Crataegus monogyna (Single-Seeded Hawthorn)

Crataegus monogyna (Common Hawthorn / Single-Seeded Hawthorn)

Product Name: Боярышник однопестичный, Crataegus monogyna, Eingriffeliger Weißdorn, Espino albar, Aubépine monogyne, الزعرور الأحادي المدقة, ขึ้นไกรเดียว

Synonyms: Боярышник обыкновенный, Однопестичный боярышник, White hawthorn, Common hawthorn, Single-seeded hawthorn, One-seed hawthorn, Eingriffeliger Weißdorn, Weißdorn, Espino blanco, Espino albar, Majuelo, Aubépine blanche, Aubépine monogyne, الزعرور الشائع، الزعرور الأبيض، ขึ้นไกรขาว, หนามขาว, หนามแดง, หนามขี้แมว

Used Parts: fruits, flowers, leaves, bark, fruits.

Main Indications for Use of Crataegus monogyna: Arterial hypertension, neurocirculatory dystonia of hypertensive type, coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, stable angina, sinus tachycardia, cardiac neuroses, anxiety disorder, insomnia, neurovegetative disorders in the climacteric period.

Use of Crataegus monogyna in Mixtures and Complexes: Subclinical atherosclerosis, post-infarction state, arrhythmias of mixed genesis, cardiomyopathies of various etiologies, diabetic angiopathy, hyperlipidemia, cervical osteochondrosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, pulmonary hypertensive conditions.

Pharmacological Properties of Crataegus monogyna: cardiotonic, sedative, antioxidant, spasmolytic, vasodilating, hypotensive, antiarrhythmic, nootropic, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Crataegus monogyna

Powder — Crataegus monogyna

Indications (Powder): Chronic heart failure, arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, autonomic dysfunctions, functional digestive disorders, nervous tension, anxiety states.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 2000–3000 mg of dry powder from fruits or inflorescences 2 times a day, take 30 minutes before meals, with warm water. Standard course — 21–30 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 4000–5000 mg per day, divided into 2–3 doses, take 20–30 minutes before meals, course 30–45 days.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): 9000 mg per day (3000 mg 3 times a day), course no longer than 28 days, then a 14-day break.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): Use is permitted from 12 years of age. 1000–1500 mg per day, divided into 2 doses. Course — up to 14 days. Only under specialist supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 1500 mg once a day, in the morning 30 minutes before meals. Preventive course — 30 days every 6 months.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Recommended correction: 30–50 mg/kg of body weight per day. For patients with a body weight of less than 50 kg, the dosage is reduced by 20–25%.

Contraindications (Powder): Individual hypersensitivity, pregnancy (first trimester), pronounced arterial hypotension, organic bradycardia, history of acute myocardial infarction, age under 12 years.

Side Effects (Powder): Lowering of blood pressure, dizziness, headache, dyspeptic phenomena (nausea, flatulence), rare allergic skin reactions (itching, rash) may be observed.

Preparation Method (Powder): Fully dried ripe fruits, less commonly flowers and leaves, are used for preparation. The raw material must be cleaned of pedicels and seeds, sorted, and dried at a temperature not exceeding +45 °C to a residual moisture of less than 10%. The dried raw material is ground in a mortar, then finally brought to a powder form in a ceramic or glass mill. Particles should be no larger than 0.5 mm. The resulting powder is sifted through a pharmacy sieve No. 1. The powder is packaged in an airtight glass container with a tightly fitting lid. Contact with metal during grinding and storage is not allowed.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store the powder in a dry, dark place at a temperature of +15 °C to +25 °C and a relative humidity of not more than 65%, in a tightly closed glass container. Shelf life — up to 24 months.

Tincture — Crataegus monogyna

Indications (Tincture): Moderate chronic heart failure, stable angina, arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, arrhythmias, anxiety states, insomnia.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 1.5–6 ml of alcohol tincture (approximately 30–120 drops) in 50–100 ml of water, take 2–3 times a day before meals, course 6–8 weeks.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 6–10 ml 3–4 times a day before meals, course up to 12 weeks.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): Up to 12 ml 4 times a day, course up to 16 weeks with a mandatory break afterwards.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): Not to be used under 12 years; permitted from 12 years — 1–2 ml 1–2 times a day.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 1.5–3 ml once a day in the morning on an empty stomach for 4 weeks.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Approximately 0.1 ml of tincture per 10 kg of body weight per dose.

Contraindications (Tincture): Uncontrolled intake of cardiac glycosides or hypotensive drugs, severe forms of hypotension, pregnancy and lactation, age under 12 years without a doctor.

Side Effects (Tincture): Dizziness, headache, gastrointestinal disorders, hypotension, in rare cases allergic reactions.

Preparation Method (Tincture):

• Prepare 500 g of fruits, or 250 g of dry fruits or a mixture of berries, leaves and flowers. Wash, dry and lightly crush by hand or roll to open the pulp without damaging the seeds. Reference: lovelygreens.com
• Place the raw material in a clean glass jar with a volume of at least 2 L.
• Pour in 2.5 L of 40–50% ethanol (or 70%), maintaining a 1:5 ratio by weight.
• Close tightly with a lid, shake the contents, place in a dark place at a temperature of +18...+25 °C.
• Shake daily for the first 7 days, then 2–3 times a week.
• Infuse for 14–28 days, optimally 21 days. Reference: vitalplan.com
• Strain first through a gauze filter, then through a coffee or paper filter until clear.
• Pour into dark glass bottles with a dropper, seal tightly, and label (date, strength, raw material).

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in a dark glass container at a temperature of +15...+25 °C in a light-protected place. Shelf life up to 24 months, after opening — up to 12 months.

Decoction — Crataegus monogyna

Indications (Decoction): Mild to moderate chronic heart failure, arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, arrhythmias, functional dyspepsias, anxiety states, insomnia.

Standard Dosage (Decoction): 1 tablespoon (≈ 6–8 g) of crushed fruits or a mixture of fruits, leaves and flowers per 200 ml of cold water, bring to a boil, then boil over low heat for 10 minutes, cool, strain, take 100 ml 2–3 times a day 20–30 minutes before meals. Course — 6–8 weeks.

Enhanced Dosage (Decoction): 2 tablespoons (≈ 12–16 g) per 400 ml of water, take 150–200 ml 3–4 times a day 30 minutes before meals. Course — up to 12 weeks.

Maximum Dosage (Decoction): 3 tablespoons (≈ 18–24 g) per 400 ml of water, take up to 200 ml 4 times a day 20–30 minutes before meals. Course — no longer than 16 weeks with mandatory medical supervision.

Pediatric Dosage (Decoction): From 12 years, 1 teaspoon (≈ 3 g) per 200 ml of water is permitted, take 50–100 ml 2 times a day 20–30 minutes before meals, course up to 14 days. Only as prescribed by a physician.

Preventive Dosage (Decoction): 1 teaspoon per 200 ml of water, take once a day in the morning on an empty stomach. Preventive course — 30 days in summer and spring.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: It is considered advisable to reduce the dose by 25% if body weight is less than 50 kg; the dosage can be calculated approximately according to the scheme 0.1 g per 10 kg of weight.

Contraindications (Decoction): Pregnancy, lactation, childhood under 12 years, pronounced hypotension, severe arrhythmias without medical control, allergy to plants of the Rosaceae family.

Side Effects (Decoction): Nausea, dyspepsia, dizziness, hypotension, headache, rarely — skin allergic reactions.

Preparation Method (Decoction):

• Measure 6–8 g of thoroughly crushed dry raw material (fruits, leaves, flowers).
• Place in a thick-bottomed saucepan, pour in 200 ml of cold filtered water.
• Place on medium heat, bring to a boil, then reduce the temperature to a slow boil.
• Boil for 10 minutes over low heat with a lid, avoiding intense evaporation.
• Remove from heat and leave covered for 10 minutes for additional infusion.
• Strain through a sieve or gauze, lightly squeeze the plant material.
• Take warm (≈ +40 °C). Reheat before use is recommended.
• Store the finished decoction for no longer than 12 hours in a glass container in the refrigerator (+2...+6 °C). Use the entire decoction within a day, making 2–3 doses.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Decoction): Store granular dry raw material at a temperature of +15...+25 °C, humidity not more than 65%, shelf life — up to 24 months. The finished decoction — at +2...+6 °C for no more than 12 hours in a tightly closed glass container.

Oil Infusion — Crataegus monogyna

Indications (Oil Infusion): External use for dermatitis, eczema, dry skin, irritation, softening of painful areas, support for skin barrier restoration, relief of muscle pain, improvement of wound and fissure healing.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Apply 3–10 ml of oil infusion to clean, dry skin once a day or use as part of massage mixtures, course — 7–14 days as needed.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Apply up to 15 ml per day, 2 times a day for pronounced inflammations, course up to 21 days.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Up to 20 ml throughout the day, use no longer than 28 days in a row.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): Permitted from 3–5 years, 1–2 ml per zone (palm area) once a day, course up to 5 days.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): Apply 3–5 ml once a day for a tendency to dryness or skin irritation, course 10–14 days before exposure to external factors.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required, skin nutrition is external.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Open purulent wounds, individual allergy to hawthorn or to the oil base (sesame, olive, etc.).

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Rare contact dermatitis, itching or redness with sensitivity.

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion):

• Select 50 g of fresh or 25 g of dry fruits, flowers and/or leaves of hawthorn.
• Grind the raw material to a coarse fraction (~5 mm).
• Place in a glass jar with a volume of ≥250 ml.
• Pour in 200 ml of base oil (olive, sesame or sunflower) so that the raw material is completely submerged.
• Infuse using the cold method in a dark place at +20...+25 °C for 14 days, shaking daily for the first 7 days, then once every 2–3 days.
• After the period, strain through gauze and filter through cotton fabric or paper.
• Pour into dark glass vials with an airtight lid. Label (date, base oil, raw material).

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in a dark glass container at +5...+20 °C, shelf life 6 months; when stored under foil shielding and airtight conditions — up to 12 months.

Ointment — Crataegus monogyna

Indications (Ointment): External use for ulcers, eczema, dermatitis, lichen, furuncles, skin fissures, pruritic lesions, for healing and reduction of inflammation.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply a thin layer to the affected skin areas 1–2 times a day, course 7–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): 2–3 g of ointment 3 times a day for pronounced inflammatory and pruritic manifestations, course up to 21 days.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Up to 5 g per day, do not exceed a 28-day course without medical supervision.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): From 3 years, apply 1 g of ointment once a day, course up to 7 days under adult supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): Light application once a day on areas prone to dryness or fissures, course up to 14 days.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required, local application.

Contraindications (Ointment): Allergy to components, active purulent foci, open deep wounds, pronounced exudation.

Side Effects (Ointment): Mild irritation, itching, redness with increased sensitivity are possible.

Preparation Method (Ointment):

• Prepare a dry oil infusion from 50 g of fruits (or a mixture of flowers and leaves) and 200 ml of olive oil. Infuse for 14 days, filter.
• Melt 30 g of beeswax in a water bath to +60 °C, stirring.
• Add 20 ml of oil infusion, mix until homogeneous. If the ointment is too thick — add up to 10 ml of base oil, bring to the consistency of sour cream.
• Cool slightly in a water bath, then gradually stir until emulsified.
• Place in sterile glass jars. Label (name, date, raw material). Observe aseptic conditions — sterile dishes, fabric, no contact with metal.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store in a dark glass container at +5...+25 °C, shelf life 3–6 months; when using foil or shielded packaging — up to 12 months in a dry, light-protected place.

Foot Baths — Crataegus monogyna

Indications (Foot Baths): Improvement of peripheral microcirculation, relief of edema, relief of muscle fatigue, vasodilation, relaxation after exertion and for cold extremities.

Standard Dosage (Foot Baths): Brew 50 g of dry fruits or a mixture of leaves and flowers in 1 L of boiling water, infuse for 20 minutes, strain. Solution temperature ≈ 40 °C. Duration of bath — 15–20 minutes, frequency — once a day before bedtime. Course — 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Foot Baths): 75 g of raw material per 1 L of water, 20–25 minutes, 2 times a day (morning and evening), course — 14–21 days.

Maximum Dosage (Foot Baths): 100 g of raw material per 1 L of water, baths for 30 minutes up to 3 times a day, course — no longer than 14 days. Then a 7-day break is required.

Pediatric Dosage (Foot Baths): From 12 years. 30 g of raw material per 500 ml of water, 15 minutes, once a day, course — up to 10 days, under adult supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Foot Baths): 30 g of raw material per 1 L of water, 10–15 minutes, once a day every other day during the period of cooling (autumn–spring), course — 14 days.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required, local form.

Contraindications (Foot Baths): Open wounds, acute inflammatory skin diseases (e.g., dermatitis, eczema with weeping), fungal infections, tendency to allergy to Rosaceae.

Side Effects (Foot Baths): Contact allergic reactions are possible — itching, redness; if the solution comes into contact with damaged skin — burning.

Preparation Method (Foot Baths):

• Measure 50–75 g of crushed dry raw material (fruits, leaves, flowers).
• Pour in 1 L of filtered water, bring to a boil, then boil for 5 minutes with a lid.
• Remove from heat, infuse for 15–20 minutes covered.
• Strain through a sieve or gauze. If necessary, adjust the volume of water to 1 L.
• The temperature of the solution should be +38...+40 °C.
• Fill a basin, lower the limbs to above the ankle level, leave for 15–20 minutes, with enhanced dosage — up to 25 minutes.
• After the procedure, dry the skin with a soft towel and keep warm.
• Prepare a fresh decoction daily; use within 24 hours, store at room temperature for up to 12 hours in a closed container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Foot Baths): The finished decoction — in a glass container at room temperature (+15...+25 °C) for no longer than 12 hours. Dry raw material — at +15...+25 °C, humidity < 65%, shelf life — up to 24 months.

Compress — Crataegus monogyna

Indications (Compress): Rheumatoid and dystrophic arthritis, rheumatism, inflammatory joint changes, symptomatic therapy for muscle pain, skin inflammations and irritations.

Standard Dosage (Compress): 50 g of crushed dry fruits or a mixture of fruits, leaves and flowers per 200 ml of boiling water, infuse for 20 minutes, strain. Moisten a gauze bandage, apply to the affected area for 20–30 minutes once a day for 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Compress): 75 g of raw material per 200 ml of water, keep the compress for 30–40 minutes 2 times a day up to 21 days.

Maximum Dosage (Compress): 100 g of raw material per 200 ml, compress up to 45 minutes, up to 3 times a day, no longer than 14 days, then a mandatory break.

Pediatric Dosage (Compress): From 12 years, 30 g of raw material per 150 ml of water, compress for 20 minutes once a day, no longer than 10 days, under adult supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Compress): 30 g of raw material per 200 ml of water, compress for 15–20 minutes every other day for a predisposition to joint pain during the exacerbation period, course up to 14 days.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required, local application.

Contraindications (Compress): Open wounds, purulent inflammations, skin eczema with weeping, allergy to Rosaceae.

Side Effects (Compress): Redness, itching, local allergic reactions with sensitive skin are possible.

Preparation Method (Compress):

• Measure 50–75 g of dry crushed raw material.
• Pour in 200 ml of filtered water, bring to a boil, then boil over low heat for 5 minutes.
• Remove from heat, cover with a lid, infuse for 20 minutes.
• Strain through gauze or a sieve, lightly squeeze the raw material.
• Dip a gauze napkin in the warm infusion (+38...+40 °C), apply to the affected area, cover with polyethylene and a towel.
• Keep for 20–30 (with enhanced dosage — up to 40) minutes, then remove and let the skin breathe.
• If necessary, the procedure can be repeated a second time during the day.
• Prepare a fresh infusion daily; store the prepared solution for up to 24 hours at +2...+8 °C in a glass container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Compress): Dry raw material store at +15...+25 °C, humidity < 65%, shelf life — up to 24 months. The finished infusion — in a glass container at +2...+8 °C for no more than 24 hours.

Face and Body Mask — Crataegus monogyna

Indications (Face and Body Mask): Moisturization, restoration of skin tone, reduction of redness and irritation, anti-aging care, protection from ultraviolet exposure.

Standard Dosage (Face and Body Mask): The prepared composition is applied to cleansed facial or body skin in an even layer, kept for 10–20 minutes, 1–2 times a week, course — 4–6 weeks.

Enhanced Dosage (Face and Body Mask): A thick layer of the composition, leave for 20–30 minutes, use up to 3 times a week for 5–7 procedures, suitable for pronounced signs of dryness, hyperpigmentation, or loss of tone.

Maximum Dosage (Face and Body Mask): No more than 3 times a week, maximum course — 10 procedures in a row, irritation and peeling are possible with excessive use.

Pediatric Dosage (Face and Body Mask): Permitted from 12 years, apply a weak concentration (half the standard dose), keep for 10–12 minutes, no more than once a week, course — up to 4 weeks, use under adult supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Face and Body Mask): Apply a thin layer once a week before bedtime for 4 weeks to maintain the protective barrier and tone the skin.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required, the mask is applied locally.

Contraindications (Face and Body Mask): Open wounds, pronounced dermatitis, individual allergy to plants of the Rosaceae family; in the presence of acne with rashes — after consultation with a dermatologist.

Side Effects (Face and Body Mask): Local irritation, itching, hypersensitivity with prolonged or frequent use are possible.

Preparation Method (Face and Body Mask):

• Measure 2 tbsp of dry crushed fruits and 1 tbsp of dry flowers or leaves of hawthorn.
• Pour in 150 ml of filtered water, slowly heat almost to a boil, then boil for 5 minutes.
• Remove from heat, cover, wait for cooling and infuse for 20 minutes.
• Strain through gauze and lightly squeeze the raw material.
• Add 1 tbsp of natural yogurt or allantoin gel to the warm infusion (≈ +40 °C), mix thoroughly until homogeneous. If desired, add 1 tsp of jojoba oil.
• Perform a skin sensitivity test 24 hours before use.
• Apply to cleansed skin in a thin or thick layer depending on needs; a thick layer — with enhanced dosage.
• After the time is up, gently rinse with warm water and apply a light moisturizing cream.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Face and Body Mask): The finished mask is stored in the refrigerator (+2...+6 °C) in an airtight glass container for up to 24 hours. Dry raw materials and extracts — at +15...+25 °C, humidity < 65%, shelf life up to 24 months.

Massage Oil — Crataegus monogyna

Indications (Massage Oil): Relief of muscle and joint pain, relief of muscle tension, improvement of microcirculation, support for arthritis and rheumatism, relaxation of muscles and skin; confirmed by ethnomedicine as a remedy for massage and topical use.

Standard Dosage (Massage Oil): Apply externally, massage 5–10 ml of oil into the affected areas (back, shoulders, limbs) once a day, course 7–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Massage Oil): Use 15–20 ml of oil 1–2 times a day on extensive areas or for intense pain symptoms, course up to 21 days.

Maximum Dosage (Massage Oil): Up to 30 ml per day, do not exceed a 28-day course without a break and specialist supervision.

Pediatric Dosage (Massage Oil): From 5 years, apply 2–5 ml per zone (e.g., lower back, back) once a day, course up to 7 days.

Preventive Dosage (Massage Oil): 5 ml of oil once a day before bedtime for the prevention of muscle tension and improvement of sleep, course 10 days.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required, local form of use.

Contraindications (Massage Oil): Individual hypersensitivity, skin rashes or damage, acute inflammatory processes, pregnancy (first trimester), lactation.

Side Effects (Massage Oil): Local irritation, itching, allergic reactions with sensitive skin are possible; when applied to damaged skin — a burning sensation.

Preparation Method (Massage Oil):

• Prepare 100 g of dry crushed hawthorn fruits; you can add leaves and flowers (1:1:1 ratio by weight).
• Place in a jar with a volume of at least 250 ml.
• Pour in 200 ml of base oil (sesame, olive, or sunflower) so that the raw material is completely submerged — the ratio of raw material to oil is 1:2 by weight.
• Infuse using the cold method in a dark place at a temperature of +20...+25 °C for at least 14 days; shake daily for the first week, then — 1–2 times a week.
• After the period, strain through gauze and a cotton filter.
• Pour into dark glass vials with an airtight lid, put the date and indicate "Hawthorn Massage Oil." It is recommended to store in the refrigerator for the first days for sterility.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Massage Oil): Store in a dark glass container at +5...+20 °C, shelf life up to 12 months if airtight; at room temperature — up to 6 months.

Cream — Crataegus monogyna

Indications (Cream): Moisturization, improvement of skin microcirculation, relief of redness and irritation, anti-aging care, soothing effect for sunburn and sensitive skin.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply to cleansed facial or body skin in a thin layer 1–2 times a day in a course of 4–6 weeks, optimal extract concentration 2–5% in the cosmetic mixture.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): A thick layer of cream with a concentration of 5%, apply up to 3 times a week for pronounced dryness, hyperpigmentation, or irritation, course up to 7 procedures.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): No more than 3 times a week, course does not exceed 10 procedures in a row to avoid irritation.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): From 12 years, apply in a thin layer once a week, keep for 10–12 minutes, course up to 4 weeks.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): A thin layer of cream once a week before bedtime to maintain the cellular barrier and skin tone.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required, local application.

Contraindications (Cream): Open wounds, active inflammatory dermatitis, individual hypersensitivity to plants of the Rosaceae family.

Side Effects (Cream): Local irritation, itching, hypersensitivity with frequent use are possible.

Preparation Method (Cream):

• Prepare 100 g of oil infusion as a base: pour crushed raw material with base oil (olive or sesame) in a ratio of 1:2 (raw material:oil by weight), infuse for 14 days in a dark place with periodic shaking.
• Prepare a water-oil emulsion. Melt 10 g of emulsifier (natural beeswax or lecithin) in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding +40 °C.
• Add 80 g of oil infusion, stirring thoroughly to obtain a homogeneous consistency. Add up to 10 ml of water (or hydrolate) at a temperature of +40 °C, continuing to emulsify.
• Gradually introduce 10 g of hawthorn extract or dry powder, stir until evenly distributed.
• After cooling to +30 °C, add essential components (e.g., 1% jojoba oil or vitanol) and, if required, a natural preservative (e.g., vitamin E).
• Pour into sterile dark jars, close tightly, label.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store in a dark glass container at +4...+8 °C; shelf life — up to 60 days when shielded with foil and without artificial preservatives; at room temperature, shelf life is limited to 30 days.

Eye Drops — Crataegus monogyna

Indications (Eye Drops): Conjunctival irritation, eye fatigue, redness of the mucous membrane, dryness of the eyeball, mild inflammatory processes of the eyelids and mucous membrane.

Standard Dosage (Eye Drops): 1–2 drops in each eye 2 times a day, morning and evening; pre-warm the solution to body temperature (+36...+38 °C); course 5–7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Eye Drops): For pronounced irritation or dryness — up to 3–4 drops 3 times a day for 5–7 days.

Maximum Dosage (Eye Drops): No more than 4 drops in each eye 4 times a day; overall maximum — up to 7 days.

Pediatric Dosage (Eye Drops): From 6 years — 1 drop in each eye 1–2 times a day, course does not exceed 5 days.

Preventive Dosage (Eye Drops): 1 drop in each eye in the evening after screen exposure or when in dusty/dry rooms, course up to 5 days.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required, local form of application.

Contraindications (Eye Drops): Allergy to components, active bacterial or viral eye infections (conjunctivitis with purulent discharge), early postoperative periods, glaucoma, myopia > 6 diopters without ophthalmologist control.

Side Effects (Eye Drops): Burning, itching, increased lacrimation, eyelid edema, temporary visual impairment at high concentration.

Preparation Method (Eye Drops):

• Wait 14 days for the oil infusion (50 g of raw material per 200 ml of oil), filter.
• Prepare a 10% aqueous extract: pour 10 g of crushed dry raw material with 100 ml of filtered water, bring to a boil, boil for 5 minutes, infuse for 20 minutes, strain through sterile gauze.
• Mix the extract with the infusion in a ratio of 1:4 (oil:aqueous), bring to 20% active fraction.
• Sterilize the mixture through a 0.22 µm syringe filter under aseptic conditions.
• Pour into sterile dark glass dropper bottles, number and label (time of preparation, shelf life 48 hours in the refrigerator, dispose of after opening).

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Eye Drops): Store the prepared drops for no longer than 48 hours in the refrigerator (+2...+6 °C); discard the remainder. Preparation must be carried out under sterile conditions.

Bath Salt — Crataegus monogyna

Indications (Bath Salt): Improvement of blood and lymph flow, relief of muscle and joint pain, relaxation, support for neurodermatitis and psoriasis, skin support after cosmetic procedures and aggressive environmental exposure.

Standard Dosage (Bath Salt): Add 100 g of natural sea or Himalayan salt and 100 ml of aqueous hawthorn extract to a bath (150–200 L of warm water +36...+38 °C); bathe for 15–20 minutes 1–2 times a week, course 10–14 procedures.

Enhanced Dosage (Bath Salt): Salt 150 g + extract 150 ml, bath up to 30 minutes 2 times a week, course up to 14 procedures.

Maximum Dosage (Bath Salt): Salt 200 g + extract 200 ml, bath up to 60 minutes 2 times a week, course no more than 10 procedures in a row.

Pediatric Dosage (Bath Salt): From 6 years; water volume 80 L, salt 50 g, extract 50 ml, duration 10–15 minutes, 1–2 times a week, course up to 7 procedures under supervision.

Preventive Dosage (Bath Salt): Bath with 50–80 g of salt + 50 ml of extract, 15–20 minutes once a week during the season of weather changes, course 6–8 procedures.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Adjust the bath volume and salt proportionally to the reduced water (approximately 0.5 g of salt per 1 L of water).

Contraindications (Bath Salt): Acute skin inflammations, pronounced cardiovascular diseases (in the decompensation stage), stage III hypertension, first trimester of pregnancy, severe vascular reactivity, individual sensitivity to the composition.

Side Effects (Bath Salt): Dry skin with frequent use, possible burning on damaged skin, allergic symptoms (rash, itching).

Preparation Method (Bath Salt):

• Dry crushed raw material (leaves, flowers and/or fruits) of hawthorn — 100 g.
• Pour in 1 L of filtered water, bring to a boil.
• Boil for 5 minutes, then cover with a lid and infuse for 20 minutes.
• Filter through gauze, squeeze the raw material, obtain a pure extract.
• Add salt first to the prepared bath (150–200 L of water +36...+38 °C), then the extract, mix thoroughly until completely dissolved.
• Bathe for 15–60 minutes depending on the dosage; after the procedure, dry the skin with a towel, then put on warm clothes and rest.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Bath Salt): Dry raw material store at +15...+25 °C, humidity < 65%, shelf life — up to 24 months. The finished extract store in an airtight glass container at +2...+6 °C for no more than 72 hours. The finished salt solution — use once, do not store.

Contraindications — Crataegus monogyna

Oral Administration: Internal use may be limited in case of individual intolerance to components, in childhood, during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as well as in conditions requiring monitoring of metabolic load. Intake without medical supervision is not recommended for patients with pronounced metabolic disorders or reduced functional reserve of detoxification systems.

Application to the Skin: External use may be contraindicated in case of increased skin sensitivity, in the presence of acute inflammatory reactions or violation of the integrity of the skin. In childhood and in persons with high skin reactivity, it is recommended to limit the area of application, duration of use, and monitor skin reaction.

Contact with Mucous Membranes: Forms involving contact with the vaginal, rectal, nasal, oral, ocular, or respiratory mucosa require a preliminary assessment of tolerability. Contraindications may be associated with irritation of the mucous membranes, violation of their integrity, as well as individual hypersensitivity. During pregnancy, lactation, and in childhood, the use of these forms requires increased attention and, if necessary, adaptation of the application regimen.

Note: In the presence of chronic conditions, reduced general tolerance, as well as when using the preparation for the first time, a preliminary assessment of the individual reaction is necessary. In case of doubt, a specialist consultation is required. All indicated contraindications are template and do not replace a clinical decision.

Side Effects — Crataegus monogyna

Oral Administration: With internal use, reactions from the digestive system, changes in general well-being, and individual sensitivity are possible. Side effects may include subjective discomfort, digestive reactions, or short-term changes in mood and sleep. In most cases, reactions are mild and reversible upon discontinuation of the preparation. If persistent or increasing symptoms appear, intake should be stopped.

Application to the Skin: External use may be accompanied by local reactions, such as burning sensation, redness, itching, dry skin, or peeling. In some cases, increased skin sensitivity to external irritants may be observed. With increased dosage, prolonged use, or application under a bandage, skin maceration is possible. All reactions are completely reversible after discontinuation of use.

Contact with Mucous Membranes: Upon contact of the preparation with the mucous membranes, irritation, tingling, burning sensation, increased lacrimation, short-term increase in secretion or discharge are possible. Less commonly — edema, sensation of a foreign body, reflex cough or sneezing. Side effects are usually reversible and disappear after rinsing the mucosa with clean water or discontinuing use.

Note: Side effects are usually associated with the individual reaction of the body, exceeding the recommended dosage, prolonged continuous use, or non-compliance with the method of administration. Before use, it is recommended to conduct a trial application or skin test. All symptoms are reversible with the correct tactics. In case of persistent or systemic reactions, it is necessary to stop using the preparation and, if necessary, consult a specialist.

Pharmacodynamics — Crataegus monogyna

Extracts and phytopreparations of Crataegus monogyna exhibit a complex action due to the content of flavonoids and proanthocyanidins. These substances provide an antioxidant effect, suppressing lipid peroxidation and neutralizing free radicals. The extracts exhibit vasodilating activity, probably due to increased expression of endothelial NO-synthase and release of nitric oxide, which leads to improved microcirculation and reduced vascular tone. The antioxidant effect is combined with modulation of enzyme systems (inhibition of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, COX/LOX), which supports the cardioprotective effect and has an antiplatelet action. An anti-inflammatory effect is possible due to a decrease in the activation of NF-κB-dependent pathways and cytokine production, which confirms the systemic and local activity of the extracts.

References: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247...; https://www.researchgate.net/p...

Pharmacokinetics — Crataegus monogyna

After oral administration, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins from hawthorn extracts are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, mainly in the small intestine, and are partially metabolized by the intestinal microflora. Flavonoids undergo phases I–II metabolism in the liver with the formation of glucuronides and sulfates, while proanthocyanidins may be excreted unchanged in the bile and feces. When applied to the skin and mucous membranes, the active substances are absorbed transdermally or locally, binding to epithelial proteins. With parenteral and local forms, bioactive components can penetrate into the systemic bloodstream through the vascular network of the mucous membranes. Excretion occurs primarily through the kidneys and liver, and some compounds are excreted in the feces. With combined use (infusion, cream, tincture), synergy of fractions is observed, slowing down and prolonging the systemic action.

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Crataegus monogyna

The active components of hawthorn, including flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin), proanthocyanidins, and triterpenoids, interact with enzyme systems Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, increasing myocardial contractility, and activate eNOS, promoting vasodilation. Anti-inflammatory properties are manifested through inhibition of COX, LOX, suppression of NF-κB activation, and reduction of cytokine production. Antioxidant activity is due to activation of the Nrf2 pathway (increased expression of SOD1, HO-1, NQO1), which reduces oxidative stress. Flavonoids are able to modulate endothelial function, reducing vascular permeability and platelet aggregation, and exert a stabilizing effect on the vascular wall.

Synergy — Crataegus monogyna

Combinations of extract manufacturers indicate a synergistic interaction between polyphenols and proanthocyanidins, which improves antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. As part of complex phytopreparations, an additive effect is observed with other cardiotonic plants, enhancing vasodilation and resistance to oxidative stress. The concomitant inhibition of enzyme cascades and receptor activity leads to an enhancement of the overall systemic action and an increase in the effectiveness of preparations, which has been confirmed in vitro and in vivo.

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Crataegus monogyna

Crataegus monogyna is widely distributed in the temperate latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere — in Europe, North-West Africa, Asia, and North America, where it grew wild before active cultivation as an ornamental and medicinal plant. In European traditional medicine, especially in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, its flowers and fruits were used to support the heart and blood vessels, for nervous excitement, poor circulation, and insomnia. In folk recipes of Eastern Europe and Russia, infusions of fruits and flowers were used as a remedy to improve performance, calm the nervous system, and for headaches. Archaeological and written sources, for example, the mention of Dioscorides in the 1st century, confirm the use of hawthorn as a medicinal plant already in antiquity.

In Chinese folk medicine, the fruits were used to strengthen digestion and adapt the cardiovascular system, often combined with alcohol extracts. In North America, indigenous peoples used the berries to treat gastrointestinal disorders and support vitality. In British culture, hawthorn was traditionally associated with festive rituals — flowering at Christmas in England symbolized rebirth, and its branches decorated homes for protection from evil spirits.

Folk forms of use included decoctions, infusions of flowers and fruits, external wraps, and tinctures. In Slavic regions, infusions were used for headaches and nervous disorders, in ritual practice — for protecting homes and peasant ceremonies. In the culture of the Celts and South Slavs, hawthorn was considered a protective plant: its branches were placed on the doorstep to scare away evil spirits and diseases.

Thus, the cultural tradition of hawthorn use covers various ethnic groups — European (Germanic, Slavic, Celtic), East Asian (Chinese), and North American tribes. Historically, it was recommended from the 1st century AD in the works of Dioscorides and among Mediterranean monographs. In addition to medical use, the plant participated in ritual and protective practices, symbolizing strength, health, and purification.