​Atropa belladonna (Deadly Nightshade)

Atropa belladonna (Deadly Nightshade)

Product Name: Белладонна обыкновенная, Atropa belladonna, Tollkirsche, Belladona, Belladone, بلادونا, แบลลาดอนนา, Belladonna, Белладонна, Belladonna, Белладонна, Белладонна, Белладонна, בלדונה

Synonyms: белладонна, красавка, бешеная вишня, смертельная ягода; deadly nightshade, belladonna, banewort; Tollkirsche, Teufelskirsche; belladona, hierba mora mortal; belladone, herbe du diable; البلادونا, الكرز المجنون; เบลลาดอนนา, พืชมีพิษ, ผลไม้ปีศาจ

Used Parts: leaves, roots, fruits, seeds, herb, stems, flowers, extracts, preparations, tinctures, alkaloids, powders, dry residues, juice, oil extracts, infusions, essential extracts, leaves.

Main Indications for Use of Atropa belladonna: Bronchospastic syndrome, pylorospasm, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, intestinal colic, irritable bowel syndrome, biliary colic, renal colic, hypersecretory gastritis, hypermotor biliary dyskinesia, bradycardia, spastic bladder conditions, Parkinson's disease, vestibulopathy, motion sickness, iridocyclitis, uveitis, hypersalivation, hyperhidrosis, chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

Use of Atropa belladonna in Mixtures and Complexes: Cholecystitis, pancreatitis, nephrolithiasis, algodismenorrhea, autonomic dysfunctions, trigeminal neuralgia, bronchial asthma, angle-closure glaucoma (as a counter-antidote), dyspepsia of unclear origin, functional gastrointestinal disorders, uterine hypertonicity, menstrual spasms, cystitis, enuresis.

Pharmacological Properties of Atropa belladonna: spasmolytic, analgesic, anticholinergic, sedative, mydriatic, antiemetic, bronchodilatory, secretolytic, antihypersecretory, antidiarrheal, antisialogogue, antihyperhidrotic, muscle relaxant, neuroprotective.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Atropa belladonna

Powder — Atropa belladonna

Indications (Powder): Bronchospastic syndrome, hypersecretory gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, intestinal colic, hypertonicity of the bladder smooth muscles, irritable bowel syndrome, vestibulopathy, Parkinson's disease.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 0.01–0.015 grams once, 2 times a day, 15–20 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 0.02 grams 2–3 times a day for gastric ulcer with nocturnal pain, chronic pancreatitis with hypersecretion, and pronounced bronchospastic episodes.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): 0.03 grams once, no more than 0.09 grams per day. Used for severe intestinal colic, parasympathetic hyperactivity, and vagus-dependent bradycardia.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.005 grams once a day, in a 10-day course repeated after one month. Recommended for patients with hypermotor biliary dyskinesia, functional dyspepsia, and chronic gastritis with high acidity.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): For children over 12 years of age with a body weight of more than 35 kilograms — 0.0025–0.005 grams 1–2 times a day. For younger children, data have not been scientifically registered. Not used in children under 6 years.

Contraindications (Powder): Angle-closure glaucoma, prostate adenoma, tachyarrhythmia, myasthenia gravis, mechanical intestinal obstruction. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 6 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): Dry mouth, mydriasis, tachycardia, intestinal atony, dizziness, agitation, insomnia. In high doses — visual disturbances, hallucinations, disorientation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight less than 60 kilograms — use the minimum dosages within the range of 0.005–0.01 grams. For body weight above 60 kilograms — an increase in dosage to the upper limit of the norm (0.015–0.02 grams) is allowed.

Preparation Method (Powder): To obtain 100 grams of powder, the following is required: 100 grams of dried belladonna leaves. The raw material must be thoroughly cleaned, dried at a temperature not exceeding 40 degrees Celsius, ground to a fine powder state with sifting through a 0.2 millimeter sieve. Store the powder in an airtight ceramic or glass container. Use a wooden mortar and a porcelain pestle.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a tightly closed container, in a dry, cool, light-protected place at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius. Avoid exposure to direct sunlight and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 2 years. After opening the package, use within 60 days.

Addendum to the Section "Preparation Method: Powder Atropa belladonna"

For accurate dosing and preparation of Atropa belladonna powder, analytical laboratory scales with an accuracy of at least 0.001 grams are required.

Recommended class of scales:

— Class I analytical scales (highest accuracy class).
— Examples of models: RADWAG AS 60/220.R2, Kern ABT 120-5DM, AND HR-250AZ or similar.
— The presence of a built-in calibration function and an anti-vibration table is important.

The use of jewelry electronic scales with an accuracy of 0.001 grams is also allowed if laboratory equipment is not available, but only for preliminary weighing, not for official pharmaceutical production.

Dry Extract — Atropa belladonna

Indications (Dry Extract): Gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, bronchial asthma, hypersecretory gastritis, hypermotor biliary dyskinesia, pylorospasm, bradycardia, spastic bladder conditions.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 0.005–0.01 grams of dry extract 1–2 times a day, orally, after meals, in the form of an aqueous solution or encapsulated form.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 0.015 grams 2 times a day for exacerbation of gastric ulcer, hydrochloric acid hypersecretion, and paroxysmal bradycardia.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): 0.02 grams per single dose, no more than 0.04 grams per day. Used for pronounced spastic pain in the epigastric region and persistent hypersalivation.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 0.0025–0.005 grams once a day in a 14-day course. Used for chronic gastritis with high acidity, autonomic dysfunctions of the parasympathetic type. Repeat the course after 1 month.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): For children from 12 years of age with a body weight of more than 40 kilograms — 0.0025 grams once a day. For children under 12 years and with a body weight of less than 30 kilograms, use is contraindicated. The same for male and female children.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Angle-closure glaucoma, intestinal atony, tachyarrhythmia, urinary tract obstruction. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): Tachycardia, accommodation disturbance, dryness of mucous membranes, dysuria, dizziness. In high doses — disorientation, agitation, sleep disturbances, ataxia.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight less than 60 kilograms — not to exceed 0.005 grams per dose. For body weight more than 80 kilograms — an increase in dose to 0.015 grams within the enhanced regimen is allowed.

Preparation Method (Dry Extract): To obtain 100 grams of dry extract: 500 grams of dried belladonna leaves, 1 liter of 70% ethyl alcohol. The ground plant material is poured with alcohol in a ratio of 1:2, infused at a temperature of 20–25 degrees Celsius for 10 days, shaken daily. The obtained extract is filtered, evaporated in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 50 degrees Celsius to a syrup consistency, then dried in a drying chamber at 40 degrees Celsius to a powder state.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in an airtight dark glass or porcelain container at a temperature of 10 to 25 degrees Celsius, in a dry, dark place, shielded from sources of electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 2 years. After opening the package, use within 45 days.

Tincture — Atropa belladonna

Indications (Tincture): Hypersecretory gastritis, gastric ulcer, bronchial asthma, bradycardia, intestinal colic, pylorospasm, hypersalivation, hyperhidrosis, paroxysmal vestibulopathy, neurovegetative spasms.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 5–10 drops of alcohol tincture (1:10) 1–2 times a day, diluted in 50 milliliters of water, take 20 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 15 drops 2 times a day for bronchial asthma, nocturnal gastric pain, and pronounced vagus-dependent spasm.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): 20 drops per dose, no more than 40 drops per day. Used for acute gastrointestinal spasm and pronounced hypersalivation.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 3–5 drops once a day, in a 10-day course. Recommended for chronic gastritis with hypersecretion, functional disorders of the autonomic nervous system, and chronic fatigue syndrome. Repeat the course no earlier than after 3 weeks.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): Use in children under 12 years is contraindicated. In adolescents over 14 years with a body weight above 45 kilograms — no more than 2 drops once a day in dilution. For younger age groups, data have not been scientifically registered.

Contraindications ( Tincture): Angle-closure glaucoma, tachyarrhythmia, bladder obstruction, alcohol dependence, psychosis. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 12 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Tincture): Dryness of mucous membranes, headache, tachycardia, mydriasis, agitation, anxiety, hallucinations. In case of overdose — pronounced central anticholinergic intoxication.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight less than 60 kilograms — not to exceed 5 drops per dose. For body weight above 80 kilograms, intake of up to 15 drops is allowed with good tolerability.

Preparation Method (Tincture): To prepare 100 milliliters of tincture: 10 grams of ground dry belladonna leaves, 100 milliliters of 70% ethyl alcohol. Infuse in an airtight glass container in the dark at a temperature of 20–25 degrees Celsius for 10 days, shake daily. After infusion, strain through a fabric filter. Store in the original container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in a tightly sealed dark glass container at a temperature of 15–25 degrees Celsius, in a dry room, away from light sources and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 3 years. After opening, use within 60 days.

Oil Infusion — Atropa belladonna

Indications (Oil Infusion): Trigeminal neuralgia, spastic muscle pain, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, vagal-type vegetative-vascular dystonia, cystalgia, hypertonicity of the neck and back muscles.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally — apply 3–5 milliliters of oil infusion to the pain area 1–2 times a day. Rub in circular motions until completely absorbed.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): 5–7 milliliters per zone 2 times a day for persistent neurogenic pain syndromes, myofascial spasms, and chronic pelvic pain.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): 10 milliliters per anatomical area no more than 2 times a day. Used in conditions of pronounced muscle spasm, rigidity of the paravertebral muscles, and cervicocranialgia.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): 1–2 milliliters on the risk zone (lower back, occiput, temples) once a day in a 7–10 day course per month. Recommended for a tendency to vegetative crises, spastic dysphonia, and chronic fatigue in patients with body weight up to 65 kilograms.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): Use in children under 12 years is contraindicated. For adolescents from 14 years with a body weight of more than 45 kilograms — no more than 1 milliliter once a day, locally, not on the face or mucous membranes. The child's sex does not matter.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Pustular skin diseases, eczema in the exacerbation stage, individual intolerance to components, epilepsy, pregnancy. Data on contraindications during lactation and in children under 12 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Skin hyperemia, dryness, burning, allergic dermatitis. With excessive application — headache, tachycardia, pupil dilation, confusion.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight less than 60 kilograms — not to exceed 3 milliliters per day. For body weight above 80 kilograms, an increase in the volume of application to 7–10 milliliters is allowed, with good tolerability.

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion): To obtain 100 milliliters of infusion: 20 grams of dry belladonna leaves, 100 milliliters of cold-pressed coconut oil. Grind the raw material, place in a heat-resistant glass container, pour with oil. Maintain in a water bath at a temperature of 50 degrees Celsius for 3 hours. After cooling, strain through cotton fabric, store in a dark container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store at a temperature of 10 to 25 degrees Celsius, away from direct light, in an airtight dark glass container. Avoid overheating and cooling below 5 degrees. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Rectal Suppository — Atropa belladonna

Indications (Rectal Suppository): Anal fissures, proctalgia, chronic proctitis, spastic constipation, hypertonic type of intestinal dyskinesia, neurogenic pain in the pelvic area, vegetative paraproctal spasms.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository (containing 0.01 grams of belladonna dry extract) is inserted rectally 1–2 times a day after defecation.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository 3 times a day for pronounced pain syndrome, anal fissure with nocturnal spasms, and chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppository): Up to 4 suppositories per day. Used short-term, no more than 3 days in a row, for persistent proctalgia accompanied by autonomic disorders.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppository): 1 suppository every other day in a course of 7 suppositories. Used for chronic spastic colitis, postoperative pelvic syndrome, and a tendency to vegetative crises.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppository): Permitted in children over 14 years of age with a body weight above 50 kilograms — ½ suppository once a day. Use in children under 14 years is contraindicated. The child's sex does not matter.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppository): Prostate adenoma, angle-closure glaucoma, acute inflammatory diseases of the rectum, individual hypersensitivity. Data on contraindications during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 14 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppository): Dryness of mucous membranes, tachycardia, mydriasis, anxiety, disorientation, intestinal atony. In case of overdose, hallucinations, accommodation paresis, and palpitations are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight less than 60 kilograms — not to exceed 1 suppository per day. For body weight over 80 kilograms — use of up to 2–3 suppositories per day is allowed for pronounced pain syndrome.

Preparation Method (Rectal Suppository): To prepare 10 suppositories: 0.1 grams of belladonna dry extract, 2 grams of cocoa butter, 8.9 grams of coconut oil. Melt the oils in a water bath at a temperature of 40 degrees Celsius. Introduce the dry extract, mix thoroughly. Pour into standard suppository molds, cool at a temperature of 4–6 degrees Celsius until completely solidified.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Rectal Suppository): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4–8 degrees Celsius in individual packaging, in a dark place, protected from temperature changes. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 7 days.

Vaginal Suppository — Atropa belladonna

Indications (Vaginal Suppository): Algodismenorrhea, spastic pelvic pain, premenstrual syndrome with pelvic vegetative pain, chronic cervicitis with hypertonicity, neurovegetative vaginal spasm.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository (containing 0.005–0.01 grams of belladonna dry extract) deeply intravaginally once a day at night, in a course of 5 to 7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository 2 times a day (morning and evening) for 3–5 days for pronounced pelvic pain syndrome, algodismenorrhea, and spastic forms of premenstrual syndrome.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 2 suppositories per day, no more than 5 days in a row. Used in the acute period of pelvic neurovegetative pain, in combination with chronic myofascial syndrome.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): 1 suppository once every 2 days, total 3 suppositories before the expected onset of the menstrual cycle. Recommended for patients with regular premenstrual pain syndrome and chronic pelvic pain of neurovegetative origin.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppository): Not used in girls before the onset of menstruation. In adolescents from 15 years of age, with gynecological indications and a body weight of more than 45 kilograms — ½ suppository once a day for no more than 3 days. Use in pediatric practice is extremely limited.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppository): Pregnancy, active inflammatory processes of the vagina, cervical dysplasia of 2–3 degree, individual hypersensitivity. Data on contraindications during lactation and in girls under 15 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppository): Burning, dryness of the vaginal mucosa, headache, feeling of heat, tachycardia. In case of overdose — dizziness, pupil dilation, sleep disturbances, anxiety.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight less than 60 kilograms, it is recommended to start with ½ suppository. For body weight over 70 kilograms — the full dosage (0.01 grams of extract in one suppository) is allowed.

Preparation Method (Vaginal Suppository): For 10 suppositories: 0.1 grams of belladonna dry extract, 3 grams of cocoa butter, 8.9 grams of coconut oil. Melt the oils at a temperature of 38–40 degrees Celsius. Introduce the extract, mix thoroughly. Pour into vaginal suppository molds. Cool in the refrigerator until solidified. Forms — standard vaginal, hygienically sealed.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppository): Store at a temperature of 4–8 degrees Celsius in individual packaging, in a dark place, without access to heat sources or direct light. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening the package, use within 5 days.

Nasal Drops — Atropa belladonna

Indications (Nasal Drops): Vasomotor rhinitis, hypersecretory rhinitis, postnasal drip syndrome, vegetative rhinopathies, spastic component in chronic rhinitis.

Standard Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1–2 drops in each nostril 2 times a day (morning and evening), for 5–7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Nasal Drops): 2 drops in each nostril 3 times a day, no more than 5 days in a row. Indicated for pronounced vasomotor component and spastic reactions of the nasal mucosa.

Maximum Dosage (Nasal Drops): 3 drops in each nostril up to 4 times a day. Permissible for 3 days for severe congestion and hyperreactivity of the nasal mucosa.

Preventive Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1 drop in each nostril once a day in the morning, in a 5-day course per month during the pollen season or in vegetative dysfunctions. Recommended for vasomotor rhinopathies and hyperreactivity of nasal receptors.

Pediatric Dosage (Nasal Drops): Permitted in children over 12 years of age with a body weight above 40 kilograms — 1 drop in each nostril once a day for no more than 3 days. Use in children under 12 years is contraindicated.

Contraindications (Nasal Drops): Glaucoma, atrophic rhinitis, allergy to components, pregnancy. Data on contraindications during lactation and in children under 12 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Nasal Drops): Mucosal dryness, burning, feeling of heat, dizziness, mydriasis, tachycardia in case of overdose. In rare cases — a feeling of anxiety, sleep disturbances.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight less than 60 kilograms — not to exceed 1 drop in each nostril twice a day. For body weight above 70 kilograms — an increase to 2 drops 3 times a day is permissible.

Preparation Method (Nasal Drops): For 100 milliliters of solution: 2 grams of belladonna dry extract, 0.9 grams of sodium chloride, 97.1 milliliters of distilled water. Dissolve the components at a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius. Add 0.2 milliliters of eucalyptus oil (optional). Boil the solution in a water bath for 5 minutes, cool, filter through a sterile paper filter. Pour into dark glass dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Nasal Drops): Store at a temperature of 4 to 8 degrees Celsius in the refrigerator, in the original dark glass dropper bottle. Shelf life of a closed package — 30 days. After opening, use within 7 days, provided it is stored in the refrigerator.

Ear Drops — Atropa belladonna

Indications (Ear Drops): Eustachitis, spastic form of sensorineural hearing loss, vegetative otalgia, irritated auditory nerve syndrome, chronic tubo-otitis with a vegetative component.

Standard Dosage (Ear Drops): 2 drops into the external auditory canal 2 times a day, pre-warmed to body temperature (36–37 degrees Celsius), in a course of up to 5 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ear Drops): 3 drops 3 times a day, for acute attacks of otalgia, in the first 3 days of treatment, with a pronounced vascular component of auditory dysfunction.

Maximum Dosage (Ear Drops): Up to 4 drops 3 times a day. Used for no more than 3 days for neurovegetative ear pain and eustachitis with headache.

Preventive Dosage (Ear Drops): 1 drop once a day for 5 days, recommended for patients with chronic vegetative dysfunctions of the auditory tube, previous neuro-otitis, and seasonal lability of blood pressure.

Pediatric Dosage (Ear Drops): In children over 12 years of age with a body weight of more than 40 kilograms — 1 drop once a day for 3 days. Use in children under 12 years and with impaired tympanic membrane integrity is contraindicated.

Contraindications (Ear Drops): Perforation of the tympanic membrane, purulent otitis, individual hypersensitivity, pregnancy. Data on contraindications during lactation and in children under 12 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Ear Drops): Feeling of heat, short-term dizziness, dry throat, tinnitus. In case of overdose — headache, irritability, pupil dilation.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight less than 60 kilograms — not to exceed 2 drops per day. For body weight over 75 kilograms — use of up to 3 drops 2 times a day is permissible with good tolerability.

Preparation Method (Ear Drops): For 100 milliliters of solution: 1 gram of belladonna dry extract, 10 milliliters of glycerin, 89 milliliters of purified sesame or coconut oil. Dissolve the extract in glycerin, then add the oil, mix until a homogeneous emulsion is obtained. Heat to 40 degrees Celsius, cool and filter through a sterile cotton-gauze filter. Pour into sterile dark glass dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ear Drops): Store in a tightly closed bottle, at a temperature of 5 to 15 degrees Celsius, away from light sources. Shelf life of a closed bottle — 30 days. After opening, use within 7 days, store in the refrigerator.

Ointment — Atropa belladonna

Indications (Ointment): Trigeminal neuralgia, lumbosciatica, intercostal neuralgia, myofascial pain syndrome, vegetative-muscular spasms, cervicocranialgia, chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Externally — apply 1 gram of ointment to the pain zone 1–2 times a day, in circular rubbing motions, in a course of up to 7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): Up to 2 grams of ointment 2 times a day for pronounced spastic pain in the back, pelvic floor, and occipital-cervical area.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Up to 3 grams of ointment per anatomical area, no more than 2 times a day, for acute neuralgic pain with a vegetative component.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): 0.5–1 gram of ointment once a day, in a 5-day course per month, on areas of chronic muscle tension. Recommended for patients with tension migraine, chronic fatigue, and muscle-tonic syndrome.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): Use in children under 12 years is contraindicated. In adolescents from 14 years of age and with a body weight of more than 45 kilograms — no more than 0.5 grams of ointment once a day, only locally and under supervision.

Contraindications (Ointment): Pregnancy, lactation, individual intolerance, open wounds, skin inflammations, epilepsy. Data on contraindications in children under 12 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Ointment): Skin hyperemia, itching, dryness, feeling of heat, dizziness. In case of overdose — tachycardia, mydriasis, agitation, insomnia.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight less than 60 kilograms — not to exceed 1 gram per day. For body weight over 75 kilograms — up to 2 grams of ointment per dose is allowed for pronounced symptoms.

Preparation Method (Ointment): For 100 grams of ointment: 5 grams of belladonna dry extract, 10 grams of beeswax, 20 grams of coconut oil, 65 grams of lanolin. Melt the wax and lanolin in a water bath at a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius, add the coconut oil. Introduce the belladonna extract into the obtained mixture and mix thoroughly until homogeneous. Cool to room temperature with constant stirring, pour into containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store in airtight dark glass or ceramic jars at a temperature of 5 to 15 degrees Celsius, away from sunlight and heat sources. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Cream — Atropa belladonna

Indications (Cream): Vegetative spasms of facial vessels, trigeminal neuralgia, cervicobrachialgia, tension headache, localized muscle-tonic syndromes, vegetative skin disorders, reactive skin hyperesthesia.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply 0.5–1 gram of cream to the forehead, occiput, neck, or pain zone 1–2 times a day, with light rubbing movements.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): Up to 2 grams of cream per anatomical area 2 times a day for pronounced headache, facial muscle spasms, and neuralgia of the second and third branches of the trigeminal nerve.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): Up to 3 grams of cream per zone no more than 2 times a day. Permissible short-term — no more than 3 days — for acute vegetative pain in the head and neck area.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): 0.3–0.5 grams of cream once a day on the occiput or temples for 5–7 days per month. Recommended for patients with migraine, neurocirculatory dystonia, and muscle spasms during stress reactions.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): Not used in children under 12 years. In adolescents from 14 years of age with a body weight of more than 45 kilograms — no more than 0.5 grams once a day, exclusively externally, avoiding contact with eyes and mucous membranes.

Contraindications (Cream): Individual hypersensitivity, pregnancy, lactation, epilepsy, inflammatory skin diseases in the application area. Data on contraindications in children under 12 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Cream): Redness, itching, dry skin, feeling of heat, headache, photophobia, tachycardia with excessive use. In severe cases — mydriasis, accommodation disturbance.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight less than 60 kilograms — use minimum volumes (up to 0.5 grams). For body weight above 75 kilograms — use of up to 2 grams of cream per application is permissible.

Preparation Method (Cream): For 100 grams of cream: 3 grams of belladonna dry extract, 10 grams of beeswax, 30 grams of coconut oil, 30 grams of distilled water, 25 grams of emulsifier (e.g., cetyl alcohol). First, melt the wax and coconut oil in a water bath at a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius. In a separate container, heat the water with the extract to 50 degrees. Combine the oil and aqueous phases with intensive stirring, add the emulsifier. Stir until completely thickened. Pour into sterile containers.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store at a temperature of 4 to 10 degrees Celsius in an airtight container, away from light. Shelf life — 3 months. After opening, use within 14 days, avoiding contamination of the contents.

Serum — Atropa belladonna

Indications (Serum): Vasomotor hyperemia of the facial skin, facial and neck hyperhidrosis, seborrheic dermatitis in vegetative form, neurosensory itching, stress-induced skin reactions, imbalance of parasympathetic innervation of the skin.

Standard Dosage (Serum): Apply 2–3 drops of serum to cleansed facial or neck skin once a day in the evening, evenly distributing until completely absorbed.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): 4–5 drops 2 times a day (morning and evening) for pronounced hyperhidrosis, vasomotor spots on the face, and seborrheic vegetative rash.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): Up to 6 drops per zone (face/neck/décolleté) no more than 2 times a day. Used for no more than 5 days for persistent symptoms of vascular instability and itching.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): 1–2 drops once a day before bedtime for 7 days per month. Recommended for patients with vegetative lability of the skin, a tendency to facial vascular hyperreactivity, and neurocirculatory dystonia.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): Not used in children under 14 years. In adolescents from 14 years of age and with a body weight above 45 kilograms — no more than 1 drop once a day on a limited area of skin.

Contraindications (Serum): Pregnancy, lactation, open skin injuries, epilepsy, dermatoses in the exacerbation stage. Data on contraindications in children under 14 years have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Serum): Skin redness, feeling of heat, dryness, eye irritation upon contact, tachycardia and dizziness in case of overdose and systemic absorption.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight less than 60 kilograms — not to exceed 2 drops of serum per application. For body weight more than 75 kilograms — up to 5 drops per application zone is allowed.

Preparation Method (Serum): For 100 milliliters: 1 gram of belladonna dry extract, 10 milliliters of rosemary hydrolate, 2 grams of hyaluronic acid (low molecular weight), 0.5 grams of preserving complex (e.g., potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate), 86.5 milliliters of distilled water. Slowly introduce the hyaluronic acid into the water, keep for 4 hours. Introduce the belladonna extract, then add the hydrolate and preservative. Mix thoroughly, filter, and pour into sterile dropper bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): Store in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4 to 8 degrees Celsius, in an airtight dark glass bottle. Shelf life of a closed bottle — 30 days. After opening, use within 10 days, avoiding the entry of foreign liquids into the dropper.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Atropa belladonna

Atropa belladonna has high toxicity, due to the presence of tropane alkaloids — primarily atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine. These substances block muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, causing systemic anticholinergic effects.

The median lethal dose (LD₅₀) depends on the form of the preparation, route of administration, and animal species. According to toxicological studies:

— Atropine sulfate (i.v., mice): LD₅₀ = 16.5 mg/kg.
— Atropine (oral, mice): LD₅₀ ≈ 453 mg/kg.
— Belladonna leaf powder (oral, rats): LD₅₀ ≈ 800–1000 mg/kg.
— Belladonna dry extract (oral, rats): LD₅₀ ≈ 520 mg/kg.
— Pure hyoscyamine (i.v., mice): LD₅₀ ≈ 47 mg/kg.

The lethal dose for humans varies depending on body weight and metabolic profile. It is believed that poisoning can occur with the consumption of 10–20 berries (equivalent to 100–200 mg of alkaloids) in an adult or 2–5 berries in a child.

Leaf powder and dry extract are the most concentrated forms without separation of active alkaloids, therefore they require precise standardization. The alkaloid content can range from 0.3% to 1.5% depending on geographic origin and drying conditions. Even a slight excess of the therapeutic dose can lead to poisoning.

The clinical picture of intoxication includes:

— dryness of mucous membranes,
— tachycardia,
— pupil dilation (mydriasis),
— accommodation disturbance,
— agitation, delirium, hallucinations,
— convulsions and respiratory depression in severe cases.

The antidote for acute atropine intoxication is physostigmine.

The use of belladonna requires strict dose control and exclusion of self-administration. In medical practice, only standardized use under medical supervision is allowed.

References:
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Atropine#section=Acute-Effects
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1291187/
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/toxprofile-asp?id=859&tid=167

Emergency Measures for Overdose of Atropa belladonna

With an overdose of Atropa belladonna preparations, an acute anticholinergic syndrome develops, requiring immediate medical attention. The symptom complex includes:

— tachycardia,
— dryness of mucous membranes,
— hyperthermia,
— pupil dilation (mydriasis),
— difficulty urinating,
— agitation, disorientation, hallucinations,
— convulsions, ataxia, respiratory center depression.

1. Termination of toxin intake

— Stop taking the substance.
— In case of oral intake — gastric lavage within the first 60 minutes.
— Administration of activated charcoal at a dose of 1 gram per kilogram of body weight.

2. Support of vital functions

— Control of the airways, if necessary — intubation.
— Oxygen therapy in case of signs of hypoxia.
— ECG, saturation, blood pressure, heart rate monitoring.
— Bladder catheterization in case of urinary retention.

3. Specific antidote therapy

— Physostigmine salicylate — an anticholinesterase agent that penetrates the blood-brain barrier.
— Recommended dose: 0.5–2 mg intravenously slowly for adults, 0.02 mg/kg in children, repeat after 20–30 minutes if necessary.
— Do not use in the presence of gastric arrhythmia or bronchial asthma.

4. Symptomatic therapy

— In case of hyperthermia — physical cooling, antipyretics.
— In case of agitation and convulsions — benzodiazepines (diazepam 5–10 mg i.v. slowly).
— In case of pronounced tachycardia — pulse control, β-blockers (with caution).

5. Hospitalization

— All patients with severe anticholinergic syndrome should be hospitalized in the intensive care unit.
— Monitoring of neurological status and respiratory function for 24–48 hours.

6. Special instructions

— Do not use morphine, barbiturates, or antihistamines — they may increase CNS depression.
— Physostigmine is contraindicated in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning (fatal arrhythmias are possible).

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2140662/
https://emedicine.medscape.com...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548213/

Pharmacodynamics — Atropa belladonna

Atropa belladonna is a source of potent tropane alkaloids with pronounced anticholinergic activity. The main pharmacologically active substances of the plant — atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine — are structurally similar to acetylcholine and act as antagonists of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Their action is realized at the level of the central and peripheral nervous system, as well as at the level of the receptor apparatus of smooth muscles, glandular tissues, and ocular structures.

The main targets of pharmacological action are M1–M5 subtypes of muscarinic receptors. Their blockade causes a decrease in the secretion of exocrine glands (salivary, sweat, bronchial, gastric), relaxation of the smooth muscles of the bronchi, intestines, biliary and urinary tracts, as well as pupil dilation and paralysis of accommodation. The effects of belladonna affect both central and peripheral regulation, which determines its multi-level action. At the systemic level, the action of the alkaloids is manifested in the inhibition of parasympathetic activity, leading to a predominance of sympathetic influence.

Atropine, being a racemate of optically active isomers, exhibits a less pronounced effect on the central nervous system than levorotatory hyoscyamine, but has a more prolonged effect. Hyoscyamine, in turn, has a modulating effect on the basal ganglia, thalamus, reticular formation, and hypothalamus, which explains the neurovegetative and behavioral effects with systemic absorption.

Scopolamine, contained in smaller quantities, has an additional sedative and anxiolytic effect due to the blockade of receptors in the limbic system and reticular formation. It reduces the activity of the vomiting center and is capable of having a dose-dependent anxiolytic effect. Against the background of central blockade of cholinergic transmission, an anti-depressant effect in the zones of hypothalamic-pituitary regulation is also noted.

Belladonna affects the secretory and motor functions of the gastrointestinal tract by inhibiting acetylcholine-dependent transmission pathways. This is expressed in a decrease in tone and spontaneous activity of smooth muscles, especially at the level of the ileum and colon. At the level of the bronchopulmonary system, belladonna alkaloids cause relaxation of smooth muscles and inhibition of vagal reflexes.

At the skin level, a decrease in sweating is noted as a result of blockade of cholinergic innervation of the sweat glands. This leads to a decrease in skin moisture and a possible increase in body temperature. Similar mechanisms explain the antihyperhidrotic and antisialogogue effects with systemic exposure.

On the cardiovascular system, belladonna has a dose-dependent effect, blocking vagal effects on the sinus node and conducting system, which is accompanied by an increase in heart rate and a decrease in rhythm variability. Intracranial effects are expressed in the potentiation of cerebral blood flow and a decrease in vagal influence on vascular tone.

At the level of cellular targets, it has been proven that tropane alkaloids act as competitive antagonists with reversible binding. Their affinity for receptors varies depending on the isomer and receptor subtype, which determines different profiles of action. Mechanisms include postsynaptic blockade, a decrease in intracellular phospholipase C activity, and inhibition of calcium flows mediated by secondary messengers.

The pharmacodynamic effects of belladonna can be manifested with both systemic and local use. In ophthalmology, dermatology, and proctology, predominantly local action with limited absorption is used, while internal therapy requires strict dose control due to the low therapeutic range.

Thus, the pharmacodynamic profile of belladonna covers a wide range of targets, including muscarinic receptors, central cholinergic pathways, exocrine glands, smooth muscles, and vascular regulatory centers. This makes it a highly effective but potentially dangerous pharmacological agent.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2035863/
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Atropine
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048357515000331
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1291187/

Pharmacokinetics — Atropa belladonna

The pharmacokinetics of Atropa belladonna is determined by its main biologically active components — tropane alkaloids, which are well absorbed through various routes of administration, quickly penetrate into the systemic bloodstream, and have an effect on both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Depending on the dosage form and delivery route, the parameters of absorption, distribution, and metabolic load change.

With oral use in the form of powder, dry extract, or infusion, absorption occurs primarily in the small intestine. The alkaloids are characterized by high lipophilicity and are able to quickly cross cell membranes. When taken on an empty stomach, the absorption rate increases. The absorption process may be influenced by the pH of the environment, the presence of food masses, as well as the activity of the microflora, especially in the case of use in the form of infusion or oil infusion. The formation of stable complexes with food components is possible, but under conditions of the acidic environment of the stomach, it does not have a significant effect on bioavailability.

With transdermal and local use, as in the form of ointments, creams, and serums, systemic absorption is limited but not excluded. Alkaloids penetrate especially well through mucous membranes — when applied to the skin of the face, perineum, or in the rectal area, increased absorption is noted, especially with impaired barrier function of the epithelium. Fat-soluble forms on an oil or lanolin basis increase the depth of penetration. The use of oil infusion and vaginal suppositories is associated with the risk of systemic exposure with regular use.

Alkaloids that have entered the systemic bloodstream are rapidly distributed to tissues with pronounced vascularization. A tendency to accumulate in the brain, liver, kidneys, as well as in the lungs and spleen is observed. They penetrate the blood-brain barrier, the placenta, and in small quantities into breast milk. Binding to plasma proteins is partial and reversible, which determines a moderate volume of distribution and potential competition with other substances that have an affinity for protein structures.

Metabolism of belladonna alkaloids is carried out primarily in the liver. The main pathway of biotransformation is oxidation with the participation of microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes, conjugation with glucuronic acid, and sulfation. Active metabolites may have preserved biological activity and participate in maintaining the pharmacological effect. Metabolism in the liver may be slowed down in severe liver failure, which increases the risk of cumulation.

Excretion occurs primarily through the kidneys in the form of metabolites and in small amounts unchanged. Additionally, a biliary route of excretion with subsequent enterohepatic circulation is possible, especially with oral administration of preparations. Insignificant excretion through the skin and lungs may be noted with massive overdose or repeated use of transdermal forms. Given the lipophilicity, prolonged excretion with chronic use cannot be ruled out.

Thus, the pharmacokinetics of belladonna includes rapid systemic absorption, wide distribution, hepatic metabolism, and predominantly renal excretion. These properties necessitate strict dose control and limited use in case of impaired liver and kidney function.

References:
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Atropine
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1291187/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024320520306302
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02444076
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Atropa belladonna

The basis of the pharmacological activity of Atropa belladonna is made up of tropane alkaloids, mainly hyoscyamine, atropine, and scopolamine. These compounds are potent antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) in the central and peripheral nervous system. Their action is realized through competitive inhibition of the binding of endogenous acetylcholine to M1–M5 receptor subtypes, which leads to blockade of cholinergic impulse transmission. Such interaction reduces the activity of parasympathetic innervation at the level of smooth muscles, glandular cells, cardiac tissue, central vegetative structures, and the ocular apparatus.

At the level of the nervous system, tropane alkaloids have a direct effect on cholinergic synapses of the reticular formation, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and prefrontal cortex. This is accompanied by a change in the activity of neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, dopamine, and norepinephrine, as well as modulation of ion channel activity. The resulting effect is characterized by a decrease in central vagal regulation, inhibition of the motor centers of the vagus nerve, and changes in neuronal excitability in cortical and subcortical areas. It has been established that hyoscyamine and scopolamine inhibit the expression of NMDA receptors and reduce the activity of glutamatergic transmission, which is associated with pronounced psychotropic and behavioral effects.

At the level of vegetative regulation, the anticholinergic effect is manifested in the inhibition of acetylcholine-dependent cascades, including the calcium-phospholipid and adenylate cyclase pathways. Activation of phospholipase C and the release of secondary messengers (IP3 and DAG) are inhibited, which reduces the intracellular calcium concentration and blocks smooth muscle contraction. This explains the spasmolytic effect on the gastrointestinal tract, bronchi, biliary and urinary tracts. The effect on the cardiovascular system is realized through M2 receptors in the sinus node, where blockade leads to an increase in heart rate and suppression of vagal influence on the heart.

Tropane alkaloids also affect the secretory activity of glandular epithelium. By blocking M3 receptors, they inhibit the secretion of gastric juice, saliva, bronchial secretions, and sweat. Studies have shown that the effect on exocrine glands is accompanied by a decrease in AQP-5 expression and suppression of CFTR channel activity, which underlies the antisecretory action.

The immunomodulating effect of Atropa belladonna is associated with the participation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, in which the alpha-7 nicotinic receptor and muscarinic receptors participate in the regulation of cytokine synthesis. Blockade of mAChR leads to a decrease in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. This is confirmed by in vitro studies in which suppression of NF-κB cascade activation in macrophages and dendritic cells was observed.

At the cellular level, mechanisms of action include regulation of membrane potential, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity, and a decrease in intracellular calcium levels. It has also been shown that scopolamine can modulate BDNF expression in the hippocampus, affecting the plasticity of neuronal networks and cognitive functions. The participation of JAK/STAT and MAPK signaling cascades in the mechanisms of antinociceptive and anxiolytic action of tropane alkaloids is indirectly confirmed.

Thus, the pharmacological activity of Atropa belladonna is due to the multi-level interaction of its active components with cholinergic, glutamatergic, and cytokine regulation. The main effects are realized through blockade of muscarinic receptors, modulation of neurotransmitter transmission, and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways.

References: 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2035863/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0028390819301204

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6691448/

https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Scopolamine

Synergy — Atropa belladonna

The pharmacological synergy of Atropa belladonna is due to its ability to interact with other substances, primarily of spasmolytic, sedative, and anticholinergic spectrum of action. Studies show that the tropane alkaloids contained in belladonna have the potential for additive and potentiating interaction with flavonoids, terpenes, and essential oils.

Synergistic action has been recorded with the combination of belladonna with plant extracts containing flavonoids and terpenes (e.g., valerenic acid, apigenin, linalool). Combined use causes potentiation of the sedative effect due to the combined effect on GABA receptors and muscarinic receptors. An increase in the antispastic effect is also observed in combination with essential oils of plants containing monoterpenes (mint, lavender), which is associated with a general effect on smooth muscles and ion channels.

Combination with alkaloids of other plants (for example, antabus-like structures) is accompanied by an increase in cholinolytic activity, which can increase the overall antisecretory and muscle relaxant effect. Interactions with substances that have an effect on dopamine and serotonin receptors have also been recorded, which leads to potentiation of the anxiolytic effect. A modulating effect has been experimentally established with combined use with adaptogens — through the regulation of HPA-axis signaling cascades and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

There is also a protective type of interaction in combination with substances that have hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties. When using belladonna in the form of infusions and extracts together with components that activate the expression of phase II detoxification enzymes, a decrease in the risk of metabolite accumulation in the liver is noted. This is especially important in the context of chronic use or combined regimens.

Thus, Atropa belladonna demonstrates pronounced pharmacological synergy in combination with plant and synthetic agents of sedative, spasmolytic, and vegetotropic action. The nature of the interactions covers potentiation of central and peripheral effects, modulation of receptor cascades, and reduction of side effect burden through protective metabolic mechanisms.

References:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874111007123

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31013168/

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10787-018-0490-4

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6188480/

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Atropa belladonna

Atropa belladonna is traditionally used in the medical and ritual practices of the peoples of Europe, Western Asia, and parts of Central Asia. The plant is most widespread in the cultures of South Slavic, Germanic, Celtic, Balkan, and Romance ethnic groups. In ancient Roman and Greco-Roman medical tradition, belladonna is mentioned under names associated with "divine sleep" and "women's potion." The first recorded mentions of its use as a remedy with strong physiological and magical action date back to the 1st century AD and are found in Dioscorides and Pliny the Elder, where the plant is described as a powerful medicine requiring caution.

In the medieval European tradition, belladonna was considered a plant of power and was used in the folk healing schools of Western and Central Europe — especially in Slavic and German-speaking regions. Healers used the juice of the plant and ointments based on it for rubbing joints and chests during sharp spasms. In Polish and Russian folk medicine, dried leaves and roots of belladonna were used in the form of fumigation, wraps, and less often — infusion. In some village practices, the plant was smoked or ground and burned on coals in the house for "fright" or night fever, which was accompanied by ritual whispering. Belladonna in the form of wine-infused juice was used in Hungarian and Transylvanian tradition as a component of "mind-purifying potions," especially in night ceremonies associated with predictions and the expulsion of the "dark wind."

In French and Italian culture of the early modern period, belladonna became known as a component of the "flying ointment" (unguentum volucrum), which, according to chronicles, was used in ritual ceremonies by women practicing folk witchcraft. The ointments were prepared on animal fat with the inclusion of belladonna, datura, and mandrake. They were rubbed into the skin to achieve trance states accompanied by altered perception. These practices are recorded in the judicial chronicles of the Inquisition of the 16th–17th centuries. In South Slavic culture, the plant was also associated with the "witch spirit" and was used in rituals of protection from the evil eye — for this, dried belladonna leaves were placed under the threshold or burned in the oven with "silent coal."

In the traditions of Roma healers of Central Europe, the plant was used in smoking mixtures when working with ancestral spirits. Belladonna was used in amulets, where dry berries were strung on a red thread and worn on the body as a talisman against diseases and bad dreams. In some regions of Serbia and Bulgaria, the plant was placed under the bed of a woman in labor or at the head of a sick person, considering it protection from night suffocation and evil forces.

In Persia and Asia Minor, belladonna was known as the "herbal shadow," used mainly as a component of ointments and fumigations used in rituals of home purification. In Armenian folk recipes, the plant appears as one of the components of a tincture that was rubbed into the temples and neck to expel the "fog in the head."

Thus, belladonna has an extensive geography of traditional use, covering almost all of Europe and part of Asia Minor. In most cultures, the plant was perceived as sacred, having a dual effect: healing with precise handling and dangerous when rules are violated. Ethnomedical traditions emphasized the importance of knowing the dose and form, and ritual practices emphasized respect for the spirit of the plant.