anti-inflammatory effect is potentiated through joint inhibition of cyclooxygenases and suppression of the NF-κB cascade, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Immunomodulatory action is complemented by modulation of T-lymphocytes and macrophages, enhancing the overall adaptive response of the body. Some data indicate a protective effect when used simultaneously with plants possessing hepatoprotective properties, such as Silybum marianum (milk thistle), which reduces hepatotoxicity and improves metabolism. Interaction mechanisms are associated with influence on common receptor and enzyme pathways, providing a more pronounced systemic and tissue-specific effect without increasing toxicity. Confirmed interactions in in vitro and in vivo models indicate the promise of combined use of Bridelia ovalis with the listed taxa for complex modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and immunity.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0944711317300240
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6454904/

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Clerodendrum inerme

Bridelia ovalis is widely distributed in coastal and tropical regions of Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines, as well as parts of East Africa and Australia. Traditionally, the plant has been used in the folk medical practices of the peoples of these regions, where it was considered a valuable remedy for treating inflammatory and skin diseases, as well as disorders of the digestive and respiratory systems. In Indian Ayurvedic medicine, Bridelia ovalis was used in the form of decoctions and infusions of leaves and bark, applied externally for wraps and local compresses, as well as internally for regulating digestion. In Thai traditional medicine, the plant was revered as a means of cleansing and stabilizing energy balance, both fresh leaves and oil extracts were used, applied for massages and rubs. In the ritual practices of some coastal communities, the plant served as a talisman, used in smoking mixtures for purifying space and protection from negative influences. Archaeological finds and written sources date the use of Bridelia ovalis in Southeast Asian traditions to more than several centuries, indicating its long-term cultural and medical significance. In Slavic and European herbalists, information on the use of this taxon is absent, indicating its regional specificity. Along with medical purposes, the plant was used for decorative purposes and in the landscape design of coastal settlements, emphasizing its cultural significance. Magical and esoteric aspects are related to the belief in the cleansing and protective properties of the plant, as well as its role in rituals aimed at harmonizing natural forces and maintaining community health.