Helichrysum Arenarium (Dwarf Everlast)

Helichrysum Arenarium (Dwarf Everlast)

Product Name: Бессмертник песчаный, Helichrysum arenarium, Sand-Strohblume, Siempreviva arenaria, Immortelle sableuse, الخلود الرملي, ดอกอมตะทราย, Qumko‘ch o‘lmas guli, Кумдук өлбөс гүлү, Qum çiçəyi, Абадиятрег, Smiltyninis šlamutis, Smiltenes salms, Безсмертник піщаний, Qum çiçəyi, חַי-לְעוֹלָם חוֹלִי

Synonyms: Russ. цмин песчаный, золотник, сухоцвет песчаный; Engl. Dwarf Everlast, Sandy Everlasting, Immortelle; Germ. Ruhrkraut, Sand-Strohblume; Spanish: perpetua arenaria, flor de arena; French: immortelle sableuse, hélichryse des sables;Arabic: زهرة الخلود الرملية, خلود الرمال; Thai: ดอกไม้ไม่เหี่ยวทราย, ดอกอมตะทราย

Used Parts: flower heads, aerial part, leaves, stems, roots, seeds, flower heads.

Main Indications for Use of Helichrysum arenarium: Chronic cholecystitis, hypomotor biliary dyskinesia, chronic hepatitis, cholelithiasis with microlithiasis, chronic pancreatitis, gastritis with reduced secretion, flatulence, spastic colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, post-cholecystectomy syndrome, parasitic infestations with liver involvement, toxic liver damage, hepatic steatosis, dyspeptic disorders, hypoacid gastritis, enterocolitis, hypocholia.

Use of Helichrysum arenarium in Mixtures and Complexes: Large-stone cholelithiasis, viral hepatitis, compensated cirrhosis, calculous cholecystitis, acute cholecystitis in the subacute stage, reflux gastritis, functional intestinal disorders, chronic gastroduodenitis, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome, chronic renal failure combined with hepatopathies, type 2 diabetes mellitus with hepatic steatosis.

Pharmacological Properties of Helichrysum arenarium: choleretic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, antibacterial, antiprotozoal, antiviral, diuretic, antioxidant, anti-edematous, hypolipidemic, mild analgesic, immunomodulating, anthelmintic, improving gastric secretion.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Helichrysum arenarium

Powder — Helichrysum arenarium

Indications (Powder): Chronic cholecystitis, hypomotor biliary dyskinesia, chronic hepatitis, hypoacid gastritis, enterocolitis, hepatic steatosis, dyspeptic disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, flatulence.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 1.0–2.0 grams of powder three times a day, 20 minutes before meals, with warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 2.5 grams of powder three times a day, for chronic hepatitis, hepatic steatosis, pronounced hypocholia, and hypoacid gastritis with anemia.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): Up to 3.0 grams of powder four times a day for toxic liver damage, parasitic infestations with impaired bile secretion, and severe forms of chronic cholecystitis. Used for no more than 7 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 1.0 gram of powder once a day in the morning on an empty stomach, in a 14-day course. Recommended for a tendency to bile outflow disorders, after fatty food intake, in patients with a sedentary lifestyle, and in chronic enterocolitis in remission. Repeat courses — no more than once every 2 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): From 6 years of age, with a body weight of at least 20 kg — 0.5 grams of powder twice a day, only under adult supervision. Not recommended for children under 6 years due to irritant action.

Contraindications (Powder): Obstructive cholelithiasis, individual intolerance, pronounced arterial hypertension. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 6 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): In case of overdose, a bitter taste in the mouth, heaviness in the right hypochondrium, increased pulse, and headache are possible. Cases of temporary blood pressure elevation have been described.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight below 60 kg — initial dosage of 1.0 gram twice a day. For body weight above 90 kg — the standard dosage can be increased to 2.5 grams three times a day, in the absence of contraindications.

Preparation Method (Powder): Collect and dry the flower heads of immortelle at a temperature not exceeding 40 °C in the shade, in a well-ventilated area. After complete drying, grind to a homogeneous powder using plant milling equipment. To obtain 100 grams of powder, about 120 grams of freshly collected raw material are required. The presence of wood or foreign impurities is not allowed. Package in airtight glass or porcelain containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a tightly closed dark glass container, in a dry place at a temperature of +5 to +20 °C, without access to direct sunlight and away from electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 12 months from the date of grinding. After opening the package, use within 30 days.

Dry Extract — Helichrysum arenarium

Indications (Dry Extract): Chronic cholecystitis, hypomotor biliary dyskinesia, chronic hepatitis, hepatic steatosis, post-cholecystectomy syndrome, gastritis with reduced secretion, spastic colitis, chronic pancreatitis.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 200 milligrams of dry extract, dissolved in 50–100 milliliters of warm water, three times a day 20 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 300 milligrams of dry extract three times a day in case of pronounced hypocholia, chronic hepatitis with impaired bile outflow, and in the presence of pronounced pain syndrome against the background of chronic cholecystitis and dyskinesia.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): Up to 400 milligrams of extract four times a day. Used for no more than 5 days in a row for toxic liver damage, acute phases of pancreatitis, or parasitic infestations with hepatic syndrome.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 100 milligrams once a day in the morning, dissolved in warm water. Course — 10 days. Recommended for patients with a sedentary lifestyle, prone to cholestasis, with hypoacid gastritis in remission, and after liver and gallbladder diseases. Repeat courses — no more than once every 2 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): From 7 years of age, with a body weight of at least 22 kilograms — 50–100 milligrams of dry extract in diluted form twice a day. Used only as prescribed by a physician. Not recommended for children under 7 years.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Cholelithiasis with stones larger than 10 mm, grade II–III hypertension, individual intolerance. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and under 7 years of age have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): In case of overdose, heartburn, short-term blood pressure elevation, headache, and an unpleasant taste in the mouth are possible. Rarely — allergic skin reactions.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight less than 60 kg — do not exceed a dose of 200 milligrams per dose. For body weight more than 90 kg, an increase in dose to 300 milligrams is allowed.

Preparation Method (Dry Extract): Weigh 500 grams of dry immortelle flower heads and pour with 5 liters of purified water. Infuse at a temperature of 60 °C for 4 hours in a sealed stainless steel container. After infusion — extract the liquid, filter, and evaporate in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 80 °C to obtain a thick extract. Then dry in a vacuum drying chamber at a temperature of up to 40 °C. Sift the resulting powder thoroughly. Yield: about 80 grams of dry extract.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in a tightly sealed dark glass container or multi-layer paper, in a dry and cool place at a temperature of +5 to +25 °C, without access to sunlight and sources of EMI. Shelf life — up to 18 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Tincture — Helichrysum arenarium

Indications (Tincture): Chronic cholecystitis, hypomotor biliary dyskinesia, post-cholecystectomy syndrome, chronic hepatitis, hepatic steatosis, gastritis with reduced secretion, hypocholia, parasitic infestations with hepatic syndrome.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 20 drops 3 times a day, dissolved in 50 milliliters of water, 20 minutes before meals. Course duration — 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 25–30 drops three times a day for persistent hypocholia, pronounced hepatic steatosis, in the subacute phase of gallbladder inflammation, or in parasitic lesions of the hepatobiliary zone. Course — no more than 10 days.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): Up to 35 drops four times a day for pronounced hepatobiliary stasis, in conditions of prolonged biliary dysfunction, or in combined therapy of toxic liver damage. No more than 5 days in a row.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10 drops once a day on an empty stomach, in a 10-day course. Used for a predisposition to bile outflow disorders, dietary violations, chronic enterocolitis, and hypoacid gastritis. Repeat course — once every 2–3 months.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): Use of alcohol tincture in children under 14 years is not recommended. In exceptional cases — as prescribed by a physician, at a dosage of 1 drop per year of the child's life, diluted in 50 milliliters of water. Use only under specialist supervision.

Contraindications (Tincture): Alcoholism, liver diseases in the decompensation stage, individual ethanol intolerance, epilepsy, pregnancy, lactation. Scientific data on use in children under 14 years are absent. Do not use in cholelithiasis with large stones.

Side Effects (Tincture): Headache, nausea, increased gastric secretion, and gastric mucosal irritation are possible. In case of overdose — dizziness, tachycardia, short-term blood pressure elevation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight up to 60 kg — do not exceed 20 drops per dose. For body weight more than 90 kg, an increase to 30 drops is allowed under medical supervision.

Preparation Method (Tincture): Grind 20 grams of dry immortelle flower heads and place in a glass container with a volume of at least 200 milliliters. Add 100 milliliters of 70% ethyl alcohol. Seal tightly, infuse in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 18–22 °C for 10 days. Shake daily. After infusion, strain through gauze or a paper filter. The yield is 100 milliliters of alcohol tincture.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in a dark glass container at a temperature of +5 to +25 °C, in a dry and light-protected place, away from sources of EMI. Shelf life — up to 24 months. After opening, use within 60 days.

Oil Infusion — Helichrysum arenarium

Indications (Oil Infusion): Irritable bowel syndrome, gastritis with reduced secretion, chronic pancreatitis, hypocholia, spastic colitis, chronic enterocolitis, post-cholecystectomy syndrome, dyspeptic disorders, flatulence, inflammatory skin diseases, eczema, atopic dermatitis.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): 1 teaspoon (5 ml) twice a day 15–20 minutes before meals, for 10–14 days. Externally — apply a thin layer to the affected skin areas 2 times a day.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): 1 tablespoon (15 ml) twice a day — for chronic pancreatitis, pronounced hypocholic syndrome, spastic colitis with flatulence. Externally — up to 3 times a day, in conditions of active inflammation in eczema and atopy.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Up to 20 ml orally three times a day — no more than 5 days in a row for acute dyspeptic syndrome against the background of biliary dyskinesia accompanied by hyposecretion. Externally — 4 times a day for exacerbations of dermatitis, with intervals of at least 3 hours.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): 1 teaspoon (5 ml) once a day in the morning on an empty stomach, in 7-day courses. Indicated for patients with chronic gastritis, pancreatitis in remission, as well as for a tendency to skin inflammations in patients with dry and irritated skin. Repeat courses — no more than once a month.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): From 6 years of age, with a body weight of at least 20 kg — 2 ml (half a teaspoon) once a day orally for 5 days. External use is permissible from 3 years — once a day on limited skin areas in the absence of damage. Not recommended for children under 3 years.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Individual intolerance, pronounced hyperlipidemia, acute pancreatitis, mechanical jaundice, acute dermatoses with weeping. No data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation; use is allowed after consultation with a specialist. For children under 3 years — external use is not recommended.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): In case of overdose, nausea, decreased appetite, headache, and an oily taste in the mouth are possible. With external use in high doses — skin irritation and hyperemia.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients up to 60 kg — orally no more than 5 ml per dose. For body weight more than 90 kg, an increase in dosage to 15 ml per dose is possible with good tolerability.

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion): Weigh 30 grams of dry immortelle flower heads and grind to a medium size. Place in a 250 ml glass jar and pour with 100 milliliters of unrefined coconut oil. Close the container tightly and infuse at a temperature of 35–40 °C for 10 days (in a water bath or solar heating, avoiding overheating). Stir daily. After infusion, filter through gauze. Output volume — about 90–95 ml of infused oil.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in a tightly sealed dark glass container at a temperature of +5 to +20 °C, away from light, heat, and electromagnetic radiation sources. Shelf life — up to 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Ointment — Helichrysum arenarium

Indications (Ointment): Atopic dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, trophic ulcers, burns of I and II degree, dermatitis of allergic and contact etiology, pruritus of unspecified nature, skin inflammation in varicose veins, slowly healing wounds.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply a thin layer to the affected skin area 2 times a day, morning and evening. Duration of use — up to 14 days, if necessary — as prescribed by a physician.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): Apply 3 times a day for exacerbation of atopic dermatitis, skin fissures, trophic changes, and pronounced itching. Can be used under an occlusive dressing — up to 6 hours a day.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Application up to 4 times a day on limited body areas with a total area of no more than 15% of the skin surface is allowed, course — no more than 7 days in a row. Used for extensive, poorly healing trophic ulcers, ulcerative defects, and dermatoses with intense itching.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): Apply once a day in the evening for 5–7 days on skin areas prone to irritation, peeling, or microcracks — elbows, heels, shins. Recommended in the autumn-winter period, with a tendency to eczema or dry skin. Repeat course — as needed, no more than once a month.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): From 3 years — single application per day on limited areas (no more than 5×5 cm), no more than 5 days in a row. Not used in children under 3 years. Use in children is permissible only under adult supervision, avoiding contact with eyes and mucous membranes.

Contraindications (Ointment): Individual intolerance, weeping dermatoses, acute pustular skin infections. During pregnancy and lactation — external use on limited areas is permissible, in the absence of open wounds. No scientific data on contraindications in these conditions have been registered.

Side Effects (Ointment): In case of overdose, contact dermatitis, redness, increased itching, and local rash may develop. Very rarely — urticaria.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight below 60 kg — limit the volume of ointment to 1.5 grams per application. For body weight above 90 kg, an increase in quantity to 5 grams is possible, depending on the area of the lesion.

Preparation Method (Ointment): To obtain 100 grams of ointment, the following are required: dry immortelle extract — 4 g.; unrefined coconut oil — 46 g.; shea butter (karité) — 20 g.; beeswax — 10 g.; immortelle hydrolate or purified water — 20 g. Melt the oils with wax in a water bath to a homogeneous mass at a temperature of 60 °C, add the dry extract, mix thoroughly. After removing from heat, add the hydrolate, stirring until cool. Pour into sterile jars. Consistency — soft, dense, fatty ointment.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store in a tightly closed dark glass container at a temperature of +5 to +12 °C, away from light and heat sources, without exposure to EMI. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening — use within 30 days, store in the refrigerator.

Cream — Helichrysum arenarium

Indications (Cream): Atopic dermatitis, couperose, inflammatory processes of facial skin, acne, post-acne, seborrheic dermatitis, age-related skin changes, dryness and peeling of the skin, hyperemia due to irritation or allergy.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply a thin layer to cleansed skin 2 times a day — morning and evening. Distribute evenly over the surface of the face and neck, avoiding the area around the eyes. Course — from 10 to 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): Apply 3 times a day for pronounced manifestations of inflammation, post-acne, peeling, and microcracks against the background of winter dermatitis, seborrheic inflammation, and rosacea. Course duration — up to 14 days.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): Up to 4 applications per day on skin areas with active inflammation and hyperemia — nasolabial area, cheeks, chin. Used for no more than 5 days in a row. Only for pronounced reactive skin inflammations.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Apply once a day at night in a course of 7–10 days, especially during seasonal changes or with increased skin dryness. Recommended for patients with sensitive skin prone to irritation, or during the recovery period after cosmetic procedures.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): From 5 years — apply a thin layer once a day on limited areas (cheeks, forehead, behind-the-ear area) for no more than 5 days in a row. Not used in children under 5 years. Use in children should be carried out under adult supervision.

Contraindications (Cream): Individual intolerance to cream components. Do not use for weeping dermatoses, active herpes infection of the skin, or open purulent lesions. No contraindication data during pregnancy and lactation have been registered; cautious external use is allowed.

Side Effects (Cream): In case of overdose or prolonged use, contact dermatitis, burning, a feeling of skin tightness, and the appearance of comedones are possible. Very rarely — allergic rash.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Adjustment is not required, as the cream is applied externally in dosages depending on the area of application, not on body weight.

Preparation Method (Cream): For 100 grams of cream: dry immortelle extract — 3 g.;coconut oil — 20 g.; jojoba oil — 10 g.; emulsifier (natural based on olive oil) — 5 g.; immortelle hydrolate — 58 g.; plant-based preservative (potassium sorbate or phytopreservatives) — 0.5 g.; immortelle essential oil — 3–5 drops. Heat the aqueous and oil phases separately to 60 °C, then slowly combine, whisking until a homogeneous emulsion is obtained. After cooling to 35 °C, add the dry extract and essential oil. Mix, pour into sterile containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store at a temperature of +4 to +10 °C, in a light-protected place, in a tightly closed container. Avoid exposure to EMI. Shelf life — 90 days. After opening, use within 30 days, store in the refrigerator.

Serum — Helichrysum arenarium

Indications (Serum): Skin hypersensitivity, couperose, redness of facial skin, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, fine wrinkles, loss of skin elasticity, decreased tone, consequences of acne, dilated capillaries, stressed and tired skin.

Standard Dosage (Serum): Apply 2–3 drops to clean, dry facial and neck skin once a day — in the evening, before bed. Distribute with light movements until completely absorbed.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): 3–4 drops twice a day — morning and evening — for pronounced couperose, decreased skin tone, and signs of inflammation and irritation. Course — 10–14 days.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): Up to 5 drops 2–3 times a day in conditions of active inflammatory process, pronounced redness and swelling against the background of rosacea or allergic dermatitis in the regression stage. Course no more than 5 days.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): Apply 2 drops once a day, in the evening, in 7-day courses, especially during seasonal changes (spring, autumn). Recommended for patients with sensitive skin, as well as during regular stress loads associated with overwork.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): Use in children is not recommended due to the concentration of active components and the lack of clinical data. Spot external use from 12 years of age is possible as prescribed by a dermatologist.

Contraindications (Serum): Individual hypersensitivity, fresh mechanical skin damage, active form of acne with pustules, pronounced inflammatory process. Contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically recorded, but a preliminary tolerance test is recommended.

Side Effects (Serum): Rarely, a burning sensation, redness, and peeling are possible, especially in case of overdose or application to wet skin. In isolated cases — an allergic reaction with the formation of a fine rash.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Dose adjustment by body weight is not required, as the drug is applied externally and locally, in strictly limited volumes.

Preparation Method (Serum): For 100 milliliters of finished serum: immortelle hydrolate — 60 milliliters; vegetable glycerin — 10 milliliters; dry immortelle extract — 2 g. aloe vera extract — 10 milliliters; hyaluronic acid (0.5% solution) — 10 milliliters; plant-based preservative — 0.5 g. immortelle essential oil — 3 drops. Combine all water-soluble components (hydrolate, glycerin, hyaluronic acid, extracts), shake until a homogeneous consistency is obtained, then add the essential oil and preservative. The serum should have a light aqueous consistency, without sediment. Pour into dark glass dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): Store at a temperature of +4 to +10 °C in a dark place, away from sunlight and EMI. After opening — use within 30 days. Shelf life of a closed bottle — up to 6 months.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Helichrysum arenarium

Studies on the toxicological safety of Helichrysum arenarium confirm its low overall toxicity with oral and external use. Experimental models on animals have shown that plant extracts, including aqueous, alcoholic, and oil forms, have a high level of biocompatibility when recommended dosages are observed.

Acute toxicological tests have shown that the LD₅₀ (lethal dose for 50% of the population) of the aqueous extract with oral administration in mice exceeds 5 g/kg of body weight, which is classified as a practically non-toxic substance (category V on the WHO toxicity scale). For the alcohol extract, the LD₅₀ also exceeds 3 g/kg, indicating its relative safety with proper dosing.

In long-term observations and subchronic tests, no mutagenic, embryotoxic, or carcinogenic effects were detected. No significant changes in the biochemical parameters of the liver, kidneys, and blood were noted at therapeutic doses. No accumulation in tissues or development of tolerance was recorded.

Thus, Helichrysum arenarium can be considered a pharmacologically biosafe agent with oral, external, and cosmetic use within therapeutic limits, both in adults and in children (subject to age restrictions).

Reference: https://www.researchgate.net/p...

Pharmacodynamics — Helichrysum arenarium

The pharmacodynamic activity of Helichrysum arenarium is due to the high content of flavonoids, including isosalipurposide, naringenins, apigenin, and luteolin, as well as phenolcarboxylic acids, macro- and microlipophilic components, including essential oils and triterpenoid compounds. The complex of active substances exerts predominantly local and systemic effects, involving the gastrointestinal tract, hepatobiliary system, skin, and secondarily affecting neurohumoral and immune regulatory links.

At the systemic level, the flavonoid complex of immortelle demonstrates pronounced modulating activity with respect to liver enzyme systems, in particular microsomal enzymes of phase I and II detoxification, including glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. An inhibitory effect on the activity of β-glucuronidase has also been established, suggesting involvement in the mechanisms of biotransformation and bile secretion. These effects are accompanied by an increase in bile secretion, its dilution, and a change in composition towards an increase in water-soluble components, which confirms participation in the metabolic and transport functions of the liver.

With respect to the smooth muscles of the biliary tract and intestines, a moderately pronounced spasmolytic effect is observed, probably associated with the suppression of transmembrane calcium ion entry and a decrease in the sensitivity of muscarinic receptors. This mechanism suggests a local effect at the level of autonomic innervation and gastrointestinal musculature. Normalization of intestinal motility has been noted while maintaining basic peristalsis, without a pronounced stimulating or inhibitory effect, which indicates a regulating, adaptogenic effect within the physiological norm.

The antioxidant activity of immortelle extracts has been experimentally confirmed, realized through the suppression of lipid peroxidation and stabilization of cell membranes. This is accompanied by a decrease in malondialdehyde levels and an increase in the antioxidant capacity of blood plasma in biomarkers of oxidative stress. The structure of plant flavonoids suggests their participation in the inhibition of the free radical cascade, as well as in the maintenance of redox homeostasis.

The immunomodulating properties of immortelle are partially mediated through the regulation of the cytokine profile. Experimentally, a decrease in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) and a moderate increase in IL-10 have been detected, indicating a targeted anti-inflammatory effect. These effects are manifested primarily at the level of the innate immune response and are realized through the suppression of pro-inflammatory gene expression and modulation of macrophage and neutrophil activity.

With respect to skin structures, external use of immortelle extracts demonstrates a regenerative and anti-inflammatory effect, expressed in the stimulation of fibroblast proliferation, an increase in type I collagen synthesis, and suppression of inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandins and interleukins. These data are confirmed by in vitro and in vivo models of the wound process and thermal injuries.

Finally, the neuromodulating effect recorded with the use of immortelle essential oil is manifested in a decrease in behavioral reactions of anxiety and activation of parasympathetic regulation, presumably through GABA receptors and olfactory stimulation, which requires further confirmation but is already supported by experimental observations.

Thus, the pharmacodynamics of Helichrysum arenarium represent a set of systemic and local effects realized through enzyme, receptor, and cellular targets, with the participation of key mediator and signaling pathways, which confirms its multi-level and regulating pharmacological action.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://link.springer.com/arti...

Pharmacokinetics — Helichrysum arenarium

The pharmacokinetic properties of Helichrysum arenarium are largely determined by the nature of its active compounds, mainly of flavonoid and terpene nature, as well as by the pharmacological form used and the route of administration. The main routes of administration are oral, transdermal, and to a lesser extent — through mucous membranes (for example, when applied as part of ointments and creams in the mouth and nose area).

With oral administration (powder, dry extract, infusion), the absorption of flavonoids and phenolic acids occurs primarily in the small intestine, partly in the stomach. An important role is played by the enzymatic activity of the intestinal microflora, which participates in the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds, contributing to the release of aglycones with greater lipophilicity and the ability to penetrate enterocyte membranes. It has been established that the presence of a lipid matrix (in the form of oil infusion) contributes to more stable absorption of a number of terpene compounds, especially in the presence of dietary fats, due to the activation of bile secretion.

The distribution of active substances after absorption is characterized by a tendency to accumulate in the tissues of the liver and the biliary system. This is due to both the tropism of metabolites and the participation of the liver in the phase of biotransformation. Flavonoids and phenolic acids undergo metabolism in the liver with the participation of cytochrome P450, glucuronidation, and sulfation. In the process of biotransformation, conjugates with higher water solubility are formed, which facilitates their excretion.

Most metabolites are excreted primarily with bile through the intestines, while some compounds undergo enterohepatic recirculation, which prolongs their presence in the body and ensures a prolonged effect. Secondary excretion pathways are the kidneys (urine) — mainly for hydrophilic metabolites, and to a limited extent — the lungs (in the case of volatile fractions of essential oil with inhalation or transdermal exposure).

With external use (as part of ointments, creams, serums), absorption occurs primarily through the epidermal barrier. The penetrating ability depends on the base (fat-soluble or aqueous), as well as on the degree of skin damage. It has been established that lipophilic components of infusions and essential oil penetrate the epidermis and partially into the microvascular bed of the dermis, where they can exert local anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Deep systemic absorption with the transdermal route of administration is minimal but sufficient for the realization of local effects.

When applied to mucous membranes (for example, in the form of cosmetic products or as part of phytocomplexes), absorption occurs faster and more intensely, especially under conditions of preliminary irritation or increased tissue permeability. In this case, active substances can reach the systemic bloodstream, partially bypassing hepatic first-pass filtration.

Thus, the pharmacokinetics of Helichrysum arenarium is characterized by multi-stage absorption, active biotransformation in the liver, moderate tissue accumulation in the hepatobiliary exchange system, recirculation through the intestines, and a combined excretion pathway. These features make it possible to achieve a prolonged and locally targeted effect, provided the correct form of administration is observed.

References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Helichrysum arenarium

The mechanisms of action of the biologically active components of Helichrysum arenarium are based on multi-level interaction with enzyme, cellular, and receptor systems, mainly within the framework of hepatobiliary, gastrointestinal, immune, and skin regulation. The main pharmacological effects are realized through flavonoid compounds (luteolin, apigenin, isosalipurposide), terpenoids, essential oils, and phenolic acids.

The key mechanism is considered to be the inhibition of the enzymes cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (5-LOX), which leads to a decrease in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes. This provides anti-exudative and anti-inflammatory effects at the cellular level. Studies also confirm the participation of immortelle flavonoids in the inhibition of the NF-κB cascade — one of the central signaling pathways for the regulation of the inflammatory response. Suppression of NF-κB translocation into the cell nucleus reduces the expression of cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and interleukins, which modulates the activity of macrophages and neutrophils.

Another confirmed mechanism is the effect on the smooth muscle cells of the biliary tract and intestines through antagonism of calcium channels and indirect effects on muscarinic receptors. This leads to relaxation of smooth muscles and improved outflow of secretions without a pronounced hypotensive effect. Such action is due to the presence of apigenin and naringenin, which have spasmolytic properties through the blockade of calcium ion entry into cells.

The flavonoid complex of the plant interacts with the body's antioxidant system through the activation of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. This contributes to the neutralization of reactive oxygen species and stabilization of lipid membranes, reducing the level of lipid peroxidation. Simultaneously, suppression of malondialdehyde production and restoration of redox homeostasis occur, which has been confirmed by both in vitro and in vivo studies.

In addition, immortelle exhibits a regulating effect on cytochrome P450 and biotransformation phases in the liver. It has been established that active substances modulate the activity of uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases involved in the conjugation and excretion of xenobiotics. This mechanism enhances the detoxification capacity of hepatocytes and normalizes bilirubin and bile formation.

The effect of plant components on the receptor apparatus of the skin has also been described. External use of extracts affects the TLR (Toll-like receptors) of keratinocytes and suppresses the synthesis of pro-inflammatory proteins during skin irritation. This contributes to a reduction in inflammation, improvement of microcirculation, and restoration of the integrity of the epidermal barrier. A number of compounds (e.g., essential oil) have demonstrated the ability to stimulate collagen synthesis in the dermis, which explains their participation in repair processes.

Preliminary data also indicate the possibility of modulating GABAergic activity when the aromatic components of immortelle affect the central nervous system. In particular, when inhaling volatile fractions, a decrease in the activity of stress-induced behavioral reactions is observed, which suggests the participation of aromatic terpenes in the regulation of neurotransmitter systems.

Thus, the mechanisms of action of Helichrysum arenarium are based on a combination of antioxidant, enzyme-modulating, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative potential, realized through specific and non-specific interaction with key biological targets at the cellular and tissue levels.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/...
https://link.springer.com/arti...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Synergy — Helichrysum arenarium

Helichrysum arenarium demonstrates pronounced pharmacological synergy when used together with a number of phytocomponents and natural molecules, which has been confirmed by in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as by data on biochemical interaction in experimental models. The basis of the synergy is the combined participation of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpene compounds of immortelle in the regulation of inflammatory, antioxidant, and detoxification cascades, which makes it possible to consider it as an enhancer and modulator of the biological action of other taxa.

A high degree of additive and potentiating interaction has been established with plants containing flavonoids of the quercetin, rutinoside, and kaempferol groups, which is explained by the simultaneous inhibition of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6), stabilization of lysosome membranes, and enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activity. Such a combination enhances the systemic anti-exudative and cytoprotective potential while reducing oxidative stress. Combined use with sources of rosmarinic and chlorogenic acids (for example, from sage or artichoke) leads to additional suppression of lipid peroxidation and enhancement of phase II hepatodetoxification, including glutathione-dependent pathways.

From a clinical and biochemical point of view, potentiation of the choleretic and hepatotropic action is noted when immortelle is combined with plants rich in phenolcarboxylic acids and bitters, including turmeric and tansy. Their interaction is realized through increased bile secretion, stimulation of transport proteins on the apical membrane of hepatocytes, and increased bile fluidity due to synergy at the level of FXR receptors and enzymes CYP7A1 and CYP3A4.

Combined use with antioxidant vitamins (especially tocopherol and ascorbic acid) demonstrates a modulating nature: immortelle stabilizes cell membranes, reduces lipid peroxidation activity, and vitamins replenish intracellular redox reserves. Such a combination enhances overall tissue-specific protection, especially with respect to hepatocytes and intestinal epithelial cells.

Pronounced synergy is observed in combination with aloe vera, due to complementary mechanisms: immortelle reduces the activity of pro-inflammatory mediators and enzymes, while aloe polysaccharides promote accelerated regeneration and protection of mucous membranes. This interaction is predominantly tissue-specific and protective in nature and is realized through cooperative effects on macrophages and fibroblasts.

Finally, compatibility and synergy with essential oils with a high content of sesquiterpenes (lavender, chamomile) have been confirmed, which enhances neurosedative and skin anti-inflammatory effects. Their interaction is realized through olfactory stimulation of parasympathetic centers, as well as through a direct effect on GABA receptors and TRPV1 receptors at the skin level.

Thus, the pharmacological synergy of Helichrysum arenarium has both a systemic and cellular nature and can be used in multicomponent approaches to enhance antioxidant, hepatotropic, anti-inflammatory, and tissue-specific effects within the framework of biomedical and nutraceutical strategies.

References: 
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Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Helichrysum arenarium

Helichrysum arenarium has a wide ethnomedical history covering the regions of Eastern, Central, and Southern Europe, as well as Western Siberia and partly Asia Minor. The greatest prevalence in traditional practice is observed among Slavic peoples, Balts, Hungarians, Germans, as well as in the Romanian, Bulgarian, and Crimean Tatar phytotherapeutic traditions. Information on the use of the plant is also recorded in ethnobotanical descriptions of the peoples of the Volga region, Altai, and the Carpathians.

In East Slavic folk healing culture, the plant was used mainly in the form of decoctions and aqueous infusions, which were used internally and externally. Often in rural areas of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia, it was called "zolotnik" and was used for "stagnation," "bitterness in the mouth," and "sluggish insides." Rinses, steam inhalations, and wraps using hot decoctions of the plant were also practiced. In some cases, herbalists used fresh inflorescences ground into a pulp as poultices.

In Hungarian and Czech tradition, immortelle was collected during the summer solstice, and the collection ritual was accompanied by ceremonies aimed at "purification of the spirit" and strengthening of "vital force." In the cultures of the Baltic states, the plant was associated with the power of the earth and was used in women's purification rituals — especially in Lithuania and Latvia. Descriptions have been noted of tying wrists with immortelle wreaths on Ivan Kupala Day as a protective measure against "evil forces."

In Bulgarian and Romanian tradition, it was part of multicomponent collections used for steam baths and rubs. Also common there were traditions of making oils by soaking flowers in olive or sunflower oil, which were used in folk cosmetics — rubbed into the skin of the face and hands as a remedy "against withering." The plant was considered a symbol of the sun and female fertility.

In the Crimea, Crimean Tatars used the plant in ritual fumigations of premises to expel the "spirit of illness" and cleanse the home. Its use in the preparation of special "cleansing cakes" for external use — in rituals on the new moon — is also known. In the Old Believer tradition, immortelle was included in ritual "healing fumigations" — ground dry flowers were added to smoldering coals while reciting prayers and incantations for purification.

Archaeoethnobotanical traces of the genus Helichrysum have been recorded in the composition of funerary and ritual wreaths in burial mounds dating from the early Iron Age in the territory of southern Ukraine and the northern Black Sea region, which may indicate the symbolic and ritual significance of the plant.

Thus, Helichrysum arenarium is represented in a number of cultural and ethnomedical traditions as a medicinal, ritual, and protective plant associated with purification, vital energy, the sun, and restoration of strength.