​Atractylodes Lancea

Atractylodes Lancea

Product Name: Актрактилодес ланцетный, Atractylodes lancea, Lanzettliche Atractylodes, Atractilodia lanceolada, Atractylode lancéolée, أتراكتيلوديس لانسيا, กระดาดดำ, Aktraktilodes lantsetali, Лансеттүү актрактилодес, Lansetli aktraktilodes, Актрактилодеси лансеа, Lanksčialapė atraktilodė, Lancetveida atraktilode, Актрактилодес ланцетний, לאַנצֵאַטילאָדעס לַנְסֵיאַ

Synonyms: ланцетолистный актрактилодес, белая атрактилодия, байчжу, черная атрактилодия, atractylodes rhizome, lancea atractylodes, Bai Zhu, Atractylodis Rhizoma, Atractylodis lanceae rhizoma, Lanzett-Atractylodes, raíz de atractilodia, racine d'atractylode, جذمور أتراكتيلوديس, กระดาดดำ

Used Parts: rhizome, root, stem, leaves, seeds, flowers, essential oil, polysaccharides, flavonoids, sesquiterpenoids, rhizome.

Main Indications for Use of Atractylodes lancea: Functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, malabsorption syndrome, chronic colitis, flatulence, anorexia, hyposalivation, splenic hypofunction, chronic hepatitis, cholangitis, chronic fatigue syndrome, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis.

Use of Atractylodes lancea in Mixtures and Complexes: Cholelithiasis, chronic pancreatitis, chronic cystitis, hypotension, diabetic gastroparesis, ulcerative colitis, bronchial asthma, osteoarthritis, autoimmune thyroidopathies, iron deficiency anemia, polyendocrine insufficiency syndrome, gastrointestinal oncological diseases.

Pharmacological Properties of Atractylodes lancea: adaptogenic, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulating, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antitumor, spasmolytic, anti-ulcer, antisecretory, hypoglycemic, carminative.

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Atractylodes lancea

Powder — Atractylodes lancea

Indications (Powder): Functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic gastritis, anorexia, hyposalivation, splenic hypofunction, flatulence, chronic colitis, chronic hepatitis.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 1 gram 3 times a day, 20 minutes before meals, with warm water.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 1.5 grams 3 times a day for severe gastric hyposecretion, chronic hepatitis, and irritable bowel syndrome.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): No more than 2 grams 3 times a day. Short-term use (up to 10 days) is permissible for gastric ulcer, severe flatulence, and gastroduodenitis with hyposecretion.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.5 grams 2 times a day in 14-day courses with 14-day breaks. Recommended for patients with chronic gastritis, functional dyspepsia, digestive weakness, and hypotonic vegetative dystonia.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): From 6 years of age and body weight of at least 20 kilograms — 0.3 grams 2 times a day. Use in children under 6 years is not recommended without medical supervision.

Contraindications (Powder): Hyperacid gastritis, peptic ulcer in the acute phase with hypersecretion, allergic reaction to Compositae, acute intestinal infections, pregnancy, lactation. No safety data have been registered for children under 6 years.

Side Effects (Powder): In case of overdose: dry mouth, thirst, constipation, mild dizziness. Side effects have been recorded in clinical observations at doses exceeding 6 grams per day.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Patients with body weight less than 60 kilograms are recommended to reduce the dose by 20%. Patients with body weight over 90 kilograms may increase the dosage to 2 grams per dose under tolerance monitoring.

Preparation Method (Powder): 100 grams of dry cleaned rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea are ground on a pharmaceutical mill to a homogeneous powder state (particles less than 0.25 mm). The raw material is preliminarily dried at a temperature of 45–50 degrees Celsius to a residual moisture content of less than 10%. The ground powder is packaged in airtight containers made of light-proof material.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a dark, dry place at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, away from sources of electromagnetic radiation. Use within 60 days after opening the package. Shelf life of an unopened package — 24 months.

Dry Extract — Atractylodes lancea

Indications (Dry Extract): Chronic gastritis, malabsorption syndrome, functional dyspepsia, chronic hepatitis, hyposalivation, chronic fatigue syndrome, anorexia, flatulence, atopic dermatitis.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 300 milligrams 2 times a day, dissolved in warm water, 30 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 500 milligrams 2 times a day for severe gastric hypofunction, chronic hepatitis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and exacerbation of functional dyspepsia.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): Up to 1000 milligrams per day (500 milligrams 2 times a day) for short-term use (up to 7 days) under medical supervision for malabsorption syndrome and severe flatulence.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 150 milligrams once a day in the morning on an empty stomach for 10 days monthly. Recommended for patients with chronic gastritis, mild gastric hyposecretion, as well as elderly patients with autonomic dysfunction and decreased appetite.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): From 7 years of age and body weight from 25 kilograms — 100 milligrams once a day. For children under 7 years, there is insufficient clinical data on use.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Individual intolerance, acute hepatitis, peptic ulcer in the active phase, hyperacid gastritis. No scientifically registered safety data on use during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 7 years.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): When exceeding the dosage, dryness of mucous membranes, a feeling of heaviness in the epigastrium, and constipation are possible. These effects have been described at daily doses exceeding 1000 milligrams.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For body weight less than 60 kilograms — reduce the daily dose by 20%. For body weight more than 90 kilograms — an increase in the daily dose to 600 milligrams is permissible.

Preparation Method (Dry Extract): 300 grams of Atractylodes lancea rhizomes are ground and extracted with 70% ethanol in a ratio of 1:10 at a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius for 4 hours. The extract is filtered, evaporated on a vacuum rotary evaporator to a syrupy mass, and dried by spray drying to obtain a dry powder. Yield — about 100 grams of dry extract.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in tightly closed glass or metallized plastic containers at a temperature of 15–25 degrees Celsius, in a dry place protected from light and electromagnetic fields. Shelf life — up to 18 months. Use within 45 days after opening the package.

Alcohol-Based Tincture — Atractylodes lancea

Indications (Tincture): Functional dyspepsia, chronic gastritis with low acidity, anorexia, flatulence, irritable bowel syndrome, hyposalivation, chronic colitis, hepatobiliary insufficiency.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 20 drops 3 times a day, diluted in 50 milliliters of water, 20 minutes before meals.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 30 drops 3 times a day for severe hypofunction of the digestive system, malabsorption syndrome, anorexia, and chronic cholangitis.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): Up to 40 drops 3 times a day, no more than 7 days in a row, in cases of severe gastroduodenitis accompanied by dyspepsia and flatulence.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10 drops once a day in the morning 30 minutes before meals for 2 weeks monthly. Recommended for patients with chronic gastrointestinal diseases, elderly people with decreased appetite, and patients with chronic fatigue.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): Children over 10 years of age and body weight more than 30 kilograms — 5 drops 2 times a day, diluted in water. Not recommended for children under 10 years due to ethanol content.

Contraindications (Tincture): Alcoholism, liver diseases in the decompensation stage, pregnancy, lactation, childhood under 10 years. Acute psychoneurological disorders. Individual intolerance. Use during pregnancy, lactation, and in children under 10 years has not been scientifically registered.

Side Effects (Tincture): Headache, feeling of heat, palpitations, mild nausea — at doses above 40 drops per dose. These effects have been described within the framework of limited clinical observations.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Patients up to 60 kilograms — reduce the dosage by 25%. Patients over 90 kilograms — an increase in dose by 5–10 drops under medical supervision is possible.

Preparation Method (Tincture): 100 grams of crushed dry rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea are infused in 500 milliliters of 70% ethyl alcohol in a tightly closed vessel in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 20–25 degrees Celsius for 14 days. The mixture is shaken daily. At the end of the infusion period, the solution is filtered through a paper filter. The obtained tincture is dispensed into dark glass vials.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in tightly closed dark glass containers at a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius, away from light and heat sources. Shelf life — up to 3 years. Use within 60 days after opening.

Oil Infusion — Atractylodes lancea

Indications (Oil Infusion): Atopic dermatitis, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, scar changes of the skin, skin itching, skin dryness, chronic blepharitis, acne.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally, apply a thin layer to the affected skin areas 2 times a day, morning and evening, without rubbing.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally, 3 times a day for severe skin itching, peeling, hyperkeratosis, in the exacerbation stage of atopic dermatitis and chronic eczema.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Application up to 4 times a day on limited areas (no more than 10% of the body surface) for severe inflammation and infiltration, course up to 7 days. Exceeding may cause skin irritation.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): Apply once a day to cleansed skin after a shower. Recommended for chronic dermatoses in remission, patients with sensitive skin prone to irritation, and during the seasonal exacerbation period (autumn-spring).

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): From 3 years of age, body weight from 15 kilograms — apply once a day to limited skin areas. Do not use in children under 3 years. Do not apply to open wounds and mucous membranes.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Purulent skin lesions, individual intolerance, active form of rosacea, open wounds. No scientific data on safety of use in pregnant and nursing women.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Contact dermatitis, burning, skin redness with individual intolerance or application to irritated skin. Registered as rare side effects.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Dose adjustment is not required since the form is applied topically. In children and patients with low body weight — limit the application area.

Preparation Method (Oil Infusion): 100 grams of crushed dry rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea are poured with 500 milliliters of unrefined coconut oil and infused in a water bath at a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius for 4 hours. The mixture is then cooled and filtered through cloth. The finished infusion is dispensed into dark glass vials.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store in tightly closed glass containers in a dark, cool place at a temperature of 10 to 20 degrees Celsius. Do not expose to direct sunlight and heating. Shelf life — up to 12 months. Use within 60 days after opening.

Ointment — Atractylodes lancea

Indications (Ointment): Chronic dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema in the subacute stage, perioral dermatitis, neurodermatitis, hyperkeratosis, skin itching, trophic ulcers, scar changes of the skin, superficial first-degree burns.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Apply 2 times a day in a thin layer to clean and dry skin, without rubbing, for 10–14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): Apply 3 times a day for severe infiltration, peeling, itching, and secondary infection in neurodermatitis and hyperkeratosis.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Up to 4 times a day on limited areas (no more than 15% of the skin surface), course no longer than 7 days. Exceeding may lead to skin irritation and increased inflammation.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): Apply once a day to the area of chronic dermatosis in remission, for 7 days every month. Recommended for patients with chronic eczema, psoriasis, and a tendency to recurrent dermatitis.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): From 4 years of age, with body weight from 18 kilograms — apply once a day to limited skin areas. Do not use for extensive lesions and weeping forms. Use under 4 years is not recommended.

Contraindications (Ointment): Individual intolerance, weeping dermatoses, active bacterial or fungal skin lesions, open wounds, allergic reaction to ointment components. Insufficient data on use during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Ointment): Rarely observed: burning, erythema, peeling, contact allergy. Registered with prolonged or excessive use of the ointment.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Dose adjustment is not required; however, the application area should be limited in children and patients with body weight less than 60 kilograms.

Preparation Method (Ointment): To prepare 100 grams of ointment: oil infusion of Atractylodes lancea — 20 grams; beeswax — 10 grams; cold-pressed coconut oil — 70 grams. Coconut oil is heated to 60 degrees Celsius, wax is added and stirred until completely dissolved. The warm filtered oil infusion is introduced and thoroughly mixed until homogeneous. The ointment is cooled to 30 degrees and packaged in sterile frosted glass jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store in tightly closed glass containers at a temperature of 5 to 15 degrees Celsius, in a place protected from light. Avoid heating and freezing. Shelf life — 6 months. Use within 30 days after opening.

Cream — Atractylodes lancea

Indications (Cream): Atopic dermatitis, rosacea in remission, dry skin, skin hypersensitivity, age-related changes of the facial skin, irritation after dermatological procedures, post-acne, periorbital dermatitis.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply a thin layer 2 times a day to pre-cleansed skin, morning and evening, for a course of up to 21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): Up to 3 times a day for severe skin irritation, peeling, hyperemia, especially in the periorbital and nasolabial areas, during recovery after laser procedures and chemical peels.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): 4 times a day on limited skin areas (e.g., locally on foci of inflammation). Course no more than 10 days, then — reduction in application frequency.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): Once a day in the evening, for 14–21 days. Recommended for patients with sensitive skin prone to redness and dryness, as well as persons with chronic forms of contact dermatitis in remission.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): From 5 years of age, with body weight of at least 20 kilograms — once a day on limited areas of the face or body. Not recommended for use in active inflammatory changes without consulting a dermatologist.

Contraindications (Cream): Individual intolerance, active stage of rosacea, purulent rashes, mycotic skin lesions. No scientifically confirmed safety data on use in pregnant and nursing women.

Side Effects (Cream): Rarely, local redness, tingling sensation, or mild burning upon first application are noted. Registered within consumer observations when used at a concentration above 2%.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required. For body weight less than 60 kilograms, it is recommended to reduce the application area by 30%. For persons with a weight over 90 kilograms, adjustment is not required.

Preparation Method (Cream): To prepare 100 grams of cream: aqueous extract of Atractylodes lancea (1:2) — 20 grams; oil infusion of Atractylodes lancea — 10 grams; coconut oil — 30 grams; beeswax-based emulsifier — 10 grams; distilled water — 30 grams. The aqueous and oil phases are heated separately to 65 degrees Celsius. With constant stirring, the oil phase is introduced into the aqueous phase. The emulsion is cooled with constant stirring to 30 degrees and packaged in sterile pharmaceutical tubes or jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store in tightly closed packaging at a temperature of 5 to 15 degrees Celsius, in a place protected from light and moisture. Do not freeze. Shelf life — 6 months. Use within 30 days after opening.

Serum — Atractylodes lancea

Indications (Serum): Hyperpigmentation, dull complexion, uneven skin texture, enlarged pores, inflammatory acne elements, post-inflammatory erythema, photoaging, decreased skin elasticity, pronounced nasolabial folds.

Standard Dosage (Serum): Apply 1–2 drops of serum to cleansed facial skin once a day, in the evening, for 28 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Serum): 2 times a day (morning and evening) for pronounced pigmentation, photoaging, presence of inflammatory acne elements and post-acne.

Maximum Dosage (Serum): Up to 4 drops per application over the entire face surface, 2 times a day. Use no more than 14 days in a row. Exceeding the dose may cause irritation and dry skin.

Preventive Dosage (Serum): 1 drop on the face in the evening every other day. Recommended for patients with dull skin, impaired microcirculation, age over 35 years, as well as persons with thin skin prone to dehydration.

Pediatric Dosage (Serum): Not recommended for use in children under 14 years. For adolescents over 14 years — spot application of 1 drop to the area of the inflammatory element no more than once a day.

Contraindications (Serum): Skin hypersensitivity, pronounced rosacea, open skin lesions, individual intolerance. No scientifically confirmed safety data on use during pregnancy and lactation.

Side Effects (Serum): Tingling sensations, mild irritation, dry skin are possible; rarely — contact dermatitis. These effects have been registered at active substance concentrations above 3%.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Adjustment is not required since the form is applied externally and locally. For thin and dehydrated skin — it is recommended to reduce the frequency of application.

Preparation Method (Serum): For 100 milliliters of serum: aqueous extract of Atractylodes lancea (1:5) — 25 grams; green tea extract — 5 grams; hyaluronic acid (low molecular weight) — 1 gram; vegetable glycerin — 3 grams; distilled water — up to 100 milliliters. The components are mixed at a temperature of 35 degrees Celsius. After complete dispersion of the hyaluronate, the composition is filtered and packaged in sterile bottles with a dispenser. pH of the finished product: 5.5–5.8.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Serum): Store at a temperature of 5 to 8 degrees Celsius in a dark place. Use within 30 days after opening. Protect from direct light and heating. Do not freeze.

Cosmetic Preparations — Atractylodes lancea

Indications (Cosmetic Preparations): Hyperpigmentation, photoaging, decreased skin elasticity, skin dehydration, chronic dullness of the skin, enlarged pores, superficial wrinkles, tendency to inflammation, dermatological rehabilitation after invasive procedures.

Standard Dosage (Cosmetic Preparations): Apply 1–2 times a day (morning and/or evening) as part of BB-cream, sunscreen, cream with anti-aging effect. Use daily for 28–60 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Cosmetic Preparations): Use twice a day for 21 days as part of intensive creams with lightening or remodeling action in the presence of hyperpigmentation, post-inflammatory spots, and photodamage.

Maximum Dosage (Cosmetic Preparations): Local application 3 times a day (including as part of tinted creams and sun protection emulsions) for 14 days on problem areas (forehead, cheekbones, chin) is permissible. Exceeding may cause irritation.

Preventive Dosage (Cosmetic Preparations): Use once a day as part of cosmetics with UV protection or moisturizing day creams. Recommended for persons over 30 years of age living in regions with high insolation, patients with photosensitive skin.

Pediatric Dosage (Cosmetic Preparations): Not used in cosmetics for children under 12 years. From 12 years, spot use of BB-cream with a concentration of no more than 0.5% of Atractylodes lancea extract is allowed — once a day.

Contraindications (Cosmetic Preparations): Pronounced skin sensitivity, acute inflammatory dermatoses, individual intolerance to cosmetic components. No data on use during pregnancy and lactation have been identified.

Side Effects (Cosmetic Preparations): Rarely, contact dermatitis, redness, itching, and peeling are possible. Side effects have been described in cases of exceeding the recommended concentration of more than 3% in the cosmetic product.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Not required. In the presence of thin, sensitive skin, it is possible to reduce the frequency of use to once every 2 days.

Preparation Method (Cosmetic Preparations): For 100 grams of BB-cream with UV protection: extract of Atractylodes lancea (1:5, water-glycolic) — 5 grams; cold-pressed coconut oil — 10 grams; titanium dioxide dispersion (UV filter) — 8 grams; lecithin-based emulsifier — 3 grams; distilled water — up to 100 grams. The components are introduced into the aqueous and oil phases, combined at a temperature of 65–70 degrees Celsius with subsequent emulsification. After cooling to 30 degrees, they are packaged in sterile plastic or glass tubes.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cosmetic Preparations): Store at a temperature of 5 to 20 degrees Celsius, in airtight packaging, away from direct sunlight. Use within 60 days after opening. Shelf life in sealed form — 12 months.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Atractylodes lancea

Toxicological safety studies of Atractylodes lancea rhizomes show low acute toxicity with oral use. According to studies on laboratory animals (mice and rats), the oral LD₅₀ value is more than 18,000 mg/kg, indicating an extremely low risk of acute toxicity even with significant exceeding of the therapeutic dose. Subacute and chronic toxicological studies also did not reveal pathological changes in internal organs or disturbances in hematological or biochemical parameters with repeated administration.

With external use of the extract and oil infusion of Atractylodes lancea, no cases of skin irritation or sensitization have been recorded in animals and volunteers in standard dermatological tests.

The raw material and plant extracts do not exhibit genotoxicity or mutagenic effects in Ames tests and chromosomal aberration tests. No data on teratogenic effects and carcinogenicity with long-term use at therapeutic doses have been identified.

Reference: Zhao X., Liu Y., et al. "Toxicological evaluation of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. extract in rodents." Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep....

Pharmacodynamics — Atractylodes lancea

The pharmacodynamic action of Atractylodes lancea is due to the presence in the rhizomes of a complex of biologically active substances, including sesquiterpenoids (atractylone, atractydin, β-elemene), polyacetylenes, flavonoids, essential oil, polysaccharides, and sterols. These compounds exhibit a wide range of pharmacological effects at the systemic and local levels, affecting the functional activity of the nervous, immune, gastrointestinal, skin, and hepatobiliary systems.

One of the most studied compounds is atractylone, a sesquiterpenoid that has the ability to modulate the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-6, and NO, through inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression at the transcriptional level. As a result, the activity of the inflammatory cascade is suppressed, especially in macrophages and epithelial cells. These effects are realized primarily through the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, indicating a high biochemical selectivity of the plant complex.

The extract also contains flavonoids and polysaccharides that exhibit antioxidant activity. They neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), stabilize cell membranes, and inhibit lipid peroxidation. These compounds enhance the expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and catalase, especially in liver and gastric mucosal tissues. Through these mechanisms, systemic protection against oxidative stress is ensured.

The immunomodulating effect of Atractylodes lancea is manifested in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. A number of studies have shown increased NK cell activity, stimulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation, and increased IgA production on mucous membranes. This action is associated with polysaccharides that activate TLR receptors of immune cells and enhance macrophage phagocytic activity.

The neuromodulating effect is explained by the action of atractylone and β-elemene, which interact with the GABA receptor system and indirectly affect the levels of dopamine and serotonin in the central nervous system. These compounds reduce spontaneous motor activity, increase stress resistance, have a mild sedative effect, and contribute to the stabilization of autonomic regulation.

At the gastrointestinal level, the active substances of Atractylodes lancea affect motility and secretion. They enhance the secretion of saliva and digestive enzymes, normalize the tone of the smooth muscles of the stomach and intestines, and modulate the activity of α-amylase and lipase. These actions are realized partially through interaction with muscarinic receptors and indirect influence on autonomic neural networks.

With external use, the essential oil of Atractylodes lancea exhibits local anti-inflammatory, reparative, and keratoplastic effects. It reduces the sensitivity of skin receptors, decreases tissue edema, regulates local microcirculation, accelerates epithelialization processes, and promotes the restoration of the hydro-lipid balance.

The plant complex also affects the hepatobiliary system, stimulating bile secretion, increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes in hepatocytes, and reducing the level of lipid peroxidation. These effects are partially mediated through activation of PPAR-α and suppression of inflammatory cytokines in the liver.

Thus, the pharmacodynamic profile of Atractylodes lancea includes modulation of key biological processes — inflammation, oxidative stress, immune response, neurovegetative regulation, and tissue regeneration. Targets of action are cytokine cascades, innate immunity receptors, antioxidant enzymes, and mediators of the central nervous system. Effects are manifested systemically and locally depending on the form of use and delivery method.

References:
– Zhao X. et al. “Anti-inflammatory activity of atractylone via inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in macrophages.” Int. Immunopharmacol. 2019.
– Wang S. et al. “Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Atractylodes lancea polysaccharide in vitro and in vivo.” Phytomedicine, 2020.
– Zhang M. et al. “Immunomodulatory activity of Atractylodes macrocephala and Atractylodes lancea polysaccharides.” Front. Pharmacol., 2021.
– Liu Q. et al. “Neuroprotective effects of Atractylodes lancea rhizome in CNS models.” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2022.

Pharmacokinetics — Atractylodes lancea

The active components of Atractylodes lancea, including sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, have different kinetic characteristics depending on the route of administration and the pharmaceutical form. With oral administration in the form of powder, dry extract, or alcohol tincture, absorption occurs primarily in the proximal parts of the small intestine. Sesquiterpenoids penetrate lipid membranes by passive diffusion, while polysaccharides undergo partial breakdown by the intestinal microflora and are further absorbed as oligosaccharides or monomers.

Flavonoids undergo transformation already at the enterocyte stage, where they participate in conjugation reactions (glucuronidation, sulfation). These compounds enter the portal bloodstream primarily in the form of phase II metabolites. At the same time, some components undergo presystemic metabolism effects in the liver, including oxidation by cytochrome-dependent enzymes and additional glucuronidation, which affects the duration of their systemic action.

Sesquiterpenoids absorbed unchanged have the ability to rapidly distribute in tissues with high lipid content — primarily in the liver, spleen, adipose, and neural tissues. Their ability to pass through the blood-brain barrier is also noted, suggesting their participation in the regulation of central neurohumoral processes. The active fractions of the essential oil with transdermal and external use quickly penetrate the epidermis, reaching the dermis, where they bind to extracellular matrix proteins and sensory neuron receptors.

In animal studies, the predominant excretion of Atractylodes lancea components through the liver and kidneys has been recorded. Sesquiterpenoids are excreted in the bile as metabolites with the participation of biliary secretion, while flavonoid conjugates and polysaccharides are excreted in the urine. A small part of the essential compounds may be excreted through the lungs, which is especially characteristic of inhalation or transdermal routes of administration.

Polysaccharides have the ability to partially deposit in the reticuloendothelial system, primarily in the spleen and lymph nodes, from where they are gradually metabolized by macrophages. During the metabolism of active substances, their interaction with the intestinal microbiota is possible, including conversion into more active or less toxic forms, which contributes to the pharmacological activity and variability of the effect in different groups of patients.

With the use of alcohol forms, absorption begins already in the oral cavity and stomach, which can lead to a faster onset of systemic action. Oil forms used externally are characterized by slow and sustained release of active substances, with limited penetration into the systemic bloodstream, which determines predominantly local action.

Thus, the pharmacokinetics of Atractylodes lancea includes diverse routes of absorption, tissue distribution, participation of phase I and phase II biotransformation enzymes, as well as multiple excretion routes. These characteristics depend on the chemical nature of individual fractions and the form of the medicinal product, which must be taken into account in the development and use of phytopreparations based on this taxon.

References:
– Zhang W. et al. “Pharmacokinetics of Atractylodes lancea active components in rats: influence of extract forms and administration routes.” Phytomedicine, 2019.
– Li H. et al. “Absorption and metabolism of atractylenolide compounds in the gastrointestinal tract.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2020.
– Yang Y. et al. “Tissue distribution and excretion of bioactive compounds from Atractylodes lancea.” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2021.

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Atractylodes lancea

The complex of biologically active compounds contained in Atractylodes lancea realizes pharmacological action through numerous confirmed cellular and molecular mechanisms. The basis of biochemical activity is formed by sesquiterpenoids (atractylone, β-elemene), polysaccharides, flavonoids, and essential oils. Sesquiterpenoids exhibit a direct modulating effect on pro-inflammatory signaling cascades, including NF-κB and MAPK, through inhibition of IκBα phosphorylation and suppression of p38 and ERK activation. This leads to a decrease in the production of cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and inhibition of the enzyme systems COX-2 and iNOS at the transcriptional level.

Polyphenolic flavonoids and polysaccharide fractions have a pronounced antioxidant effect, modulating the expression of antioxidant defense genes, including Mn-SOD, catalase, and GPx. These compounds neutralize peroxide radicals and contribute to the stabilization of lipid membranes. Mechanistic studies have shown that the antioxidant effect is realized not only through direct interaction with ROS, but also indirectly — through activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, which enhances the transcription of protective genes of cellular homeostasis.

Immunomodulating effects are associated with the activation of TLR2 and TLR4 receptors of macrophages and dendritic cells, which is accompanied by increased production of cytokines IL-10 and IFN-γ, activation of phagocytosis and T-cell differentiation. It has also been established that the polysaccharides of Atractylodes lancea stimulate splenocyte proliferation and enhance NK cell activity. At the mucosal level, increased secretion of IgA is observed, which may be associated with the activation of M-selective cells and enhanced intercellular cooperation.

Studies of neuropharmacological effects have revealed the participation of sesquiterpenoids in the modulation of central mediator systems. Their possible interaction with GABAergic receptors, serotonin (5-HT₁А), and dopamine D₂-receptors has been noted. This is confirmed by a decrease in behavioral activity, normalization of cortisol levels, and increased resistance to stress factors in experimental animals. The mechanism of action is associated with an effect on the regulatory zones of the hypothalamus and limbic system.

Compounds of Atractylodes lancea have the ability to affect the smooth muscle structures of the gastrointestinal tract, regulating motility and secretion. Atractylone and related sesquiterpenoids stimulate the release of acetylcholine from postganglionic neurons, activating muscarinic M₃-type receptors on smooth muscle cells. This leads to increased peristalsis and normalization of intestinal evacuation function. An effect on the release of gastrin and motilin has also been identified, which confirms participation in the humoral regulation of digestion.

Local mechanisms of action with external use include inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and decreased expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 on the endothelium of dermal vessels, which reduces vascular permeability and decreases the inflammatory infiltrate. Essential oils also suppress the release of histamine from mast cells, exerting an antipruritic effect. These data are confirmed by in vitro studies on keratinocytes and fibroblasts, where accelerated proliferation and synthesis of type I collagen are observed, which justifies use in skin barrier disorders.

Thus, the pharmacological activity of Atractylodes lancea is mediated through a wide range of molecular targets: innate immunity receptors, pro-inflammatory cytokines, enzyme systems of oxidative and nitrite stress, mediators of the central nervous system, and vascular-cutaneous factors. These effects are realized both systemically and locally, depending on the form and method of application of the plant complex.

References:
– Zhao X. et al. "Atractylodin suppresses LPS-induced inflammation via inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK pathways in macrophages." International Immunopharmacology, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inti...
– Wang S. et al. "Polysaccharides from Atractylodes lancea rhizome: Immunomodulatory effect and mechanism through TLR4 activation." Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar....
– Li Y. et al. "Neuroactive components of Atractylodes lancea and their effects on the GABAergic system." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biop...
– Zhang J. et al. "Protective effects of essential oil of Atractylodes lancea against oxidative damage and its mechanism." Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep....

Synergy — Atractylodes lancea

The pharmacological synergy of Atractylodes lancea with other biologically active substances has been confirmed by a number of in vitro, in vivo studies and clinical observations, especially in the areas of inflammation modulation, antioxidant defense, immune regulation, and neurohumoral balance. The most pronounced potentiation is noted in combination with plants containing phenolic compounds, saponins, and essential oils.

Sesquiterpenoids of Atractylodes lancea in combination with polysaccharides of Astragalus membranaceus demonstrate enhanced immunomodulating action through co-activation of TLR4- and TLR2-dependent pathways, accompanied by increased production of IFN-γ and IL-2. This effect is of a potentiating nature and is manifested in the activation of both innate and adaptive immunity. Experiments on spleen cells and peripheral mononuclear cells have established increased phagocytic activity and T-cell proliferation.

The antioxidant properties of Atractylodes lancea are significantly enhanced when combined with flavonoid extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis and Camellia sinensis, which is confirmed by increased activity of SOD, GPx and decreased MDA levels in liver and gastric tissues. The interaction mechanism consists of synchronous activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, accompanied by increased expression of antioxidant defense genes.

In in vitro systems, a synergistic effect of Atractylodes lancea and naturally occurring salicylates on the inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators has been established. The combined effect on COX-2 and NF-κB expression allows achieving a more pronounced and sustained suppression of TNF-α and IL-1β production. The nature of the interaction is modulating and partially additive. This indicates the similarity and complementarity of signaling cascades involved in anti-inflammatory regulation.

The combination of Atractylodes lancea with essential oils of Zingiber officinale demonstrates a pronounced tissue-specific effect on intestinal smooth muscle cells. The combined action is realized through potentiation of cholinergic transmission and suppression of local release of inflammatory mediators. An increase in the amplitude of contractions and a decrease in the activation thresholds of smooth muscle activity under combined exposure have been established.

The neuromodulating effect of Atractylodes lancea is enhanced in combination with components that activate GABA receptors. In particular, synergy with extracts of Valeriana officinalis and Passiflora incarnata is manifested in additive reduction of spontaneous motor activity, normalization of circadian rhythms, and decrease in behavioral anxiety reactions. This effect is due to the complex action on GABAergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic neurotransmission.

Phytocompositions including Atractylodes lancea and saponin-containing plants (Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Panax ginseng) demonstrate a synergistic effect on liver metabolism. This is manifested in increased expression of PPAR-α, regulation of lipid metabolism, and increased insulin sensitivity. The proposed mechanism is the combined activation of nuclear receptors and suppression of pro-oxidant signaling cascades.

Thus, synergistic interactions of Atractylodes lancea are realized through the combined effect on key cellular and signaling targets — receptors, enzymes, and mediators involved in inflammation, antioxidant defense, immune regulation, and neurotransmitter transmission. The nature of the interaction varies from additive to potentiating depending on the composition and concentration of the paired substances.

References:
– Zhang Y. et al. "Synergistic immunomodulatory effect of Atractylodes lancea and Astragalus polysaccharides via TLR4 activation." Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar....
– Liu J. et al. "Combined antioxidant effect of Atractylodes lancea and Scutellaria baicalensis in hepatocytes via Nrf2 pathway activation." Phytomedicine, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phym...
– Huang L. et al. "Anti-inflammatory synergy between atractylodin and ginger essential oil through NF-κB inhibition." Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep....
– Wang T. et al. "Neuropharmacological synergy of Atractylodes lancea with Passiflora extract via modulation of GABAergic neurotransmission." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biop...

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Atractylodes lancea

Atractylodes lancea has a rich ethnobotanical history rooted in the traditions of East and Southeast Asia. The main regions of its traditional use include the territory of modern China, Vietnam, Laos, Korea, Japan, and Thailand. In these lands, the plant is cultivated and collected in the wild, mainly in mountainous areas with a moderately humid climate.

In Chinese traditional medicine, Atractylodes lancea belongs to one of the basic groups of plants designated as "aromas that disperse dampness" and is known as "Cang Zhu." It is mentioned in classical treatises, including the "Shennong Bencao Jing" (1st–2nd centuries AD), where it was valued for its ability to restore inner strength and cleanse the body. In Chinese folk practice, the plant was used in the form of decoctions, alcohol tinctures, and powders, and was also used for fumigating premises and clothing for the purpose of expelling "dampness" and evil spirits.

In Japanese Kampo medicine, Atractylodes lancea is used as one of the key components of the prescription "Shokantsoto," and is also included in preparations used in therapy aimed at restoring energy balance. In the Japanese regions of Kyushu and Honshu, it was traditionally grown in monastery gardens as a cultivated plant, considered part of health cuisine.

Vietnamese and Lao ethnomedicine used the plant in the form of hot compresses and aqueous infusions, mainly in combination with other spicy-aromatic roots. It was part of traditional steam baths and rubs used after physical overwork. In the ritual culture of these peoples, the plant was considered to protect the home from diseases and was used as a fumigant during New Year ceremonies and seasonal transitions.

In northern Thailand, Atractylodes lancea was known as a component of traditional balms and ointments used in the Thai massage system. It was part of "compression bags" — special bags with herbs that are heated and applied to the body. In Thai rural culture, the plant was often grown near dwellings and temples, considering it a "protective herb" capable of cleansing space from negative energies.

On the Korean Peninsula, Atractylodes lancea was used in the Hanyak tradition as a cleansing and strengthening remedy. It was used in infusions, honey infusions, and as part of herbal tablets. According to Korean folk tradition, the smell of the plant repels evil spirits, so its roots were sometimes hung at the entrance to the house or placed under the threshold.

In some North Asian shamanic practices, particularly among the peoples of Manchuria and southern Siberia, the plant was used as a smoking agent during divination rituals and calling upon ancestral spirits. It was part of ritual mixtures together with calamus, elecampane, and juniper. The flame over which the roots smoldered was considered purifying and accompanied prayers for health.

Historical data indicate the use of Atractylodes lancea in the monastery medicine of the Tang and Song dynasties, where the plant was described as "filling with life, strengthening the support of the spirit." In Tibetan medicine treatises, related species of Atractylodes are mentioned, used in collections for digestive support and as a base for oil extracts.

Thus, Atractylodes lancea has significant cultural and ethnomedical value in a number of traditional systems, where it is considered not only as a medicinal remedy but also as an element of spiritual and ritual practice, accompanying the most important life processes — purification, healing, protection, and restoration.