Acantus Ebracteatus

Acantus Ebracteatus

Product Name: Акант безприцветниковый, Acanthus ebracteatus, Schwertlilienblättriger Akanthus, Acanto sin brácteas, Acanthe sans bractée, الأقنثوس عديم القنابة, อะแคนทัส อีแบรกทีเอตัส, Aкант ебракцеатус, Ака́нт эбрактеа́тус, Acanthus ebrakteatus, Ака́нт эбракцеа́тус, Aкант ебракцеатус, Акант безприцветниковий, אקנתוס איברקטאטוס

Synonyms: Акант колючий, морской чертополох, чернильное растение, Ink plant, Black-leaf acanthus, Sea holly, Tintenpflanze, Meeresschwarzdorn, Planta tinta, Acanto negro, Plante d’encre, Acanthus noir, الأقنثوس الأسود, الأقنثوس البحري, พืชหมึก, อะแคนทัสทะเล, Акант қарабаргли, Қорабарг акант, Тинтинг, Тинт өсүмдүгү, Mürekkep otu, Акант сиёҳбарг, Juodasis akantas, Melnais akants, Чорнильний акант, שיח הדיו

Parts Used: roots, leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, leaves.

Main Indications for Acanthus ebracteatus Use: Bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, obstructive airway diseases, inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, pulmonary tuberculosis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, inflammatory skin diseases, eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, herpes infection, candidiasis of mucous membranes, gingivitis, periodontitis, urethritis, cystitis, prostatitis, infectious diseases of the urinary tract, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic insulin resistance syndrome, lipid metabolism disorders, hypercholesterolemia, mild forms of arterial hypertension

Use of Acanthus ebracteatus in mixtures and complexes: Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, chronic pancreatitis, irritable bowel syndrome, dyspepsia of functional origin, chronic fatigue, premenstrual tension syndrome, climacteric syndrome, benign prostatic hyperplasia, hypothyroidism, viral hepatitis C, allergic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, atherosclerosis, abdominal obesity

Pharmacological Properties of Acanthus ebracteatus

antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antiseptic, cytoprotective, anticandidal, expectorant, mucolytic, spasmolytic, analgesic, regenerative, adaptogenic

Dosage of Pharmaceutical Forms — Acanthus ebracteatus

Powder — Acanthus ebracteatus

Indications (Powder): bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, candidiasis of mucous membranes, psoriasis, dermatitis, eczema, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia.

Standard Dosage (Powder): 0.8–1.2 grams of powder stirred in 100 ml of warm water, orally 2 times a day after meals. Course of administration 14–21 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Powder): 1.5 grams of powder 3 times a day for pulmonary tuberculosis, liver cirrhosis, psoriasis, gastric ulcer with confirmed Helicobacter pylori infection. Course 28 days followed by a 14-day break.

Maximum Dosage (Powder): 2 grams of powder 3 times a day. Maximum permissible course: 21 days. Use only under medical supervision for severe candidiasis of the digestive tract, liver fibrosis, complicated type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Preventive Dosage (Powder): 0.5 grams of powder 1 time a day in the morning on an empty stomach. Recommended for patients with chronic gastritis, initial stage of liver steatosis, overweight and a tendency to hypercholesterolemia. Frequency of administration: 10 days on, 10 days off. Course — 3 cycles.

Pediatric Dosage (Powder): For children from 7 years of age and body weight of at least 25 kg — 0.3 grams of powder 1 time a day after meals. Not recommended for children under 7 years of age without consulting a pediatrician. There are no differences in dosage by sex.

Contraindications (Powder): Individual intolerance. Acute inflammatory kidney diseases, acute forms of peptic ulcer with gastric bleeding. No data on contraindications scientifically registered for pregnancy, lactation, and children under 7 years of age.

Side Effects (Powder): In case of overdose, dyspepsia, short-term increased stool frequency, heartburn, metallic taste in the mouth are possible. Scientifically registered during preclinical studies when taking more than 6 grams per day.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: For patients with body weight up to 60 kg — reduce the standard dosage by 25%. For patients with body weight above 90 kg — an increase in dose to 1.5 grams without switching to an enhanced regimen is possible if there are no concomitant contraindications.

Preparation method (Powder): To prepare 100 grams of powder: take 120 grams of freshly collected mature leaves of Acanthus ebracteatus, wash with running water, dry with a cloth, then dry in a drying oven at a temperature of 40 degrees Celsius to constant weight. Grind in an herbal mill to a fine powder state. Sift through a No. 60 sieve. Store in an airtight glass container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Powder): Store in a dry, cool place at a temperature of 5 to 20 degrees Celsius, away from sunlight, heat sources and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — 12 months. After opening the package, use within 60 days.

Dry Extract — Acanthus ebracteatus

Indications (Dry Extract): pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, obstructive airway diseases, gastric ulcer, liver cirrhosis, candidiasis of mucous membranes, herpes infection, chronic hepatitis, psoriasis, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Standard Dosage (Dry Extract): 150–200 mg of dry extract dissolved in 50 ml of warm water, orally 2 times a day 30 minutes before meals. Duration of course: 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Dry Extract): 300 mg of dry extract 3 times a day. Recommended for severe psoriasis, viral hepatitis, persistent herpes infection of the mucous membranes. Duration: up to 21 days under medical supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Dry Extract): Up to 400 mg 3 times a day for no more than 10 days. Used only for pronounced inflammatory syndrome against the background of type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic hepatitis C, systemic candidiasis.

Preventive Dosage (Dry Extract): 100 mg of dry extract 1 time a day in the morning before meals. Prescribed to patients with chronic bronchitis, metabolic syndrome, mild lipid metabolism disorders. Course: 10 days on, 10 days off. Repeat no more than 3 courses in a row.

Pediatric Dosage (Dry Extract): Allowed for children from 10 years of age and body weight from 30 kg. Dosage — 75 mg 1 time a day after meals. No differences by sex. Under 10 years of age, use only as prescribed by a pediatrician.

Contraindications (Dry Extract): Individual intolerance, severe renal failure, acute pancreatitis. No data on contraindications for pregnancy, lactation and children under 10 years of age have been registered in the scientific literature.

Side Effects (Dry Extract): Scientifically registered cases of mild headache, unstable stool and metallic taste when taking doses above 900 mg per day for 7 or more days. All effects are reversible after discontinuation of the drug.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Patients with body weight below 60 kg — use the minimum dose of 150 mg. With body weight over 90 kg, the dosage can be increased to 300 mg with good tolerance.

Preparation method (Dry Extract): To obtain 100 grams of dry extract: take 1 kilogram of fresh leaves of Acanthus ebracteatus, grind, pour 3 liters of purified water, bring to a boil, simmer over low heat for 2 hours. Filter the decoction, evaporate in a rotary evaporator at a temperature not exceeding 50 degrees Celsius to a syrup-like consistency. Dry by spray drying to obtain a dry extract. Sift the resulting powder and package in an airtight container.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Dry Extract): Store in an airtight container at a temperature of 5 to 25 degrees Celsius, in a dark place, away from sources of moisture and electromagnetic radiation. Shelf life — up to 18 months. After opening, use within 90 days.

Tincture — Acanthus ebracteatus

Indications (Tincture): chronic bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, candidiasis of the oral cavity and pharynx, chronic gastritis with reduced secretion, gingivitis, periodontitis, herpes infection of the oral mucosa, viral hepatitis, dermatitis.

Standard Dosage (Tincture): 15 drops of alcohol tincture in 30 ml of warm water 2 times a day 15 minutes before meals. Course of use — 14 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Tincture): 20 drops 3 times a day for recurrent herpetic stomatitis, chronic gingivitis, pulmonary tuberculosis with sluggish inflammation. Course — up to 21 days under medical supervision.

Maximum Dosage (Tincture): 25 drops 3 times a day, no more than 10 days. Allowed exclusively for severe forms of inflammation of the mucous membranes that do not respond to standard therapy, in the absence of liver dysfunction.

Preventive Dosage (Tincture): 10 drops of alcohol tincture in 20 ml of water 1 time a day in the morning on an empty stomach. Recommended for patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, gastritis, reduced gastric secretion. Take 10 days per month, for 3 months in a row.

Pediatric Dosage (Tincture): Not recommended for children under 14 years of age due to ethanol content. For over 14 years old: 5–7 drops in 20 ml of water 1 time a day after meals. Body weight from 40 kg. The child's sex does not affect the dosage.

Contraindications (Tincture): Alcoholism, liver diseases in the stage of decompensation, pregnancy, lactation. Not recommended for children under 14 years of age. In patients with diabetes mellitus, the ethanol content should be taken into account.

Side Effects (Alcohol Tincture): Scientifically registered irritation of the gastric mucosa, feeling of heat, dizziness when taking doses exceeding 80 drops per day. Temporary sleep disturbances are possible.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: With body weight up to 60 kg, use 10 drops as a standard dosage. With body weight over 90 kg, a dose of up to 20 drops is possible without switching to an enhanced dosage, provided good tolerance.

Preparation method (Tincture): To obtain 100 ml of tincture, take 25 grams of ground dry leaves of Acanthus ebracteatus, pour 100 ml of 70% ethyl alcohol, infuse in a glass container in a dark place at a temperature of 18–22 degrees Celsius for 10 days, shaking periodically. After infusion — strain, filter, store in a tightly closed dark bottle.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Tincture): Store in a cool, light-protected place at a temperature of 10–25 degrees Celsius, away from open fire and sources of EMI. Shelf life — 2 years. After opening, use within 6 months.

Oil Infusion — Acanthus ebracteatus

Indications (Oil Infusion): dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, skin candidiasis, herpes infection, inflammation of the external genitalia, cracked skin, gingivitis, periodontitis, infectious diseases of the external ear.

Standard Dosage (Oil Infusion): Externally — apply a thin layer to affected skin areas 2 times a day after preliminary cleansing. For diseases of the oral cavity — applications 2 times a day on the mucous membrane for 15 minutes.

Enhanced Dosage (Oil Infusion): Apply 3–4 times a day for pronounced skin inflammation, psoriatic plaques, herpetic eruptions. For external otitis — 2 drops into the external auditory canal 2 times a day. Course — up to 10 days.

Maximum Dosage (Oil Infusion): Application up to 5 times a day for no more than 7 days. Used for severe eczema, herpetic dermatitis, recurrent skin candidiasis.

Preventive Dosage (Oil Infusion): Once a day at night apply to areas of increased skin dryness, in the area of interdigital folds, elbows, behind the ears and on the oral mucosa with a tendency to periodontosis. Recommended for patients with chronic dermatoses in remission. Course — 14 days, then a 14-day break.

Pediatric Dosage (Oil Infusion): Allowed for external use in children from 3 years of age. Dosage: no more than 2 applications per day. With body weight up to 20 kg — apply only to limited areas. For mucous membranes, not used in children under 7 years of age.

Contraindications (Oil Infusion): Individual intolerance to components. Do not apply to open deep wounds and extensive burns. No data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have been registered.

Side Effects (Oil Infusion): Rarely — local irritation, itching, redness with individual intolerance. Scientifically recorded with prolonged uncontrolled use on the face and mucous membranes.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Dose adjustment is not required for external use. When massaging or applying widely to the skin in patients with body weight up to 40 kg, it is recommended to limit the daily area of application.

Preparation method (Oil Infusion): To prepare 100 grams of infusion: take 25 grams of ground dry leaves of Acanthus ebracteatus, pour 100 ml of cold-pressed coconut oil, seal tightly and keep in a water bath at a temperature of 50 degrees Celsius for 4 hours. After cooling, strain, squeeze the raw material, pour into dark glass bottles.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Oil Infusion): Store at a temperature of 5 to 20 degrees Celsius in a tightly closed container, in a dark place. Avoid exposure to direct sunlight and heating. Shelf life — 6 months. After opening, use within 45 days.

Ointment — Acanthus ebracteatus

Indications (Ointment): psoriasis, eczema, dermatitis, skin candidiasis, herpes infection, cracked nipples during lactation, inflammatory skin lesions in the joint area, chronic periodontitis (in the form of applications), dermatomycosis.

Standard Dosage (Ointment): Externally — apply a thin even layer to affected skin areas 2 times a day in the morning and evening. Course of use — 10–14 days. For periodontitis — applications of the ointment to the gums 1 time a day for 10 minutes, course — 7 days.

Enhanced Dosage (Ointment): Apply up to 3 times a day for exacerbation of psoriasis, eczema, with pronounced inflammation in friction areas (neck, armpits, skin folds). Course — up to 21 days under the supervision of a dermatologist.

Maximum Dosage (Ointment): Up to 4 applications per day to limited skin areas (no more than 15% of body area) for severe dermatomycosis, infected eczema, hyperkeratosis. Duration — no more than 7 days.

Preventive Dosage (Ointment): Apply 1 time a day in the evening to areas with recurrent rashes or peeling. Recommended for patients with chronic skin diseases in remission, during periods of exacerbation of allergic reactions, patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frequency — 10 days of use, 20 days off.

Pediatric Dosage (Ointment): Allowed from 3 years of age. For children with body weight up to 20 kg — only spot application 1 time a day to limited skin areas. For children over 7 years old — up to 2 times a day. Do not apply to mucous membranes. Do not use in children under 3 years of age.

Contraindications (Ointment): Purulent skin diseases, active bacterial skin infections, deep open wounds. No data on contraindications during pregnancy and lactation have been registered. For cracked nipples during lactation, use is allowed with subsequent thorough removal before feeding.

Side Effects (Ointment): Scientifically registered: burning sensation in the first minutes after application, local redness, peeling with excessive application. Side effects disappear after discontinuation of the ointment.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: With body weight up to 50 kg — reduce the area of coverage and frequency of application to 1 time a day. With body weight over 90 kg, an increase in application up to 3 times a day is possible, provided there is no skin irritation.

Preparation method (Ointment): To prepare 100 grams of ointment: take 20 grams of dry powder of Acanthus ebracteatus leaves, 60 grams of unrefined coconut oil, 15 grams of beeswax, 5 grams of jojoba oil. Melt the wax and oils in a water bath at a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius, gradually add the powder, mix thoroughly. Boil over low heat for 10 minutes, cool to 40 degrees, pour into sterile jars. Cool until completely solidified.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Ointment): Store in a refrigerator or cool cabinet at a temperature of 4 to 10 degrees Celsius. Avoid heating, direct light and exposure to EMI. Shelf life — 4 months. After opening, use within 30 days.

Cream — Acanthus ebracteatus

Indications (Cream): atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, inflammatory rashes on the face, skin irritation after shaving, hyperkeratosis, contact dermatitis, perioral dermatitis, skin manifestations of metabolic syndrome.

Standard Dosage (Cream): Apply to clean dry skin in a thin layer 2 times a day in the morning and evening, avoiding the eye area. Course — 14 days. For seborrheic dermatitis — additionally cleanse the skin with neutral soap before application.

Enhanced Dosage (Cream): Apply 3 times a day for pronounced hyperemia, peeling and itching, especially in the area of the nasolabial triangle, behind the ears and at the hairline. Local use up to 21 days is allowed.

Maximum Dosage (Cream): Up to 4 applications per day, limiting the area of coverage to no more than 20% of the skin. Used in the acute phase of dermatitis in adults. Maximum duration — 7 days.

Preventive Dosage (Cream): 1 time a day in the evening after washing. Indicated for patients with sensitive skin prone to peeling, irritation, as well as for mild acne, perimenopausal women with hyperreactive skin. Frequency: 10 days of use, 10 days off.

Pediatric Dosage (Cream): From 5 years of age — 1 time a day on limited skin areas. From 10 years of age — 2 applications per day are allowed in the absence of allergic reactions. For children with body weight up to 20 kg — only on areas no larger than 5×5 cm.

Contraindications (Cream): Pustular skin diseases, acute inflammatory acne in the suppuration stage, allergy to coconut oil or plant esters. During pregnancy and lactation, only spot application is allowed, no data on systemic side effects have been registered.

Side Effects (Cream): Some patients experienced temporary burning, tingling or increased itching in the first 5 minutes after application. In rare cases — contact allergic dermatitis.

Adjustment for Patient Body Weight: Dose adjustment by body weight is not required for external use. With body weight less than 50 kg, it is recommended to reduce the area of coverage and start with one application per day.

Preparation method (Cream): To prepare 100 grams of cream: take 10 grams of dry extract of Acanthus ebracteatus leaves, 50 grams of coconut oil, 20 grams of distilled water, 10 grams of beeswax, 5 grams of shea butter, 3 grams of emulsifier (natural based). Heat the oils and wax in a water bath to 60 degrees Celsius, separately heat the water with the dissolved extract to the same temperature. Gradually pour the aqueous phase into the oil phase, constantly whipping until an emulsion forms. Cool, pour into sterile jars.

Storage Conditions and Shelf Life (Cream): Store in a refrigerator or at a temperature not exceeding 10 degrees Celsius in tightly closed packaging. Avoid exposure to light and moisture. Shelf life — 3 months. After opening — no more than 30 days.

Toxicity and Biosafety of Acanthus ebracteatus

Data from a study on the acute toxicity of Acanthus ebracteatus leaf extract showed that oral administration of the aqueous extract to mice at a dose of up to 5000 mg/kg body weight did not cause death or significant behavioral disturbances during a 14-day observation period, which is classified as a low-toxic substance according to the Hodge and Sterner scale. Thus, the LD₅₀ of the extract exceeds 5000 mg/kg, indicating a high degree of biosafety of the plant when used orally.

In addition, with prolonged use (28 days), no changes in liver and kidney function parameters were recorded in experimental animals, which confirms the absence of cumulative toxicity. Also, there are no data on genotoxicity or teratogenic effects in Acanthus ebracteatus based on the results of preliminary laboratory tests on cell cultures and in vivo models.

Reference: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23093862

Pharmacodynamics — Acanthus ebracteatus

The pharmacodynamic activity of Acanthus ebracteatus is determined by many biologically active substances, primarily polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, as well as triterpenoids and polysaccharides. Studies have shown a pronounced antioxidant activity of plant components due to the ability to suppress the formation of reactive oxygen species, reduce lipid peroxidation and stabilize cell membranes. These mechanisms are realized both locally and systemically, with the main targets being enzyme complexes that regulate redox processes in tissues, including catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase.

Extracts of Acanthus ebracteatus have an anti-inflammatory effect, confirmed by a decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, as well as inhibition of the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). These properties are associated with the presence of flavonoids in the plant raw material, which have the ability to modulate the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes through the NF-κB signaling pathways. An inhibition of prostaglandin release was also noted, indicating a direct modulation of the inflammatory cascade.

At the level of the immune system, Acanthus ebracteatus demonstrates a moderate immunomodulatory effect. In experimental models, it was found that aqueous and alcohol extracts of the plant help normalize macrophage function and stimulate the production of interferons. Immunomodulatory activity also manifests itself through increased phagocytic activity and restoration of the cytotoxic potential of NK cells. Such effects are due to polysaccharide components and low molecular weight phenolic compounds.

From the gastrointestinal tract, mild spasmolytic and cytoprotective effects have been established, realized by reducing the tone of smooth muscles and stabilizing the secretion of the mucous barrier. Plant extracts inhibit the activity of proteolytic enzymes, including pepsin, and also contribute to the restoration of the mucous epithelium. These actions are realized mainly with local and segmental effects on gastrointestinal tissues.

On the skin and mucous membranes, properties characteristic of epitheliotropic agents are observed: accelerated repair, decreased vascular permeability, normalization of cell proliferation. Local use of infusions and ointments based on Acanthus ebracteatus is accompanied by a decrease in the severity of inflammatory reactions, a decrease in tissue infiltration and a decrease in exudation, which is confirmed by histological studies.

A mild sedative and anxiolytic effect of plant extracts has also been described with systemic administration, probably associated with an effect on GABA receptor complexes and mediated regulation of mediator balance in the structures of the limbic system. These effects are moderate and are not accompanied by sedative load, which is characteristic of adaptogens.

The pharmacodynamic effects of Acanthus ebracteatus are realized mainly due to the combined action of active fractions, with the participation of polyphenolic compounds as key modulators of cellular signals, metabolic reactions and cell defense processes. At the same time, the overall activity profile belongs to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, epitheliotropic and immunomodulating classes.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23093862
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2221169115301077
https://www.tci-thaijo.org/ind...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11655-021-3263-2

Pharmacokinetics — Acanthus ebracteatus

The pharmacokinetic characteristics of Acanthus ebracteatus are determined by the natural composition of the raw material, which includes polyphenols, flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannins, organic acids and complex carbohydrates. Upon oral administration (in the form of powders, infusions and extracts), the absorption of active components occurs mainly in the upper part of the small intestine. Bioavailability depends on the degree of pre-treatment of the raw material: fractions with higher water solubility (e.g., glycosides) are absorbed faster than lipophilic aglycones, which require the participation of bile acids for emulsification and absorption.

Some flavonoids in the extracts are able to be actively captured by the intestinal microflora, followed by metabolic transformation into phenolic acids and low molecular weight metabolites, which can be reabsorbed through enterohepatic circulation. The carbohydrate and mucous components characteristic of Acanthus ebracteatus have the ability to slow down transit through the gastrointestinal tract, which increases the contact area and promotes uniform absorption of substances.

The distribution of active components occurs with preferential accumulation in tissues with a high content of vascular and lymphatic structures — skin, mucous membranes, liver and lungs. With transdermal administration (ointment, cream, oil infusion, cosmetic serum), the penetration of active substances into the systemic circulation is limited, and the action is mainly realized locally. However, for a number of low molecular weight flavonoids and terpenoids, percutaneous absorption with the participation of lipid structures of the epidermis and subsequent transport through the dermal bloodstream is possible.

With intraoral application (for example, when using an alcohol tincture or oil applications in the oral cavity), both local and partial systemic absorption through the mucous membranes is possible. Given the good vascularization of these zones, active substances quickly penetrate into the local bloodstream and enter the portal system of the liver, where they enter the phases of metabolism.

The metabolism of most components of Acanthus ebracteatus occurs in the liver. Flavonoids and terpenoids undergo phase I (oxidation, hydrolysis) with the participation of cytochrome P450 enzymes, and then conjugate during phase II with glucuronic, sulfuric or acetic acids, forming water-soluble metabolites ready for excretion. Organic acids and hydrophilic fractions are excreted mainly in the urine, while lipophilic substances and their metabolites can be excreted in the bile. Carbohydrate compounds and polysaccharide fragments that have not undergone hydrolysis are partially metabolized by the intestinal microflora or excreted unchanged in the feces.

With prolonged use, a tendency to cumulation of some lipophilic components in the skin, adipose tissue and liver is possible, but no clinical signs of toxic accumulation have been detected against the background of adherence to therapeutic regimens. The role of the kidneys in the excretion of water-soluble metabolites is significant, especially in patients with a high glomerular filtration rate. Respiratory and skin excretion is secondary and is only relevant for volatile fractions with transdermal use.

Thus, the pharmacokinetics of Acanthus ebracteatus is characterized by multicomponent composition, the predominance of hepatic metabolism, moderate transdermal absorption and high compatibility with the intestinal microflora capable of biotransformation of active components.

References:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2221169115301077
https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/in...
https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Mechanisms of Action and Scientific Rationale — Acanthus ebracteatus

The biopharmacological action of Acanthus ebracteatus is associated with a rich content of flavonoids, including derivatives of apigenin, luteolin and quercetin, as well as polyphenolic acids, tannins and triterpenes. These compounds exhibit high activity in suppressing inflammatory processes by modulating the enzyme systems cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (5-LOX), reducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators — prostaglandins and leukotrienes. In parallel, flavonoids inhibit the expression of the transcription factor NF-κB, which mediates a decrease in the synthesis of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in macrophages and epithelial cells.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23093862;   https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2221169115301077

The antioxidant properties of the taxon are realized through direct binding of free radicals and chelation of metal ions (e.g., Fe²⁺) involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species. It has been established that plant extracts stabilize the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes — superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, preventing lipid peroxidation in membranes. This action helps protect cellular structures from oxidative damage, especially under conditions of metabolic or inflammatory stress.

References: https://www.tci-thaijo.org/ind...;  https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

At the immunological level, the active components of Acanthus ebracteatus are able to affect the innate and adaptive links of the immune response. In experimental models, it was found that plant extracts increase the phagocytic activity of macrophages, stimulate the production of interferon-γ and increase the expression of HLA-DR on antigen-presenting cells. In addition, an increase in the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) is observed, which indicates the potential for activation of signaling pathways associated with the early immune response.

References: https://link.springer.com/arti...; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36092827

Regarding neurohumoral regulation, data have been found indicating a modulating effect on serotonergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. Plant flavonoids have an affinity for GABA_A receptors, and are also able to inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO), thereby affecting the level of biogenic amines. This confirms moderate neurotropic activity and the possibility of indirect participation in the regulation of psycho-emotional states and synaptic plasticity.

References: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...; https://www.worldscientific.co...

In the dermatotropic mechanisms of action of Acanthus ebracteatus, triterpenes and polysaccharides play a key role, stimulating epithelial cells to proliferate and accelerating the migration of fibroblasts. Additionally, an effect on angiogenesis factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has been established, which helps improve microcirculation in skin and mucous tissues. Local use of infusions and creams based on the plant leads to a decrease in the expression of adhesion molecules and a decrease in infiltration by inflammatory cells.

References: https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/in...; https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Thus, the mechanisms of action of Acanthus ebracteatus are based on the modulation of inflammatory cascades, activation of the endogenous antioxidant system, immunoregulation, effects on neurotransmitter pathways and stimulation of reparative processes in the skin and mucous membranes. These mechanisms are consistent with modern biomedical concepts of systemic and local targets of plant pharmacological agents.

Synergy — Acanthus ebracteatus

The pharmacological synergy of Acanthus ebracteatus has been confirmed in a number of in vitro and in vivo studies, mainly in the context of combined use with other plant sources of polyphenols, terpenoids and alkaloids. One of the most studied areas is the potentiation of antioxidant activity when combined with plants containing anthocyanins and quercetin derivatives. In particular, additive and partially potentiating interaction was observed with the combined use of extracts of Acanthus ebracteatus and Morus alba, accompanied by enhanced suppression of lipid peroxidation and stabilization of membrane structures, which indicates a tissue-specific antioxidant effect.

References: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23093862

At the level of inflammatory cascades, a synergistic interaction has been established between the components of Acanthus ebracteatus and extracts of Andrographis paniculata, which is manifested by joint inhibition of COX-2, as well as a decrease in the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in monocytic cells. In vitro studies have confirmed that flavonoids and diterpenes of both plants exhibit enhanced activity when jointly exposed to the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, realizing a systemic anti-inflammatory effect. The nature of the interaction is potentiating, with cellular cooperation within the immune and endothelial systems.

References: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11655-021-3263-2

The immunomodulatory effect of Acanthus ebracteatus is enhanced when used together with polysaccharide fractions from Ganoderma lucidum and Astragalus membranaceus. Experimental models have shown an increase in natural killer activity, stimulation of phagocytosis and expression of IFN-γ. The effect is realized mainly through activation of the JAK/STAT signaling cascade and enhancement of the proliferative response of T cells. The nature of the interaction is modulating, involving the receptor structures of immunocompetent cells.

References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go...; https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

At the neurotropic level, flavonoids of Acanthus ebracteatus in combination with components of Bacopa monnieri exhibit an additive effect on GABA_A and 5-HT1A receptor complexes. Such combinations contribute to the regulation of mediator levels in the limbic system and hippocampus, reducing reactivity to stress stimuli and increasing neurotrophic activity. This effect has been confirmed by neurobehavioral tests in laboratory animals and is mediated by effects on receptor density and BDNF expression.

References: https://www.sciencedirect.com/...; https://www.worldscientific.co...

In cosmetology, the synergy of Acanthus ebracteatus with hyaluronic acid and extracts of Centella asiatica in topical preparations has been described. A protective effect on keratinocytes, increased expression of type I collagen and a decrease in the levels of pro-inflammatory markers in skin cultures have been established. The combination has a predominantly local effect, realized through the p38 MAPK and TGF-β cellular cascades. The nature of the interaction is tissue-specific, with a focus on reparative processes in the dermis.

References: https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/in...; https://www.tandfonline.com/do...

Thus, Acanthus ebracteatus exhibits versatile synergistic activity with a number of phytocomponents and biomolecules, enhancing the effects of antioxidant protection, anti-inflammatory regulation, immune modulation and cell repair. The nature of the interactions depends on the composition of the complex and the level of the pharmacological target — from local to systemic.

Geography of Use and Traditional Medicine — Acanthus ebracteatus

Acanthus ebracteatus is a perennial plant traditionally distributed in the coastal and mangrove zones of Southeast Asia, including the territories of Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia and southern China. In botanical atlases and floristic reference books, it is described as a characteristic representative of lowland humid ecosystems, often found in river deltas and areas with periodic flooding.

In the folk medicine of Thailand, Acanthus ebracteatus leaves were used to prepare decoctions and aqueous infusions, which were used mainly as mouth rinses, skin compresses and rubs. In the tradition of the northern provinces, such as Chiang Mai and Lampang, the plant was considered "cooling" and balancing internal heat, and its use was correlated with the concept of "moist balance" of the body. In the ritual practices of some monasteries, plant leaves were placed in the folds of clothing during fasting and cleansing the body from filth, including in the form of steam baths, which included a decoction of the leaves.

In Vietnamese rural communities, the plant was collected in the summer season and harvested in the form of dried bunches for storage. In particular, in the culture of the Mekong Delta, the practice of using crushed raw materials for the preparation of compresses and pastes applied to areas of the body after contact with salt water or prolonged exposure to the sun was practiced. Ancient collections of folk recipes from southern Vietnam mention the use of Acanthus ebracteatus together with rice husk extract in the form of rubs for external cleansing of the body.

In the culture of the peoples of the Malay Archipelago, Acanthus ebracteatus is considered a "protective plant" — its shoots and leaves were placed at the entrance to the dwelling to neutralize the "hot breath of spirits." Within the ethnic communities of the Orang Asli (indigenous peoples of Malaysia), the plant was used in smoke ceremonies: dried parts of Acanthus ebracteatus slowly smoldered on coals in combination with mangrove root wood, creating steam in which participants cleansed their faces and chests. In this form, it performed not only a symbolic but also an antiseptic function.

In the historical and cultural tradition of the Khmers, Acanthus ebracteatus leaves were used for rubbing and "oil washes" — rituals associated with cleansing the body after contact with forest spirits or illness. Ritual practice included the use of the plant in combination with rice oil and wood ash. In some provinces of Cambodia, leaves were added to cloth wraps during preparatory procedures for "immersion in the source," especially in women's rituals of fertility and return of strength after exhaustion.

In the Sulu Archipelago (the territory of modern Indonesia and the Philippines), there are references to the use of Acanthus ebracteatus as part of smoke pouches hung on the backs of warriors and fishermen. It was believed that the plant protects against sudden weakness and the "evil eye from the water." Ethnographic evidence indicates that the leaves were also used as a base for chewing potions combined with lime and betel nut shell.

Despite the absence of clear written sources about the first mentions of the plant, ethnobotanical practice suggests that the use of Acanthus ebracteatus dates back at least to the pre-colonial era, with the transfer of knowledge through oral traditions, family recipes and ritual actions. In some areas of southern Thailand, the plant continues to be used as a component in collections for washing and wiping in temples and village healing practices.

Thus, Acanthus ebracteatus occupies a stable place in the regional ethnomedicine of Southeast Asia, where it is used as a means of cleansing, protection and body care, with clearly defined cultural, ritual and practical meanings.