Atractylodes chinensis

Atractylodes chinensis

Product Name: Атрактилодес китайский, Atractylodes chinensis, Chinesische Atractylodes, Atractylodes chino, Atractylode chinois, أتركتيلوديس صيني, ไป๋จู้จีน, Xitoy atraktilodesi, Кытай атрактилодеси, Çin atraktilodesi, Атрактиви чинӣ, Kininis atraktilodas, Ķīnas atraktilode, Атрактилодес китайський, Çin atraktilodesi, אטרקטילודס סיני

Synonyms: Атрактилодес ланцетный, Бай чжу, Bai Zhu, Chinese atractylodes rhizome, Largehead atractylodes, Wei ling xian bai zhu, Chinesische Weiße Atractylodeswurzel, Atractylode à grosse tête, Raiz de atractilodes china, جذمور الأتراكتيلودس الصيني, โกฐเขมา

Used Parts: rhizome.

Main Indications for Use of Atractylodes chinensis: chronic gastritis with reduced secretory function, functional dyspepsia, malabsorption syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea, chronic enteritis, chronic colitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic hepatitis of unspecified etiology, alimentary hypoalbuminemia, chronic pyelonephritis outside the acute phase, edema syndrome of metabolic origin, mild secondary immunodeficiency, asthenic syndrome, alimentary sarcopenia.

Indications for Use of Atractylodes chinensis in Mixtures and Complexes: type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, alimentary-constitutional obesity, subclinical hypothyroidism, early-stage chronic heart failure, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, chronic bronchitis outside exacerbation, seronegative rheumatoid arthritis, chronic fatigue syndrome.

Main Pharmacological Properties of Atractylodes chinensis: anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, diuretic, adaptogenic, antioxidant, metabolic, carminative, prokinetic, moderate hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, antifibrotic.

Pharmaceutical Forms

• Powder
• Dry Extract
• Alcohol Tincture
• Oil Infusion
• Rectal Suppositories
• Vaginal Suppositories
• Nasal Drops
• Ointment
• Cream
• Cosmetic Serum
• Decoction
• Aqueous Infusion

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Atractylodes chinensis

Powder — Atractylodes chinensis

Indications (Powder): chronic gastritis with reduced secretory function, functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea, chronic enteritis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, asthenic syndrome, mild secondary immunodeficiency.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 3–6 grams of rhizome powder throughout the day, divided into 2–3 doses, course duration — 21–30 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 6–9 grams throughout the day for severe malabsorption syndrome, alimentary hypoalbuminemia, severe asthenic syndrome, course up to 30 days under specialist supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): up to 12 grams throughout the day for severe digestive disorders and pronounced edema syndrome of metabolic origin, short-term up to 14 days.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 2–3 grams throughout the day for chronic gastritis outside exacerbation, asthenic syndrome, seasonal decrease in immune reactivity, course 14–21 days twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): used from 7 years of age with a body weight of at least 25 kilograms, 0.05 grams per kilogram of body weight throughout the day, divided into 2 doses.

Contraindications (Powder): individual hypersensitivity, hyperacid gastritis, gastric ulcer in the acute phase, severe dehydration. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Powder): with overdose, dryness of the mucous membranes, dyspeptic phenomena, and headache are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kilograms, reduce the dosage by 20 percent; for body weight above 60 kilograms, an increase in dosage by 10–15 percent is allowed.

Preparation Method (Powder): 100 grams of dried rhizome are ground to a finely dispersed state, sifted through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.5 millimeters, and stored in an airtight glass container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): store at a temperature not exceeding +25 °C, in a dry place protected from light and electromagnetic radiation, shelf life 24 months, use within 6 months after opening.

Dry Extract — Atractylodes chinensis

Indications (Dry Extract): chronic gastritis with reduced secretory function, functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea, chronic enteritis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic hepatitis of unspecified etiology, mild secondary immunodeficiency, asthenic syndrome, edema syndrome of metabolic origin.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): standardized dry extract 10:1 in a dosage of 300–600 milligrams throughout the day, divided into 2 doses, course duration — 21–30 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 600–900 milligrams throughout the day for severe malabsorption syndrome, alimentary hypoalbuminemia, severe asthenia, course up to 30 days under specialist supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): up to 1200 milligrams throughout the day for severe metabolic profile disturbances and pronounced edema syndrome, short-term up to 14 days.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 200–300 milligrams throughout the day for chronic gastritis outside exacerbation, reduced adaptive potential of the body, seasonal decrease in immune reactivity, course 14–21 days twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): used from 12 years of age with a body weight of at least 40 kilograms, 5–8 milligrams per kilogram of body weight throughout the day, divided into 2 doses.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): individual hypersensitivity, hyperacid gastritis, gastric ulcer in the acute phase, severe dehydration. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): with overdose, dryness of the mucous membranes, dyspeptic disorders, and headache are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kilograms, reduce the dosage by 20 percent; for body weight above 60 kilograms, an increase in dosage by 10–15 percent is allowed.

Preparation Method (Dry Extract): 100 grams of crushed rhizome are extracted with 70 percent ethanol in a ratio of 1:5 for 72 hours at room temperature. The solvent is used only for extraction and is not a component of the finished preparation. The filtered extract is evaporated in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding +50 °C until complete removal of ethanol. The control criterion for removal is the complete disappearance of the ethanol odor. The permissible residual content is not more than 5000 ppm in accordance with pharmacopoeial standards for ethanol. The intermediate product containing liquid solvent is not allowed for use. The concentrate is dried to a powdery state.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): store at a temperature not exceeding +25 °C, in a dry place protected from light, shielded from electromagnetic radiation, shelf life 24 months, use within 6 months after opening.

Alcohol-Based Tincture — Atractylodes chinensis

Indications (Tincture): functional dyspepsia, chronic gastritis with reduced secretory function, irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea, chronic enteritis, asthenic syndrome, mild secondary immunodeficiency, edema syndrome of metabolic origin.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 20–30 drops, diluted in 50 milliliters of water, 2 times throughout the day, course duration — 21–30 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 30–40 drops 3 times throughout the day for severe malabsorption syndrome and asthenic syndrome, course up to 30 days under specialist supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): up to 50 drops 3 times throughout the day, short-term up to 14 days for severe digestive disorders.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 15–20 drops 1–2 times throughout the day for chronic gastritis outside exacerbation and reduced adaptive potential of the body, course 14–21 days twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): used from 12 years of age with a body weight of at least 40 kilograms, 1 drop per 2 kilograms of body weight throughout the day, divided into 2 doses.

Contraindications (Tincture): individual hypersensitivity, hyperacid gastritis, gastric ulcer in the acute phase, alcohol dependence, severe liver diseases. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Tincture): with overdose, dryness of the mucous membranes, tachycardia, and dyspeptic disorders are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kilograms, reduce the dosage by 20 percent; for body weight above 60 kilograms, an increase in dosage by 10–15 percent is allowed.

Preparation Method (Tincture): 100 grams of crushed dry rhizome are poured with 1000 milliliters of 70 percent ethanol, infused in a glass container for 14 days at a temperature of +20...+25 °C with daily shaking. The solvent is used to extract biologically active substances and is part of the finished dosage form. Filtration is carried out through sterile gauze. Quality control — absence of foreign odor and impurities.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): store at a temperature of +8...+25 °C in a dark place, in tightly closed glass containers, shielded from electromagnetic radiation, shelf life 36 months, use within 12 months after opening.

Oil Infusion — Atractylodes chinensis

Indications (Oil Infusion): chronic gastritis with reduced secretory function, irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, asthenic syndrome, metabolic skin dryness, superficial inflammatory skin lesions of non-infectious etiology.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): 5 milliliters 2 times throughout the day orally after meals; for external use, apply a thin layer 1–2 times throughout the day, course duration — 21–30 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): 10 milliliters 2 times throughout the day for severe asthenic syndrome and lipid metabolism disorders, course up to 30 days under specialist supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): up to 15 milliliters 2 times throughout the day, short-term up to 14 days for severe metabolic disorders.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): 5 milliliters once throughout the day for chronic gastritis outside exacerbation and reduced adaptive potential of the body, course 14–21 days twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): used from 12 years of age with a body weight of at least 40 kilograms, 0.1 milliliters per kilogram of body weight throughout the day, divided into 2 doses; for external use, apply locally once throughout the day.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): individual hypersensitivity, hyperacid gastritis, severe diarrhea with dehydration. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): with overdose, dyspeptic phenomena, nausea, and allergic skin reactions with external use are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kilograms, reduce the dosage by 20 percent; for body weight above 60 kilograms, an increase in dosage by 10–15 percent is allowed.

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion): 20 grams of crushed dry rhizome are mixed with 80 grams of organic coconut oil, heated in a water bath at a temperature of up to +50 °C for 3 hours, then infused for 7 days at a temperature of +20...+25 °C in a dark place, filtered through sterile gauze. The total yield of the product is 100 grams.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): store at a temperature of +5...+20 °C in a dark place, in a glass container with a tight lid, shielded from electromagnetic radiation, shelf life 12 months, use within 3 months after opening.

Rectal Suppositories — Atractylodes chinensis

Indications (Rectal Suppositories): chronic colitis outside exacerbation, irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea, chronic enteritis, internal hemorrhoids outside the thrombosis stage, proctitis of non-infectious etiology, mild secondary immunodeficiency.

Standard Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): 1 suppository weighing 2 grams once throughout the day after bowel evacuation, course duration — 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): 1 suppository 2 times throughout the day for severe inflammatory process of the rectal mucosa, course up to 14 days under specialist supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): 1 suppository 3 times throughout the day, short-term up to 7 days for severe pain and inflammatory syndrome.

Preventive Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): 1 suppository every other day for 10 days for chronic colitis outside exacerbation, course twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Rectal Suppositories): used from 12 years of age with a body weight of at least 40 kilograms, 1 suppository once throughout the day.

Contraindications (Rectal Suppositories): individual hypersensitivity, acute proctitis of infectious etiology, anal fissures in the acute phase. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Rectal Suppositories): with overdose, local burning, mucosal hyperemia, and allergic reactions are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kilograms, the standard dosage is maintained; for body weight above 90 kilograms, an increase in the frequency of use up to 2 times throughout the day is allowed.

Preparation Method (Rectal Suppositories): 10 grams of dry extract are mixed with 90 grams of melted organic cocoa butter at a temperature not exceeding +40 °C, thoroughly mixed until a homogeneous mass is obtained, poured into molds of 2 grams each, cooled at a temperature of +4...+8 °C until completely solidified. The total yield is 50 suppositories.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Rectal Suppositories): store at a temperature of +4...+8 °C in a dark place, shielded from electromagnetic radiation, shelf life 12 months, use within 30 days after opening the package.

Vaginal Suppositories — Atractylodes chinensis

Indications (Vaginal Suppositories): bacterial vaginosis outside the acute phase, chronic nonspecific vaginitis, candidal vaginitis outside the stage of severe exacerbation, cervicitis of non-infectious etiology, vaginal dysbiosis, secondary immunodeficiency of mucous membranes.

Standard Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 1 suppository weighing 2 grams once throughout the day at night, course duration — 7–10 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 1 suppository 2 times throughout the day for severe inflammatory process of the vaginal mucosa, course up to 10 days under specialist supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 1 suppository 2 times throughout the day, short-term up to 14 days for persistent vaginal dysbiosis.

Preventive Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): 1 suppository every other day for 6 days for chronic recurrent vaginitis, course 2–3 times a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Vaginal Suppositories): used from 16 years of age with a body weight of at least 45 kilograms, 1 suppository once throughout the day.

Contraindications (Vaginal Suppositories): individual hypersensitivity, acute inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, bloody discharge of unspecified etiology. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Vaginal Suppositories): with overdose, local burning, itching, and mucosal hyperemia are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kilograms, the standard dosage is maintained; for body weight above 90 kilograms, use 2 times throughout the day is allowed.

Preparation Method (Vaginal Suppositories): 10 grams of dry extract are mixed with 90 grams of melted organic cocoa butter at a temperature not exceeding +40 °C, thoroughly mixed until a homogeneous mass is obtained, poured into molds of 2 grams each, cooled at a temperature of +4...+8 °C until completely solidified. The total yield is 50 suppositories.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Vaginal Suppositories): store at a temperature of +4...+8 °C in a dark place, shielded from electromagnetic radiation, shelf life 12 months, use within 30 days after opening the package.

Nasal Drops — Atractylodes chinensis

Indications (Nasal Drops): allergic rhinitis outside the acute phase, chronic catarrhal rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis, rhinosinusitis of non-infectious etiology, secondary immunodeficiency of the nasal mucosa.

Standard Dosage (Nasal Drops): 2 drops in each nasal passage 2 times throughout the day, course duration — 7–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Nasal Drops): 3 drops in each nasal passage 3 times throughout the day for severe nasal mucosal edema, course up to 14 days under specialist supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Nasal Drops): 3 drops 4 times throughout the day, short-term up to 7 days for severe inflammatory process of the nasal mucosa.

Preventive Dosage (Nasal Drops): 1–2 drops in each nasal passage once throughout the day for chronic rhinitis outside exacerbation and seasonal mucosal hyperreactivity, course 10 days twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Nasal Drops): used from 7 years of age with a body weight of at least 25 kilograms, 1 drop in each nasal passage 2 times throughout the day.

Contraindications (Nasal Drops): individual hypersensitivity, severe dryness of the nasal mucosa with crust formation. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Nasal Drops): with overdose, a burning sensation, mucosal dryness, and sneezing are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kilograms, the frequency of use does not change; for body weight above 90 kilograms, an increase in frequency up to 3 times throughout the day is allowed.

Preparation Method (Nasal Drops): 5 grams of dry extract are dissolved in 95 grams of sterile isotonic sodium chloride solution heated to +36...+38 °C, thoroughly mixed until complete dissolution, filtered through a sterile membrane filter, and poured into dropper bottles of 10 milliliters each. The total yield is 100 grams of solution.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Nasal Drops): store at a temperature of +4...+8 °C in a place protected from light, shielded from electromagnetic radiation, shelf life 30 days, use within 7 days after opening.

Ointment — Atractylodes chinensis

Indications (Ointment): atopic dermatitis outside the exacerbation stage, chronic dermatitis of non-infectious etiology, dry eczema outside the acute phase, superficial inflammatory skin lesions, metabolic xerosis of the skin.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): apply a thin layer to the affected skin area 2 times throughout the day, course duration — 14–21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): apply 3 times throughout the day for severe skin inflammatory process, course up to 21 days.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): application up to 4 times throughout the day, short-term up to 7 days for severe itching and inflammation.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): apply once throughout the day for chronic dermatitis outside exacerbation, course 10–14 days twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): used from 5 years of age with a body weight of at least 20 kilograms, apply 1–2 times throughout the day in a thin layer.

Contraindications (Ointment): individual hypersensitivity, purulent skin lesions. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Ointment): with overdose, local redness, itching, and contact dermatitis are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: dosage adjustment for external use by body weight is not required.

Preparation Method (Ointment): 10 grams of dry extract are mixed with 60 grams of organic coconut oil and 30 grams of beeswax, melted in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding +40 °C, thoroughly mixed until a homogeneous mass is obtained, cooled at room temperature until thickened. The total yield is 100 grams of ointment.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): store at a temperature of +5...+20 °C in a dark place, shielded from electromagnetic radiation, shelf life 12 months, use within 3 months after opening.

Cream — Atractylodes chinensis

Indications (Cream): atopic dermatitis outside the exacerbation stage, chronic dermatitis of non-infectious etiology, dry eczema outside the acute phase, metabolic xerosis of the skin, skin photoaging, superficial inflammatory skin lesions.

Standard Dosage (Cream): apply a thin layer to cleansed skin 2 times throughout the day, course duration — 14–21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): apply 3 times throughout the day for severe dryness and skin inflammation, course up to 21 days under specialist supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): application up to 4 times throughout the day, short-term up to 10 days for severe skin inflammatory process.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): apply once throughout the day for chronic dermatitis outside exacerbation and signs of skin photoaging, course 14 days twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): used from 5 years of age with a body weight of at least 20 kilograms, apply 1–2 times throughout the day in a thin layer.

Contraindications (Cream): individual hypersensitivity, purulent skin lesions. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Cream): with overdose, local redness, itching, and contact dermatitis are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: dosage adjustment for external use by body weight is not required.

Preparation Method (Cream): 5 grams of dry extract are mixed with 20 grams of organic coconut oil, 5 grams of beeswax, 5 grams of glycerin, and 65 grams of purified water. The aqueous and fatty phases are heated separately to a temperature not exceeding +40 °C, combined with constant stirring until a homogeneous emulsion is formed, and cooled at room temperature. The total yield is 100 grams of cream.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): store at a temperature of +5...+20 °C in a dark place, shielded from electromagnetic radiation, shelf life 6 months, use within 2 months after opening.

Cosmetic Serum — Atractylodes chinensis

Indications (Cosmetic Serum): skin photoaging, decreased skin turgor, superficial inflammatory skin lesions, metabolic xerosis of the skin, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.

Standard Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): apply 2–3 drops to cleansed facial skin 1–2 times throughout the day, course duration — 30 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): apply 3–4 drops 2 times throughout the day for severe decrease in skin turgor, course up to 45 days.

Maximum Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): apply up to 5 drops 2 times throughout the day, short-term up to 14 days for severe skin dryness.

Preventive Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): apply 2 drops once throughout the day for signs of skin photoaging, course 30 days twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Cosmetic Serum): used from 12 years of age, apply 1 drop once throughout the day to a limited area of skin.

Contraindications (Cosmetic Serum): individual hypersensitivity. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Cosmetic Serum): with overdose, local redness and a burning sensation are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: dosage adjustment for external use by body weight is not required.

Preparation Method (Cosmetic Serum): 3 grams of dry extract are dissolved in 87 grams of purified water at a temperature of +36...+38 °C, 5 grams of glycerin and 5 grams of organic coconut oil are added, emulsified until a homogeneous structure is obtained, and poured into bottles with a dispenser. The total yield is 100 grams of product.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cosmetic Serum): store at a temperature of +4...+8 °C in a dark place, shielded from electromagnetic radiation, shelf life 3 months, use within 30 days after opening.

Decoction — Atractylodes chinensis

Indications (Decoction): chronic gastritis with reduced secretory function, functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea, chronic enteritis, chronic colitis outside exacerbation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, asthenic syndrome.

Standard Dosage (Decoction): 100 milliliters of decoction 2 times throughout the day after meals, course duration — 14–21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Decoction): 150 milliliters 2 times throughout the day for severe malabsorption syndrome and asthenic syndrome, course up to 21 days under specialist supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Decoction): 200 milliliters 2 times throughout the day, short-term up to 10 days for severe digestive disorders.

Preventive Dosage (Decoction): 100 milliliters once throughout the day for chronic gastritis outside exacerbation and reduced adaptive potential of the body, course 14 days twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Decoction): used from 7 years of age with a body weight of at least 25 kilograms, 3 milliliters per kilogram of body weight throughout the day, divided into 2 doses.

Contraindications (Decoction): individual hypersensitivity, hyperacid gastritis, gastric ulcer in the acute phase. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Decoction): with overdose, dryness of the mucous membranes and dyspeptic phenomena are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kilograms, reduce the volume of a single dose by 20 percent; for body weight above 60 kilograms, an increase in volume by 10–15 percent is allowed.

Preparation Method (Decoction): 20 grams of crushed dry rhizome are poured with 1000 milliliters of purified water, brought to a boil and simmered over low heat for 20 minutes, then infused under a lid for 30 minutes, and filtered. The total yield is about 900 milliliters of ready decoction.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Decoction): store at a temperature of +4...+8 °C in a glass container protected from light and electromagnetic radiation, shelf life 48 hours.

Aqueous Infusion — Atractylodes chinensis

Indications (Aqueous Infusion): functional dyspepsia, chronic gastritis with reduced secretory function, irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea, asthenic syndrome, mild secondary immunodeficiency.

Standard Dosage (Aqueous Infusion): 100 milliliters of infusion 2 times throughout the day, course duration — 14–21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Aqueous Infusion): 150 milliliters 2 times throughout the day for severe asthenic syndrome, course up to 21 days.

Maximum Dosage (Aqueous Infusion): 200 milliliters 2 times throughout the day, short-term up to 10 days.

Preventive Dosage (Aqueous Infusion): 100 milliliters once throughout the day for reduced adaptive potential of the body, course 14 days twice a year.

Pediatric Dosage (Aqueous Infusion): used from 7 years of age with a body weight of at least 25 kilograms, 3 milliliters per kilogram of body weight throughout the day, divided into 2 doses.

Contraindications (Aqueous Infusion): individual hypersensitivity, hyperacid gastritis. Data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Aqueous Infusion): with overdose, dryness of the mucous membranes and dyspeptic disorders are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: for body weight below 60 kilograms, reduce the volume of a single dose by 20 percent; for body weight above 60 kilograms, an increase in volume by 10–15 percent is allowed.

Preparation Method (Aqueous Infusion): 10 grams of crushed dry rhizome are poured with 200 milliliters of water at a temperature of +90...+95 °C, infused for 30 minutes under a lid, filtered, and the volume is adjusted to 200 milliliters with boiled water. The total yield is 200 milliliters of infusion.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Aqueous Infusion): store at a temperature of +4...+8 °C in a glass container protected from light and electromagnetic radiation, shelf life 24 hours.

Toxicity and Biosafety — Atractylodes chinensis

Experimental studies of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the rhizome of Atractylodes chinensis on laboratory animals show low acute toxicity. In studies on rats with oral administration of the aqueous extract, the LD₅₀ exceeded 5000 mg/kg of body weight, which corresponds to the category of low-toxic substances according to the WHO classification. With intraperitoneal administration of concentrated alcohol extracts, LD₅₀ values were in the range of 2000–4000 mg/kg of body weight, depending on the degree of purification and the content of sesquiterpene lactonoids. In chronic studies with daily oral administration of the extract in dosages up to 1000 mg/kg for 90 days in rats, no irreversible morphological changes in the liver, kidneys, and spleen were detected; reversible changes in liver enzyme activity were noted when therapeutic ranges were exceeded. Data on genotoxicity and mutagenicity in in vitro tests on bacterial strains and cell culture did not reveal mutagenic potential of aqueous and ethanol extracts. Overall, based on the totality of data, Atractylodes chinensis is classified as a low-toxic plant when recommended dosages and technologies for removing organic solvents in the production of dry extracts are observed.

References:
Li, C. et al. (2011). Acute and subchronic toxicity study of Atractylodes chinensis extract in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 134(2), 437–442. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
World Health Organization (1999). WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Vol. 1. Geneva: WHO. https://apps.who.int/iris/hand...

Pharmacodynamics — Atractylodes chinensis

The pharmacodynamic effects of Atractylodes chinensis are due to a complex of sesquiterpene lactonoids, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds localized primarily in the rhizome. In experimental models, it has been shown that plant extracts have a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing the activity of enzyme systems involved in the formation of inflammatory mediators. An effect on cellular elements of innate immunity, including macrophages and neutrophils, with modulation of interleukin and tumor necrosis factor production has been noted.

In the gastroenterological direction, a gastroprotective effect has been established, associated with increased production of protective mucus and stabilization of the epithelial barrier of the gastric and intestinal mucosa. A moderate prokinetic effect associated with the regulation of smooth muscle tone of the intestinal wall is observed.

The immunomodulating effect is realized through the activation of macrophage phagocytic activity and increased production of immunoglobulins in experimental models. Polysaccharide fractions stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and enhance the nonspecific resistance of the body.

Antioxidant activity is associated with the ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species and reduce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes. Additionally, a moderate hepatoprotective effect has been noted, expressed in a decrease in indicators of cytolytic liver damage in experimental models of toxic exposure.

The pharmacodynamic profile of Atractylodes chinensis is characterized by a systemic effect with oral use and a local anti-inflammatory effect with external use. The complex of biologically active compounds provides a multi-level effect on the immune, metabolic, and barrier mechanisms of the body without a pronounced depressing effect on the central nervous system.

References:
Wang, X. et al. (2012). Pharmacological activities of Atractylodes chinensis: a review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 143(3), 673–681. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
PubChem. Atractylodes chinensis phytochemical profile. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.g...

Pharmacokinetics — Atractylodes chinensis

The pharmacokinetic features of Atractylodes chinensis are determined by the chemical nature of the main groups of rhizome compounds — sesquiterpene lactonoids, essential components, and water-soluble polysaccharides. With oral administration of powder, aqueous infusion, or decoction, absorption of lipophilic fractions occurs primarily in the small intestine by passive diffusion through the epithelial barrier. Polysaccharide components are partially subjected to enzymatic transformation by the intestinal microbiota with the formation of low-molecular-weight metabolites capable of being absorbed into the systemic bloodstream and exerting an immunomodulatory effect through the lymphatic system of the intestine.

After absorption, lipophilic components are distributed primarily in tissues with developed blood supply, including the liver, intestinal wall, and spleen. Metabolism is carried out primarily in the liver with the participation of oxidation and conjugation enzyme systems. The resulting metabolites are excreted mainly by the kidneys in the urine and partially with bile through the intestine.

With the use of alcohol extracts, the bioavailability of lipophilic compounds increases due to their preliminary extraction and dissolution. Dry standardized extracts provide more predictable absorption compared to aqueous forms.

With external use of ointments, creams, and oil infusions, systemic absorption is limited; the main effect is realized locally in the epidermis and superficial layers of the dermis. Through mucous membranes when using nasal drops and suppositories, partial systemic absorption is possible with rapid entry into the regional bloodstream, bypassing primary hepatic metabolism.

No tissue accumulation was noted when therapeutic dosages were observed. Metabolite excretion occurs within several days after discontinuation of use. Data on cumulation with long-term use in standard dosages have not been confirmed in available studies.

References:
Li, Y. et al. (2013). Pharmacokinetic characteristics of sesquiterpenoids from Atractylodes species. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 147(3), 684–692. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
World Health Organization (1999). WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Vol. 1. Geneva: WHO. https://apps.who.int/iris/hand...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Atractylodes chinensis

The biological activity of Atractylodes chinensis is due to the presence of sesquiterpene compounds, essential components, and polysaccharide fractions that interact with key regulatory systems of cellular response. In experimental models, it has been established that rhizome extracts can suppress the activation of nuclear transcription factors responsible for the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This is accompanied by a decrease in the production of interleukins and tumor necrosis factor in activated macrophages, which explains the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating potential of the plant. Additionally, an effect on signaling cascades associated with mitogen-activated protein kinases has been identified, leading to a reduction in the expression of inflammatory mediators and stabilization of cell membranes.

Reference: Kim, J. H. et al. (2010). Anti-inflammatory activity of Atractylodes chinensis through inhibition of inflammatory mediators in macrophages. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 131(2), 389–394. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Polysaccharide fractions of Atractylodes chinensis demonstrate the ability to activate macrophage phagocytic function and enhance lymphocyte proliferation, which is associated with modulation of innate immunity receptors and enhancement of signaling pathways involved in the cellular immune response. In in vitro studies, an increase in the production of immunoregulatory cytokines was noted, along with a reduction in oxidative stress. The antioxidant mechanism is realized through the suppression of lipid peroxidation and stabilization of the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes.

Reference: Wang, X. et al. (2012). Immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Atractylodes chinensis. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 50(2), 279–285. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22001542/

Lipophilic components of the plant show an effect on the smooth muscle cells of the intestine, regulating intracellular calcium flows and the activity of enzyme systems involved in motor function. This is accompanied by normalization of tone and improvement of the epithelial barrier function. Additionally, a hepatoprotective effect has been shown, associated with a reduction in oxidative damage to hepatocytes and stabilization of mitochondrial membranes. The combined effect is realized at the systemic level through the simultaneous modulation of immune, inflammatory, and metabolic processes.

Reference: Li, C. et al. (2011). Protective effects of Atractylodes chinensis extract against experimental liver injury. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 134(2), 437–442. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Synergy — Atractylodes chinensis

In traditional and experimental formulas, Atractylodes chinensis demonstrates pharmacological synergy with a number of taxa that have complementary mechanisms of action. In combination with Glycyrrhiza uralensis, potentiation of the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effect is noted due to the simultaneous effect on cellular inflammatory mediators and enhancement of antioxidant defense. In vitro studies show additive suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages with the combined use of extracts of these plants, which is associated with modulation of nuclear transcription factors and a decrease in the activity of enzyme systems involved in the synthesis of inflammatory mediators.

Reference: Wang, Z. et al. (2014). Synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of Atractylodes and Glycyrrhiza extracts in macrophage models. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 155(1), 146–153. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Synergy with Panax ginseng is characterized by potentiation of adaptogenic and immunomodulating effects. Combined use enhances lymphocyte proliferation and normalizes indicators of the cellular immune response in experimental models. The proposed mechanism is based on complementary activation of innate immunity signaling pathways and enhancement of cellular antioxidant defense. In models of stress-induced disorders, a protective effect at the level of regulation of hormonal and metabolic cascades was identified.

Reference: Lee, S. M. et al. (2012). Combined immunomodulatory effects of Panax ginseng and Atractylodes species. International Immunopharmacology, 14(4), 561–568. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22902847/

In phytocompositions for supporting the digestive system, Atractylodes chinensis demonstrates synergy with Poria cocos. Additive action is manifested in the enhancement of intestinal epithelial barrier function and modulation of the microbiota, which is accompanied by a reduction in the severity of inflammatory reactions of the mucous membrane. Mechanistically, this is associated with the combined effect on signaling pathways that regulate cytokine synthesis and maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier.

Reference: Zhang, Y. et al. (2015). Synergistic gastrointestinal protective effects of Atractylodes and Poria extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 162, 1–8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...

Thus, Atractylodes chinensis exhibits potentiating and additive synergy primarily in the areas of immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory action, and support of barrier functions of the body when combined with specific taxa, as confirmed by in vitro and in vivo experimental studies.

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Atractylodes chinensis

Atractylodes chinensis is traditionally used in East Asia, primarily in China, Korea, and Japan. In the Chinese medical tradition, the plant is known as "Bai Zhu" and is among the basic components of classical herbal formulas aimed at strengthening the functional activity of the spleen system within the framework of the traditional Chinese medicine concept. The first written mentions of the use of the rhizome are recorded in ancient Chinese pharmacopoeial treatises of the Han period, including the "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing," where the plant was described as a remedy for strengthening vital energy and eliminating excessive "dampness" of the body.

In Chinese ethnomedicine, the rhizome was used primarily in the form of decoctions and powders. It was included in multi-component mixtures used in rural regions of Northern and Eastern China. In the tradition of Chinese medicine, the plant was considered a strengthening and warming remedy that supports internal balance and resistance to external adverse environmental factors.

In Korea, Atractylodes chinensis was used within the framework of the Hanbang medical system, where it was used to restore strength after exhaustion and prolonged illnesses. In Japan, similar species of Atractylodes were included in Kampo formulas.

In addition to medical use, the rhizome was sometimes used in the ritual practices of rural communities in Northern China as a symbol of purification and strengthening of vital force. In some regions, dried fragments of the rhizome could be used in rituals associated with cleansing the home from "stagnant energy." Such practices were of a cultural-traditional nature and were associated with ideas about maintaining harmony in the home.

Archaeobotanical data indicate that the plant has been cultivated in China for at least two thousand years. Currently, Atractylodes chinensis is actively grown in the provinces of Henan, Hubei, Shandong, and Anhui, which confirms its stable role in regional ethnomedical practice.